Module 1 Questions Part 2 PDF

**Section 1: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Relationship** 1. **The hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact primarily to\...**\ a) Produce insulin and glucagon\ b) Integrate nervous and endocrine functions\ c) Store thyroid hormones\ d) Stimulate digestion\ e) Regulate red...

**Section 1: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Relationship** 1. **The hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact primarily to\...**\ a) Produce insulin and glucagon\ b) Integrate nervous and endocrine functions\ c) Store thyroid hormones\ d) Stimulate digestion\ e) Regulate red blood cell production\ **Answer: b) Integrate nervous and endocrine functions** 2. **Which part of the pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus?**\ a) Anterior pituitary\ b) Posterior pituitary\ c) Adrenal medulla\ d) Thyroid gland\ e) Pineal gland\ **Answer: b) Posterior pituitary** 3. **What connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?**\ a) Hypothalamohypophysial tract\ b) Hypothalamohypophysial portal system\ c) Thyroid-stimulating hormone\ d) Neural synapse\ e) Blood vessels\ **Answer: a) Hypothalamohypophysial tract** 4. **Which system connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?**\ a) Hypothalamohypophysial tract\ b) Hypothalamohypophysial portal system\ c) Autonomic nervous system\ d) Cardiovascular system\ e) Digestive system\ **Answer: b) Hypothalamohypophysial portal system** 5. **The anterior pituitary releases hormones in response to\...**\ a) Action potentials from the hypothalamus\ b) Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus\ c) Signals from the thyroid gland\ d) Low calcium levels in blood\ e) High glucose levels in blood\ **Answer: b) Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus** **Section 2: Thyroid Gland** 6. **The thyroid gland is unique because it\...**\ a) Produces hormones in response to sympathetic stimulation\ b) Stores hormones extracellularly in follicles\ c) Is located near the adrenal glands\ d) Only produces lipid-soluble hormones\ e) Secretes hormones directly into the lymphatic system\ **Answer: b) Stores hormones extracellularly in follicles** 7. **Which ions are actively transported into thyroid follicular cells?**\ a) Calcium ions\ b) Sodium ions\ c) Iodine ions\ d) Potassium ions\ e) Chloride ions\ **Answer: c) Iodine ions** 8. **What do parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland secrete?**\ a) T3 and T4\ b) Calcitonin\ c) Parathyroid hormone\ d) Glucagon\ e) Aldosterone\ **Answer: b) Calcitonin** 9. **The function of calcitonin is to\...**\ a) Increase blood calcium levels\ b) Decrease blood calcium levels\ c) Regulate blood sugar\ d) Promote red blood cell production\ e) Stimulate digestive enzymes\ **Answer: b) Decrease blood calcium levels** 10. **Which hormone is more potent at the cellular level, T3 or T4?**\ a) T3\ b) T4\ c) Both have equal potency\ d) Neither affects cellular metabolism\ e) It depends on the target tissue\ **Answer: a) T3** **Section 3: Parathyroid Gland** 11. **The parathyroid glands are located\...**\ a) In the anterior pituitary\ b) Embedded in the posterior thyroid\ c) On the adrenal cortex\ d) In the hypothalamus\ e) Near the pancreas\ **Answer: b) Embedded in the posterior thyroid** 12. **Which cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)?**\ a) Follicular cells\ b) Parafollicular cells\ c) Chief cells\ d) Beta cells\ e) Alpha cells\ **Answer: c) Chief cells** 13. **What is the primary function of PTH?**\ a) Decrease blood calcium levels\ b) Increase blood calcium levels\ c) Regulate blood glucose levels\ d) Stimulate follicle development\ e) Enhance insulin production\ **Answer: b) Increase blood calcium levels** **Section 4: Adrenal Gland** 14. **Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?**\ a) Cortisol\ b) Epinephrine\ c) Aldosterone\ d) Androgens\ e) Thyroxine\ **Answer: c) Aldosterone** 15. **The adrenal medulla secretes\...**\ a) Cortisol and aldosterone\ b) Testosterone and estrogen\ c) Epinephrine and norepinephrine\ d) Insulin and glucagon\ e) Thyroxine and calcitonin\ **Answer: c) Epinephrine and norepinephrine** 16. **Cortisol secretion is primarily regulated by\...**\ a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone\ b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)\ c) Prolactin\ d) Oxytocin\ e) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)\ **Answer: b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)** 17. **Which hormone promotes glucose release during stress?**\ a) Insulin\ b) Glucagon\ c) Cortisol\ d) Calcitonin\ e) Melatonin\ **Answer: c) Cortisol** 18. **Androgens are produced in which zone of the adrenal cortex?**\ a) Zona glomerulosa\ b) Zona fasciculata\ c) Zona reticularis\ d) Medulla\ e) Hypothalamus\ **Answer: c) Zona reticularis** **Section 5: Pancreas** 19. **Which cells in the pancreas produce insulin?**\ a) Alpha cells\ b) Beta cells\ c) Delta cells\ d) Chief cells\ e) Parafollicular cells\ **Answer: b) Beta cells** 20. **Glucagon increases blood glucose by\...**\ a) Promoting cellular glucose uptake\ b) Stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver\ c) Decreasing gluconeogenesis\ d) Inhibiting insulin secretion\ e) Enhancing lipid storage\ **Answer: b) Stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver** 21. **What is the function of somatostatin?**\ a) Stimulates insulin secretion\ b) Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion\ c) Increases blood calcium levels\ d) Decreases cortisol levels\ e) Promotes red blood cell production\ **Answer: b) Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion** **Section 6: Hormones of the Reproductive System** 22. **Which hormone is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics?**\ a) Estrogen\ b) Progesterone\ c) Testosterone\ d) Prolactin\ e) Oxytocin\ **Answer: c) Testosterone** 23. **Relaxin, secreted by the ovaries, functions to\...**\ a) Promote ovulation\ b) Increase flexibility of pelvic connective tissue\ c) Stimulate follicular development\ d) Decrease uterine contractions\ e) Regulate menstrual cycles\ **Answer: b) Increase flexibility of pelvic connective tissue** 24. **What is the function of inhibin in the reproductive system?**\ a) Stimulates follicle development\ b) Inhibits FSH secretion\ c) Enhances spermatogenesis\ d) Promotes ovulation\ e) Regulates luteinizing hormone secretion\ **Answer: b) Inhibits FSH secretion** 25. **Which hormone primarily regulates the menstrual cycle?**\ a) Estrogen and progesterone\ b) Testosterone and relaxin\ c) Oxytocin and prolactin\ d) FSH and inhibin\ e) Calcitonin and melatonin\ **Answer: a) Estrogen and progesterone** **Section 7: Pineal Gland and Other Hormones** 26. **Which hormone, secreted by the pineal gland, influences sleep cycles?**\ a) Melatonin\ b) Oxytocin\ c) Calcitonin\ d) Serotonin\ e) Epinephrine\ **Answer: a) Melatonin** 27. **Melatonin secretion is influenced by\...**\ a) Blood sugar levels\ b) Light exposure (photoperiod)\ c) Calcium levels in the blood\ d) Thyroid hormone levels\ e) ACTH secretion\ **Answer: b) Light exposure (photoperiod)** 28. **Which hormone from the thymus gland supports immune system development?**\ a) Thyroxine\ b) Thymosin\ c) Melatonin\ d) Cortisol\ e) Calcitonin\ **Answer: b) Thymosin** 29. **The gastrointestinal (GI) tract produces hormones that\...**\ a) Regulate digestion and enzyme secretion\ b) Stimulate thyroid hormone release\ c) Inhibit insulin secretion\ d) Increase cortisol production\ e) Enhance red blood cell formation\ **Answer: a) Regulate digestion and enzyme secretion** **Section 8: Hypothalamohypophysial Portal System** 30. **The hypothalamohypophysial portal system connects\...**\ a) The hypothalamus and posterior pituitary\ b) The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary\ c) The anterior and posterior pituitary\ d) The hypothalamus and adrenal cortex\ e) The thyroid and adrenal medulla\ **Answer: b) The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary** 31. **What is transported through the hypothalamohypophysial portal system?**\ a) Releasing and inhibiting hormones\ b) Thyroid hormones\ c) Posterior pituitary hormones\ d) Cortisol and aldosterone\ e) Norepinephrine and epinephrine\ **Answer: a) Releasing and inhibiting hormones** **Section 9: Regulation of Hormonal Secretion** 32. **Which feedback mechanism inhibits hormone secretion by the hormone itself?**\ a) Positive feedback\ b) Negative feedback\ c) Cyclic feedback\ d) Autocrine signaling\ e) Humoral regulation\ **Answer: b) Negative feedback** 33. **Which of the following hormones is regulated by positive feedback?**\ a) Cortisol\ b) Oxytocin\ c) Insulin\ d) Parathyroid hormone\ e) Calcitonin\ **Answer: b) Oxytocin** **Section 10: Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus** 34. **Type 1 diabetes is characterized by\...**\ a) Normal insulin levels but reduced cellular response\ b) Inadequate insulin secretion due to autoimmune destruction\ c) Increased glucagon secretion\ d) Mutation of insulin receptors\ e) Excess somatostatin production\ **Answer: b) Inadequate insulin secretion due to autoimmune destruction** 35. **Type 2 diabetes is associated with\...**\ a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets\ b) Reduced cellular response to insulin\ c) Increased somatostatin secretion\ d) Decreased glucagon production\ e) Hyperactive insulin receptors\ **Answer: b) Reduced cellular response to insulin** 36. **Which cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?**\ a) Alpha cells\ b) Beta cells\ c) Delta cells\ d) Chief cells\ e) Follicular cells\ **Answer: a) Alpha cells** 37. **What is the main function of insulin?**\ a) Increase blood glucose levels\ b) Lower blood glucose levels\ c) Inhibit somatostatin secretion\ d) Stimulate protein breakdown\ e) Promote lipid storage\ **Answer: b) Lower blood glucose levels** **Section 11: Adrenal Gland Regulation** 38. **What stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine?**\ a) ACTH from the anterior pituitary\ b) Neural signals from the sympathetic nervous system\ c) Increased blood calcium levels\ d) Decreased blood glucose levels\ e) TRH from the hypothalamus\ **Answer: b) Neural signals from the sympathetic nervous system** 39. **Which hormone promotes sodium retention in the kidneys?**\ a) Cortisol\ b) Epinephrine\ c) Aldosterone\ d) Insulin\ e) Glucagon\ **Answer: c) Aldosterone** **Section 12: Thyroid and Parathyroid Regulation** 40. **TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release\...**\ a) T3 and T4\ b) TSH\ c) Calcitonin\ d) Parathyroid hormone\ e) Cortisol\ **Answer: b) TSH** 41. **Which hormone regulates calcium by increasing blood calcium levels?**\ a) Calcitonin\ b) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)\ c) Thyroxine\ d) Insulin\ e) Somatostatin\ **Answer: b) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)** **Section 13: Hormonal Effects** 42. **Which hormone regulates sleep-wake cycles?**\ a) Thyroxine\ b) Cortisol\ c) Melatonin\ d) Insulin\ e) Epinephrine\ **Answer: c) Melatonin** 43. **Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are responsible for\...**\ a) Increasing lipid and protein breakdown\ b) Decreasing blood glucose levels\ c) Promoting inflammation\ d) Inhibiting protein synthesis\ e) Stimulating calcitonin secretion\ **Answer: a) Increasing lipid and protein breakdown** 44. **Which hormone stimulates the release of glucose from the liver?**\ a) Cortisol\ b) Insulin\ c) Glucagon\ d) Calcitonin\ e) T3 and T4\ **Answer: c) Glucagon** **Section 14: Hormonal Targeting and Action** 45. **Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors located in\...**\ a) The plasma membrane\ b) The cytoplasm or nucleus\ c) The extracellular fluid\ d) Blood plasma proteins\ e) The mitochondria\ **Answer: b) The cytoplasm or nucleus** 46. **What is the function of T3 and T4 hormones?**\ a) Lower blood glucose levels\ b) Increase metabolic rate\ c) Regulate calcium levels\ d) Promote protein degradation\ e) Stimulate adrenal gland activity\ **Answer: b) Increase metabolic rate** **Final Questions** 47. **Which hormone inhibits inflammation?**\ a) Calcitonin\ b) Aldosterone\ c) Cortisol\ d) Oxytocin\ e) Insulin\ **Answer: c) Cortisol** 48. **Which hormone is produced in response to stress?**\ a) Melatonin\ b) Cortisol\ c) Insulin\ d) Calcitonin\ e) Testosterone\ **Answer: b) Cortisol** 49. **Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus affect\...**\ a) Posterior pituitary hormone secretion\ b) Anterior pituitary hormone secretion\ c) Adrenal cortex hormone secretion\ d) Thyroid hormone release directly\ e) Glucagon production\ **Answer: b) Anterior pituitary hormone secretion** 50. **Which structure stores hormones produced in the hypothalamus?**\ a) Anterior pituitary\ b) Posterior pituitary\ c) Adrenal medulla\ d) Thyroid gland\ e) Pancreatic islets\ **Answer: b) Posterior pituitary**