Lesson 1: Platform Technologies BSIT2 2F PDF

Department of Industrial and Information Technology ITEC 55 – Platform Technologies LESSON 1 Prepared: JOSE A. CACHUELA Department of Industrial and Information Technology What is an operating system? Department of Industrial and Information Technology An operating system (OS) i...

Department of Industrial and Information Technology ITEC 55 – Platform Technologies LESSON 1 Prepared: JOSE A. CACHUELA Department of Industrial and Information Technology What is an operating system? Department of Industrial and Information Technology An operating system (OS) is the software that manages a computer's hardware and software resources. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer, providing a platform for applications to run.  Department of Industrial and Information Technology What are the key functions of an operating system? Resource management: Allocating and managing computer resources like memory, CPU time, and I/O devices. Process management: Creating, scheduling, and terminating processes. Memory management: Allocating memory to processes and ensuring efficient use. File system management: Organizing and managing files and directories on storage devices. Device management: Controlling input/output devices and handling their communication with the computer. User interface: Providing a way for users to interact with the computer, such as through a graphical user interface (GUI) or command-line interface (CLI).  Department of Industrial and Information Technology What are the different kinds of operating system? Department of Industrial and Information Technology Popular operating systems include: Windows: Developed by Microsoft. macOS: Developed by Apple. Linux: A family of open-source operating systems. Android: A mobile operating system based on Linux. iOS: A mobile operating system used by Apple devices. Essentially, an operating system is the foundation upon which all other software runs on a computer. It ensures that the hardware and software components work together seamlessly to provide a user-friendly experience. Department of Industrial and Information Technology History of Operating Systems  Department of Industrial and Information Technology Early Days: Batch Processing 1940s-1950s: Early computers were programmed directly using machine code, and operations were performed in a sequential manner. Batch Processing Systems: The first operating systems emerged to streamline this process. They involved submitting a batch of jobs (programs) to the computer, which would execute them sequentially without human intervention. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Multiprogramming and Time-Sharing 1950s-1960s: Multiprogramming allowed multiple programs to reside in memory simultaneously, improving CPU utilization. Time-Sharing Systems: This concept evolved into time-sharing, where the CPU's time was divided among multiple users, creating the illusion of each user having exclusive access to the computer. Department of Industrial and Information Technology The Rise of Personal Computers 1970s-1980s: The introduction of personal computers led to the development of user-friendly operating systems. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs): GUIs replaced command-line interfaces, making computers more accessible to a wider audience. DOS and Windows: MS-DOS and later Windows became dominant operating systems for personal computers. Department of Industrial and Information Technology The Age of Networks and the Internet 1980s-1990s: Networked operating systems like UNIX and its variants, including Linux, became popular for servers and workstations. The Internet: The rise of the internet created a need for operating systems that could handle networking and communication. Department of Industrial and Information Technology The Mobile Revolution 2000s: The proliferation of mobile devices led to the development of specialized operating systems for smartphones and tablets. iOS and Android: Apple's iOS and Google's Android became the leading mobile operating systems. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Cloud Computing and Beyond 2010s-Present: Cloud computing has influenced the design of operating systems, with a focus on scalability, virtualization, and resource management. AI and Machine Learning: Advances in AI and machine learning are being integrated into operating systems to improve performance and user experience. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Key milestones in the history of operating systems include: GMOS: The first operating system, developed in the 1950s. UNIX: A versatile operating system that influenced many others, including Linux. Windows: A dominant operating system for personal computers. macOS: Apple's operating system for its computers. Android and iOS: Mobile operating systems that have revolutionized the way we interact with technology. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Types of Operating Systems Operating systems can be classified based on various criteria, including their design, functionality, and target use cases.  Department of Industrial and Information Technology Based on Design: Batch Processing Systems: These systems execute a series of jobs in a predetermined order without human intervention. Time-Sharing Systems: Designed to share computer resources among multiple users simultaneously, allowing for interactive use. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS): Prioritize time-critical tasks and are used in applications where predictable response times are essential, such as industrial control systems and robotics. Multitasking Systems: Can handle multiple tasks concurrently, allowing for efficient use of system resources. Multiuser Systems: Support multiple users accessing the system simultaneously, typically used in servers and workstations. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Based on Functionality: General-Purpose Operating Systems: Designed for a wide range of tasks and applications, such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. Specialized Operating Systems: Tailored for specific purposes, like embedded systems (used in devices like smartphones and IoT devices), server operating systems (optimized for running multiple applications), and real-time operating systems.  Department of Industrial and Information Technology Based on Target Use Cases: Desktop Operating Systems: Used for personal computers and workstations, examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux distributions like Ubuntu and Fedora. Server Operating Systems: Designed for servers and network devices, often optimized for performance, reliability, and security. Examples include Windows Server, Linux distributions like Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and FreeBSD. Mobile Operating Systems: Used for smartphones and tablets, examples include iOS (Apple), Android (Google), and HarmonyOS (Huawei). Department of Industrial and Information Technology Embedded Operating Systems: Designed for devices with limited resources, such as IoT devices, medical equipment, and automotive systems. Examples include FreeRTOS, Zephyr, and VxWorks. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Other classifications: Open-source operating systems: Distributed under a license that allows for modification and redistribution, examples include Linux and Android. Proprietary operating systems: Developed and owned by a single company, examples include Windows and macOS. Department of Industrial and Information Technology What is a processor? Department of Industrial and Information Technology A processor, also known as a central processing unit (CPU), is the brain of a computer. It is responsible for executing instructions, performing calculations, and controlling the flow of data within the system. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Key components of a processor include: Control Unit: Directs the flow of data and controls the operation of the other components. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT). Registers: Small, high-speed memory units that hold data temporarily during processing. Cache Memory: A small, high-speed memory that stores frequently accessed data for faster retrieval. Processors are typically classified based on their architecture (e.g., x86, ARM), core count (single-core, dual-core, multi-core), clock speed (measured in hertz), and performance benchmarks. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Factors that influence processor performance include: Core count: More cores can handle multiple tasks simultaneously. Clock speed: A higher clock speed means faster instructions are executed. Cache size: A larger cache can store more frequently accessed data, reducing memory access times. Architecture: The design of the processor can impact its efficiency and performance. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Brief History of Processors The evolution of processors has been a cornerstone of technological advancement, driving the development of increasingly powerful and efficient computing devices. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Early Days: Vacuum Tubes and Transistors 1940s: The first electronic computers, such as ENIAC and UNIVAC, used vacuum tubes for processing. These were bulky, power-hungry, and prone to failure. 1950s: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller, more reliable, and energy-efficient computers. The first commercial transistorized computer was the IBM 650. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Integrated Circuits (ICs) and Microprocessors 1958: Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC), which combined multiple transistors and other components on a single silicon chip. 1960s: The first IC-based computers were developed. 1970s: The microprocessor, a single-chip computer, revolutionized computing. Intel's 4004 was the first commercially available microprocessor, used in calculators. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Moore's Law and Exponential Growth 1965: Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, predicted that the number of transistors on a chip would double approximately every two years. This became known as Moore's Law and has driven the relentless miniaturization and increasing power of processors. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Personal Computers and Microprocessors 1970s: Microprocessors became the heart of personal computers, leading to a surge in their popularity. 1980s: The Intel 8086 and 8088 processors were used in early IBM PCs, setting the standard for x86 architecture. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Multicore Processors and Parallel Computing 2000s: To overcome the limitations of increasing clock speeds, processor manufacturers began producing multicore processors with multiple cores on a single chip. This enabled parallel processing and improved performance for certain tasks. 2010s: Manycore processors with hundreds or thousands of cores became available, primarily used in high-performance computing (HPC) applications. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Specialized Processors Graphics Processing Units (GPUs): Initially designed for graphics rendering, GPUs have become powerful general-purpose processors for tasks like machine learning and scientific computing. Tensor Processing Units (TPUs): Developed by Google, TPUs are specialized processors optimized for machine learning workloads. Neural Processing Units (NPUs): Designed for artificial intelligence and neural network applications. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Future Trends Quantum computing: While still in its early stages, quantum computers promise to solve certain problems exponentially faster than classical computers. Neuromorphic computing: Inspired by the human brain, neuromorphic processors aim to achieve energy efficiency and learning capabilities. Advanced packaging technologies: Techniques like 3D stacking and chiplets are being explored to increase processor density and performance. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Types of Processors Processors can be classified based on their architecture, core count, purpose, and other characteristics. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Based on Architecture: x86: The most common architecture for personal computers and servers, used by Intel and AMD processors. ARM: A popular architecture for mobile devices, embedded systems, and low-power computing. RISC-V: An open-source instruction set architecture that is gaining popularity due to its flexibility and modularity. PowerPC: A RISC architecture used by Apple and IBM. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Based on Core Count: Single-core: A processor with a single core, capable of executing one instruction at a time. Dual-core: A processor with two cores, allowing for parallel processing of tasks. Quad-core: A processor with four cores. Multi-core: A processor with multiple cores, often used in high-performance computing and server applications. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Based on Purpose: Central Processing Unit (CPU): The primary processor in a computer, responsible for general-purpose computing tasks. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Specialized for graphics rendering and image processing. Tensor Processing Unit (TPU): Designed for machine learning and artificial intelligence workloads. Neural Processing Unit (NPU): Optimized for neural network computations. Digital Signal Processor (DSP): Specialized for signal processing tasks, such as audio and video processing. Department of Industrial and Information Technology Other Types: Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA): A programmable hardware device that can be configured to perform various functions. System on a Chip (SoC): A single integrated circuit that combines multiple components, including a processor, memory, and peripherals.  Department of Industrial and Information Technology Take Home Activity Select two different types of operating systems from the following categories: General-Purpose (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux) Mobile Operating Systems (e.g., Android, iOS) Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) Embedded Operating Systems Task Create a comparison chart that highlights the differences and similarities between the two operating systems you selected. Consider aspects such as performance, usability, security, and compatibility with various hardware. Deadline: October 9, 2024 Department of Industrial and Information Technology THANK YOU!