Module 1 Questions Part 2
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Questions and Answers

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact primarily to...

  • Produce insulin and glucagon
  • Regulate red blood cell production
  • Store thyroid hormones
  • Integrate nervous and endocrine functions (correct)
  • Stimulate digestion

Which part of the pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus?

  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Posterior pituitary (correct)
  • Anterior pituitary

What connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

  • Hypothalamohypophysial portal system
  • Neural synapse
  • Blood vessels
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • Hypothalamohypophysial tract (correct)

Which system connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

<p>Hypothalamohypophysial portal system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior pituitary releases hormones in response to...

<p>Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thyroid gland is unique because it...

<p>Stores hormones extracellularly in follicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are actively transported into thyroid follicular cells?

<p>Iodine ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland secrete?

<p>Calcitonin (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of calcitonin is to...

<p>Decrease blood calcium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is more potent at the cellular level, T3 or T4?

<p>T3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parathyroid glands are located...

<p>Embedded in the posterior thyroid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

<p>Chief cells (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of PTH?

<p>Increase blood calcium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

<p>Aldosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal medulla secretes...

<p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol secretion is primarily regulated by...

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes glucose release during stress?

<p>Cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Androgens are produced in which zone of the adrenal cortex?

<p>Zona reticularis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the pancreas produce insulin?

<p>Beta cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucagon increases blood glucose by...

<p>Stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of somatostatin?

<p>Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics?

<p>Testosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relaxin, secreted by the ovaries, functions to...

<p>Increase flexibility of pelvic connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of inhibin in the reproductive system?

<p>Inhibits FSH secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily regulates the menstrual cycle?

<p>Estrogen and progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone, secreted by the pineal gland, influences sleep cycles?

<p>Melatonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Melatonin secretion is influenced by...

<p>Light exposure (photoperiod) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone from the thymus gland supports immune system development?

<p>Thymosin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract produces hormones that...

<p>Regulate digestion and enzyme secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamohypophysial portal system connects...

<p>The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transported through the hypothalamohypophysial portal system?

<p>Releasing and inhibiting hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback mechanism inhibits hormone secretion by the hormone itself?

<p>Negative feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is regulated by positive feedback?

<p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by...

<p>Inadequate insulin secretion due to autoimmune destruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 2 diabetes is associated with...

<p>Reduced cellular response to insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?

<p>Alpha cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of insulin?

<p>Lower blood glucose levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine?

<p>Neural signals from the sympathetic nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes sodium retention in the kidneys?

<p>Aldosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release...

<p>TSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates calcium by increasing blood calcium levels?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates sleep-wake cycles?

<p>Melatonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are responsible for...

<p>Increasing lipid and protein breakdown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the release of glucose from the liver?

<p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors located in...

<p>The cytoplasm or nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of T3 and T4 hormones?

<p>Increase metabolic rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone inhibits inflammation?

<p>Cortisol (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced in response to stress?

<p>Cortisol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus affect...

<p>Anterior pituitary hormone secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure stores hormones produced in the hypothalamus?

<p>Posterior pituitary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypothalamus-Pituitary interaction

Integration of nervous and endocrine systems.

Posterior pituitary

Extension of the hypothalamus, with neural connection.

Hypothalamohypophysial tract

Neural pathway connecting hypothalamus to posterior pituitary.

Hypothalamohypophysial portal system

Vascular link between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

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Anterior pituitary hormones

Controlled by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.

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Thyroid hormone storage

Extracellular storage in follicles.

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Iodine transport

Active transport into thyroid follicular cells.

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Calcitonin function

Decreases blood calcium levels.

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T3 potency

More potent in cellular effects than T4.

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Parathyroid gland location

Embedded in the posterior thyroid gland.

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PTH function

Increases blood calcium levels.

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Aldosterone function

Sodium retention in the kidneys.

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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Released from adrenal medulla, in response to stress.

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Cortisol regulation

Primarily controlled by ACTH.

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Cortisol stress effect

Releases glucose in response to stress

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Androgen production

Zona Reticularis of the adrenal cortex.

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Pancreatic beta cells

Secrete insulin.

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Glucagon function

Breaks down glycogen in liver to release glucose.

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Somatostatin function

Inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon.

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Testosterone function

Male secondary sex characteristics.

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Relaxin function

Increased pelvic flexibility during childbirth.

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Inhibin function

Inhibits FSH, related to gamete production.

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Melatonin function

Influences sleep-wake cycles.

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Thymosin function

Supports immune system development.

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Hypothalamic portal system

Connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary, for hormone delivery.

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Negative feedback

Mechanism that inhibits hormone release by itself.

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Positive feedback

System that amplifies the effects of a hormone.

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Study Notes

Section 1: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Relationship

  • The hypothalamus and pituitary gland primarily integrate nervous and endocrine functions
  • The posterior pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus
  • The hypothalamohypophysial tract connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
  • The hypothalamohypophysial portal system connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
  • The anterior pituitary releases hormones in response to releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus

Section 2: Thyroid Gland

  • The thyroid gland stores hormones extracellularly in follicles
  • It produces hormones in response to sympathetic stimulation
  • Iodine is actively transported into thyroid follicular cells
  • Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin
  • Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels

Section 3: Parathyroid Gland

  • Chief cells in the parathyroid gland secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • PTH increases blood calcium levels

Section 4: Adrenal Gland

  • The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces aldosterone
  • The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Cortisol secretion is primarily regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Section 5: Pancreas

  • Beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin
  • Glucagon increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver
  • Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Section 6: Hormones of the Reproductive System

  • Testosterone is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics
  • Relaxin increases flexibility of pelvic connective tissue
  • Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion
  • Estrogen and progesterone primarily regulate the menstrual cycle

Section 7: Pineal Gland and Other Hormones

  • Melatonin influences sleep cycles
  • Melatonin secretion is influenced by light exposure

Section 8: Hypothalamohypophysial Portal System

  • The hypothalamohypophysial portal system connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
  • Releasing and inhibiting hormones are transported through this system

Section 9: Regulation of Hormonal Secretion

  • Negative feedback mechanisms inhibit hormone secretion by the hormone itself

Section 10: Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus

  • Type 1 diabetes is characterized by inadequate insulin secretion due to autoimmune destruction
  • Type 2 diabetes is associated with reduced cellular response to insulin
  • Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon
  • Insulin lowers blood glucose levels.

Section 11: Adrenal Gland Regulation

  • Neural signals from the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine
  • Aldosterone promotes sodium retention in the kidneys

Section 12: Thyroid and Parathyroid Regulation

  • TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium by increasing blood calcium levels

Section 13: Hormonal Effects

  • (No specific points to summarize)

Section 14: Hormonal Targeting and Action

  • Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
  • T3 and T4 hormones increase metabolic rate

Final Questions

  • Cortisol inhibits inflammation
  • Cortisol is produced in response to stress
  • Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus affect anterior pituitary hormone secretion

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Module 1 Questions Part 2 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the key relationships between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, as well as details about the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. Examine how these glands function and the hormones they produce. Test your knowledge on the interplay of the nervous and endocrine systems.

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