Guide to Operating Systems, 6th Edition PDF

1 Guide to Operating...

1 Guide to Operating Systems, 6th Edition Module 1: Operating Systems Fundamentals ©2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  Learning Objectives 1 By the end of this module, you should be able to: Explain basic operating system concepts Describe the categories of operating systems Discuss the primary roles of an operating system Describe the five major operating system components Discuss the history of operating systems List several current general-purpose operating systems 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  An Introduction to Operating 1 Systems (1 of 3) A computer’s functions and features can be broken down into  Explain basic operating three basic tasks all computers perform: system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems – Input  Discuss the primary roles of – Processing an operating system  Describe the five major operating – Output system components  Discuss the history of The functions above involve some type of computer operating systems  List several current hardware general- purpose operating systems – But the hardware is controlled and coordinated by the operating system (OS) 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  An Introduction to Operating 1 Systems (2 of 3) An OS is a specialized computer program that provides the  Explain basic operating following features: system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems – User interface – the user interface provides a method for  Discuss the primary roles users to interact with the computer of an operating system  Describe the five – Storage management – the file system is a method by major operating system components which an OS stores and organizes files and manages  Discuss the history of access to files operating systems  List several current – Process and service management – a process is a general- purpose operating systems program that’s loaded into memory and run by the CPU; a service is a type of process that runs in the background 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  An Introduction to Operating 1 Systems (3 of 3) An OS is a specialized computer program that provides the  Explain basic operating following features (continued): system concepts  Describe the categories – Memory and I/O management – the OS must determine if of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles sufficient memory exists to load an application and where in of an operating system memory it should be loaded  Describe the five major operating  The OS also ensures that I/O devices such as USB ports system components and video cards are accessed by only one process at a time  Discuss the history of operating systems – Security and resource protection – OSs used on business  List several current general- purpose systems provide methods for securing access to resources operating systems – Kernel – the kernel is the heart of the OS and runs with the highest priority 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Operating System Categories 1 There are three broad categories of operating systems:  Explain basic operating system concepts – Single-tasking versus multitasking  Describe the categories of operating systems – Single-user versus multiuser  Discuss the primary roles – General-purpose versus real-time of an operating system  Describe the five major operating system components  Discuss the history of operating systems  List several current general- purpose operating systems 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking 1 Operating Systems (1 of 4) A single-tasking operating system can execute only a single  Explain basic operating process at a time system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems – Apple’s iOS 3 (and earlier versions) are examples  Discuss the primary roles of – An embedded system is a computing device designed for an operating system  Describe the five a specific task and uses a single-tasking OS major operating system components  Discuss the history A multitasking operating system quickly switches between all of operating systems the processes that are loaded into memory and scheduled to  List several current general- purpose run operating systems 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking 1 Operating Systems (2 of 4) There are two general types of multitasking:  Explain basic operating system concepts – Cooperative multitasking – the OS gives CPU control to  Describe the categories of operating systems a process and waits for it to terminate or enter a waiting  Discuss the primary roles state of an operating system  Describe the five  If the program does not give control back to the OS, it major operating system components may hog the CPU until its operations are complete  Discuss the history of operating systems  No other program can run until control is given back to  List several current the OS general- purpose operating systems  Found in early Windows versions 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking Operating Systems (3 of 4) There are two general types of multitasking (continued): – Preemptive multitasking – the OS is in control of the computer at all times  The running process can be replaced with another process at any time based on a system interrupt, a higher-priority task requiring the CPU, or the time-slice timer expiring  The OS has control over how much of the computer’s resources are allocated to each program  Computers must use more of their CPU and memory to support the OS, but the behavior of the computer is more predictable  The user can play music while working in documents and Web browsers 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking 1 Operating Systems (4 of 4)  Explain basic operating system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles of an operating system  Describe the five major operating system components  Discuss the history of operating systems  List several current general- purpose operating systems 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Single-User Versus Multiuser 1 Operating Systems A single-user operating system allows only one user at a time to  Explain basic operating interact with the OS user interface, start processes, make system system concepts configuration changes, and interact directly with the file system  Describe the categories of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles – Windows 10 and earlier Windows client versions are arguably of an operating system single-user systems  Describe the five major operating A multiuser operating system allows multiple users to sign in to it, system components  Discuss the history start and stop processes, interact with the user interface, and of operating systems access the local file system  List several current general- purpose – Linux/UNIX OSs have always supported multiple users, and operating systems Windows Server versions also allow multiple users through Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  General-Purpose Versus Real-Time 1 Operating Systems A general-purpose operating system is designed to provide a  Explain basic operating convenient user interface and run applications in a home or system concepts business environment with reasonable performance  Describe the categories of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles A real-time operating system (RTOS) is designed to process of an operating system inputs and produce outputs in a very specific and repeatable  Describe the five amount of time major operating system components  Discuss the history – Real-time systems perform tasks like controlling assembly-line of operating systems robotic systems, controlling FedEx sorting facilities, managing  List several current the electrical grid, etc. general- purpose operating systems – Components of real-time systems are called deterministic because it is possible to determine the worst-case response times under a given set of conditions 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Knowledge Check 1 1 In which of the following methods does the OS give CPU  Explain basic operating control to a process and wait for it to terminate or enter a system concepts  Describe the categories waiting state? of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles – A) single-tasking of an operating system  Describe the five – B) preemptive multitasking major operating system components  Discuss the history – C) multiuser tasking of operating systems – D) cooperative multitasking  List several current general- purpose operating systems 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Knowledge Check 1: Answer 1 In which of the following methods does the OS give CPU  Explain basic operating control to a process and wait for it to terminate or enter a system concepts  Describe the categories waiting state? of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles of an operating system  Describe the five major operating system components  Discuss the history D) cooperative multitasking of operating systems  List several current general- purpose operating systems 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Operating System Roles 1 OSs can be defined by the role they play from the perspective  Explain basic operating of the user system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems Most OSs can be classified as one of the following:  Discuss the primary roles of an operating system – Client  Describe the five major operating – Server system components  Discuss the history of – Standalone operating systems  List several current general- purpose operating systems 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Client Operating Systems 1 The primary purpose of a client operating system is to run  Explain basic operating applications requested by a user and request data from network system concepts servers as necessary  Describe the categories of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles – Client OSs are usually installed on desktop or laptop computers of an operating system and mobile devices and use a graphical user interface (GUI)  Describe the five major operating – Client OSs usually include client versions of many network system components applications  Discuss the history of operating systems  For example, Windows 10 comes with Client for Microsoft  List several current general- purpose Networks for accessing shared files and printers operating systems – Most client OSs are performance-tuned for running foreground applications (user applications) instead of background services 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Server Operating Systems (1 of 3) 1 The primary purpose of a server operating system is to  Explain basic operating share network resources and provide network services to system concepts  Describe the categories clients of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles of Examples of server OSs include Windows Server, macOS an operating system Server, UNIX, and many Linux distributions  Describe the five major operating system components Server OSs usually come with a DHCP server, a DNS server,  Discuss the history of operating systems a file server protocol, a Web server, and perhaps a directory  List several current service such as Microsoft’s Active Directory general- purpose operating systems 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Server Operating Systems (2 of 3) 1 Server OSs often have built-in functions for the following:  Explain basic operating – Fault tolerance is the ability of a system to recover from a hardware or system concepts software failure  Describe the categories of operating systems – A server OS typically supports clustering, which is the ability of two or  Discuss the primary roles of more servers to act as one an operating system  Describe the five – A load-sharing cluster has two or more servers that alternate in taking major operating system components client requests  Discuss the history of – Many servers also support hot swapping of components such as hard operating systems  List several current disks, memory, or even processors so that if a computer fails, a new general- purpose component can be swapped operating systems – For scalability, some servers support of components so that more storage, RAM, or processors can be added while the system is running 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Server Operating Systems (3 of 3) 1 A server OS is usually installed on a more powerful computer  Explain basic operating that may have several high-speed network interfaces and system concepts  Describe the categories terabytes of storage of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles of The hardware of a server must support fault-tolerant features an operating system such as hot swapping and failover clustering  Describe the five major operating system components – Server hardware can take different forms, including  Discuss the history of traditional tower computers, rack-mounted servers, and operating systems  List several current blade servers general- purpose operating systems 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Standalone Operating Systems 1 A standalone operating system is not designed to interact with other OSs or access network resources  Explain basic operating system concepts  Describe the categories Most standalone OSs run on embedded systems of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles OSs that run older or isolated traffic signal systems are likely to be of an operating system standalone  Describe the five major operating system components – As are the OSs that run automobile electronic systems and  Discuss the history industrial machinery of operating systems  List several current This is changing as computer-controlled devices are being built with general- purpose operating systems IoT in mind – So operational and performance data from these devices can be collected and analyzed to make processes more efficient 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  Primary Operating System 1 Components This section will examine the following OS components:  Explain basic operating system concepts – The boot procedure  Describe the categories of operating systems – Process and service management  Discuss the primary roles – Memory and I/O management of an operating system  Describe the five major operating system components – Security and resource protection  Discuss the history of operating systems – The kernel  List several current general- purpose operating systems 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  The Boot Procedure (1 of 4) 1 The boot procedure is a series of steps performed by every computing device that starts with power to the CPU and other hardware components and ends with a running system ready  Explain basic operating system concepts to perform work  Describe the categories of operating systems The boot procedure can be broken down into six general  Discuss the primary roles of steps: an operating system  Describe the five major operating – 1. Power is applied to the CPU and other hardware components system components  Discuss the history – 2. The CPU starts of operating systems – 3. The CPU executes the firmware startup routines  List several current general- purpose operating systems – 4. The operating system is located by the firmware – 5. The OS is loaded into RAM – 6. OS processes and services are started 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  The Boot Procedure (2 of 4) 1 Firmware is program code that is stored on computer hardware in non-volatile memory and is responsible for  Explain basic operating system concepts performing diagnostic tests and booting the OS  Describe the categories of operating systems Non-volatile memory is memory that maintains its contents  Discuss the primary roles of when no power is applied to the system an operating system  Describe the five major operating – It is typically flash memory in modern systems or electrically erasable system components programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) in older systems  Discuss the history Firmware is called the BIOS or UEFI in newer systems of operating systems  List several current Firmware contains an initial bootstrap program that locates general- purpose operating systems and then loads the bootloader program, which is responsible for loading the initial process that makes up the OS 2 © 2021 Cengage Learning. 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May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ©2021  The Boot Procedure (3 of 4) 1 The basic input/output system (BIOS) and Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) are firmware  Explain basic operating programs that play a part in the boot process system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems The BIOS has the following properties and performs the  Discuss the primary roles of following tasks: an operating system  Describe the five – Resides on a chip on the computer’s motherboard major operating system components – Initializes I/O devices  Discuss the history of operating systems – Performs tests at startup, such as memory and hardware component  List several current tests called the power-on self-test (POST) general- purpose operating systems – Provides a user interface to allow hardware configuration such as CPU overclocking or disk configuration – Locates and loads the OS that interfaces with the user 24 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  The Boot Procedure (4 of 4) 1 BIOS configuration is stored in a complementary metal  Explain basic operating oxide semiconductor (CMOS) memory chip system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems Users can make changes to the BIOS configuration by  Discuss the primary roles of accessing the BIOS setup screen before the computer boots an operating system  Describe the five major operating When a PC is turned on: system components  Discuss the history – The machine wakes up and begins executing a startup program inside of operating systems the BIOS  List several current general- purpose – This program initializes the screen and keyboard, tests hardware, and operating systems initializes the hard disk and other drives – The main operating system is loaded onto the hard disk 24 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. 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Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Process and Service Management 1 (1 of 4) A process is a program that is loaded into memory and  Explain basic operating executed by the CPU system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems A program can be a user application, an OS service, or even  Discuss the primary roles the kernel of an operating system  Describe the five On a Windows 10 system, you can see all running processes major operating system components by using Task Manager  Discuss the history Background processes listed by Task Manager are not of operating systems  List several current general- purpose essential for the OS to function operating systems Windows processes are required for full system functionality and include the registry service, user interface components, netwo rk services, interrupt handlers, and logon servic es Cengage Learning. ©2021 Cengage Learning. All A l Rights Rights Reserved. Reserved. May nnot May ot bbe e sscanned, canned, ccopied opied oor r dduplicated, uplicated, or or pposted osted to toaa pu blicly aaccessible publicly ccessible website, ininwh website, ole ororininpa whole rt. part. 26  Process and Service Management 1 (2 of 4)  Explain basic operating system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles of an operating system  Describe the five major operating system components  Discuss the history of operating systems  List several current general- purpose operating systems 27 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Process and Service Management 1 (3 of 4) Kernel Mode Versus User Mode Processes  Explain basic operating system concepts – Kernel mode is a CPU mode in which a process has  Describe the categories of operating systems unrestricted access to the computer hardware and has  Discuss the primary roles access to privileged CPU instructions of an operating system  Describe the five  Privileged CPU instructions include those that switch major operating system components between kernel and user mode and those that  Discuss the history of configure interrupts, timers, and I/O devices operating systems  List several current – User mode is a CPU mode in which the process can only general- purpose operating systems access memory locations allocated to it by the OS, must ask the OS to access I/O devices on its behalf, and can’t execute privileged CPU instructions 27 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. 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Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Process and Service Management 1 (4 of 4) Process Creation and Termination  Explain basic operating – When a process is created, it is assigned a process ID (PID), system concepts  Describe the categories which allows other processes to communicate with it and the of operating systems user to manage it  Discuss the primary roles – A file handle is an identifier for a file that contains all the of an operating system  Describe the five major operating information the file system needs to locate and access the file system components  Discuss the history – Processes are usually created in one of four ways: of operating systems  By the bootloader  List several current general- purpose operating systems  Through a request by the operating system  By another process  By a user ©2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  Memory and I/O Management 1 (1 of 5) Memory is managed by a dedicated memory manager that  Explain basic operating runs in kernel mode system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems When a process is loaded and started, the OS must allocate  Discuss the primary roles of enough memory for the process and its data an operating system  Describe the five – When a process terminates, the OS must mark the memory as free so major operating system components other processes can use it  Discuss the history of operating systems I/O management is required to prevent more than one  List several current process from accessing an I/O device at the same time general- purpose operating systems 30 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Memory and I/O Management (2 of 1 5) Access to all devices is done  Explain basic operating in an orderly fashion, through system concepts  Describe the categories a single process called a of operating systems device driver  Discuss the primary roles of an operating system – A device driver is usually  Describe the five major operating a kernel mode process that system components  Discuss the history accesses hardware of operating systems devices directly on behalf  List several current general- purpose of user mode processes or operating systems other kernel mode processes 30 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Memory and I/O Management 1 (3 of 5) Interrupts  Explain basic operating – Polling is a process where the OS checks each device one after system concepts the other in a round-robin fashion to see if it requires attention  Describe the categories – Because of the shortcomings of polling, most systems use of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles of interrupts an operating system  Describe the five major operating – An interrupt is a signal, usually generated by an I/O device, that system components alerts the CPU and OS that a device needs attention  Discuss the history of operating systems – Pins on a CPU are usually called interrupt request (IRQ) lines  List several current general- purpose  When the CPU detects the IRQ line, it stops what it is doing, operating systems determines the source of the interrupt, and starts execution of the interrupt service routine (ISR), also referred to as an interrupt handler 30 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Memory and I/O Management (4 of 1 5) Interrupts (continued)  Explain basic operating system concepts – Interrupts are prioritized  Describe the categories of operating systems  Critical system devices such as the system timer have  Discuss the primary roles of the highest priority an operating system  Describe the five major operating – A software interrupt is called a trap and can be generated system components  Discuss the history by user mode programs when they need immediate kernel of operating systems services  List several current general- purpose – To prevent unnecessary interruptions, ISRs turn off operating systems interrupts of equal or lower priority; this is called interrupt masking 30 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Memory and I/O Management 1 (5 of 5) Figure 1-13 shows a list of IRQs and  Explain basic operating the devices or processes using them system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems – A certain class of interrupts called  Discuss the primary roles non-maskable interrupts (NMI) of an operating system cannot be turned off  Describe the five major operating system components  NMIs are primarily reserved for  Discuss the history of error conditions such as divide operating systems by zero or memory errors, but  List several current general- purpose operating systems they can also be used for system debugging 30 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Security and Resource Protection 1 Modern general-purpose OSs and RTOSs running on  Explain basic operating embedded systems provide controls to prevent unauthorized system concepts  Describe the categories access to the system and its data of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles of Malware protection starts with protected memory space an operating system  Describe the five major operating Authentication and Authorization system components  Discuss the history – Authentication verifies that an account trying to access a of operating systems system is valid and has provided valid credentials  List several current general- purpose (username and password) operating systems – Authorization verifies that an authenticated account has permission to perform an action on a system 30 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  The Kernel 1 The kernel runs with the highest priority on the system  Explain basic operating system concepts Scheduling computer processes and managing resources are  Describe the categories of operating systems key tasks of the OS kernel  Discuss the primary roles of an operating system Jobs performed by the kernel can include the following:  Describe the five major operating – Managing interactions with the CPU system components  Discuss the history of – Managing interrupt handlers and device drivers operating systems  List several current – Handling basic computer security general- purpose operating systems – Managing use of the computer’s memory – Managing priority levels assigned to programs and computer processes 36 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Knowledge Check 2 1 The ability of two or more servers to act as one is known as  Explain basic operating which of the following? system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems – A) hot swapping  Discuss the primary roles of – B) clustering an operating system  Describe the five major operating – C) bootstrapping system components  Discuss the history of – D) hot adding operating systems  List several current general- purpose operating systems 36 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Knowledge Check 2: Answer 1 The ability of two or more servers to act as one is known as  Explain basic operating which of the following? system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles of an operating system  Describe the five major operating system components  Discuss the history B) clustering of operating systems  List several current general- purpose operating systems 36 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  A Short History of Operating 1 Systems (1 of 5) Initially, computers were used as large automated calculators  Explain basic operating for mathematical and statistical problems system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems Legitimate use can be traced back 100 years or more but there  Discuss the primary roles of were no practical designs used by significant numbers of an operating system people until the late 1950s  Describe the five major operating system components Operating systems were rudimentary, often not able to do  Discuss the history of operating systems more than read punch cards or tape and write output to  List several current machines resembling typewriters general- purpose operating systems – It did not take long before applications evolved to do something useful for a broader audience 36 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  A Short History of Operating 1 Systems (2 of 5) Computers of the late 60s and early 70s were crude by  Explain basic operating today’s standards but were quite capable system concepts  Describe the categories – Contributed to the development of space travel, submarine-based of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles ballistic missiles, and the global financial community of an operating system  Describe the five The period of growth during the 1960s and 1970s saw: major operating system components – The beginning of the Internet  Discuss the history of operating systems – Creation of input and output devices such as display terminals and  List several current magnetic disks general- purpose operating systems – Creation of more operating systems such as OS/8 and UNIX 36 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  A Short History of Operating 1 Systems (3 of 5) In the mid-1960s, a simple programming language was  Explain basic operating developed at Dartmouth College system concepts  Describe the categories – BASIC – Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles of In 1975, Bill Gates wrote a compiler (software that turns an operating system  Describe the five computer code written by people into code that is understood major operating system components by computers) for BASIC  Discuss the history of – He sold it to a company called Micro Instrumentation Telemetry operating systems  List several current Systems (MITS), which became the first company to produce a general- purpose desktop computer operating systems Other programming languages introduced around this time included Pascal, C, and other versions of BASIC 36 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  A Short History of Operating 1 Systems (4 of 5) Bill Gates started a new company called Microsoft, which led to  Explain basic operating the development of Microsoft Disk Operating System or MS- system concepts DOS  Describe the categories of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles – IBM adopted MS-DOS, which ran on a prototype of a new of an operating system microcomputer being developed by IBM called the personal  Describe the five computer (PC) major operating system components  Discuss the history – MS-DOS was the first widely distributed operating system for of operating systems microcomputers that had to be loaded from disk or tape  List several current general- purpose operating systems In 1984, Apple Macintosh developed a GUI and mouse pointing device, which allowed users to interact with the OS on a graphical screen 36 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  A Short History of Operating 1 Systems (5 of 5) In 1985, Microsoft released Windows, which provided a GUI  Explain basic operating and many of the same functions as the Mac OS system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems See Table 1-2 for an extensive look at operating system  Discuss the primary roles of releases from 1968 to 1999 an operating system  Describe the five major operating system components  Discuss the history of operating systems  List several current general- purpose operating systems 36 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Activity 1 Try Hands-On Project 1-1, found at the end of Module 1, to  Explain basic operating learn more about the history of computers and operating system concepts  Describe the categories systems of operating systems  Discuss the primary roles Hands-On Project 1-1: Exploring the History of the Computer of an operating system  Describe the five – Description: In this project, you use the Internet to review major operating system components the history of computers, software, and the Internet  Discuss the history of operating systems  List several current general- purpose operating systems 36 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole wholeororininpart. part.  Current General-Purpose 1 Operating Systems (1 of 4) The most common OSs in today’s home and business  Explain basic operating computing environments fall into several families: system concepts  Describe the categories of operating systems – Windows client operating systems  Discuss the primary roles of – Windows server operating systems an operating system  Describe the five major operating – UNIX/Linux operating systems system components  Discuss the history of – Apple Macintosh macOS operating systems  List several current general- purpose operating systems 36 ©2021Cengage ©2021 CengageLearning. Learning.All AllRights RightsReserved. Reserved.May Maynot notbebescanned, scanned,copied copiedororduplicated, duplicated,ororposted postedtotoa apublicly publiclyaccessible accessiblewebsite, website,ininwhole