Introduction to Architecture PDF

Introduction to Architecture ARCH 1412: Theory of Architecture 1 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Far Eastern University “Architecture is the thoughtful making of space.” -LOUIS KHAN...

Introduction to Architecture ARCH 1412: Theory of Architecture 1 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Far Eastern University “Architecture is the thoughtful making of space.” -LOUIS KHAN Contoso 2 S u i t e s Architecture is the crystallization of ideas. It has been defined many ways. “As shelter in the form of art, a blossoming in stone and a flowering of geometry” -Ralph Waldo Emerson “Frozen music” -Goethe “Human triumph over gravitation and the will to power.” -Nietzs che “The will of an epoch translated into space.” -Ludwig Mies van der Rohe “The magnificent play of forms in light.” -Le Corbusier Architecture “A cultural instrument.” -Louis I. Kahn Architecture as the crystallization “Inhabited sculpture. -Constantin Brancusi of ideas. “Balance of structural science and aesthetic expression for the satisfaction of needs that go far beyond the utilitarian.” -Ada Louise Huxtable SOURCE: Roth, L. and Roth Clark, A. (2014) Understanding Architecture. Contoso 3 S u i t e s  “Architecture is the ART and SCIENCE of DESIGNING and CONSTRUCTING buildings.” ART- Architecture as the product or result of architectural work; buildings, collectively SCIENCE- Architecture as a style or method of building characteristic of a people, place or time DESIGNING- Architecture as the profession of Architecture designing buildings and other habitable environments DEFINITION CONSTRUCTING- Architecture as the conscious act of forming things, resulting in unifying or coherent structures SOURCE: Ching, F. (2012) A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. Contoso 4 S u i t e s  “Architecture is the ART, SCIENCE or PROFESSION of planning, designing and constructing buildings in their TOTALITY taking into account their Architecture ENVIRONMENT, in accordance with the principles of UTILITY, STRENGTH and DEFINITION BEAUTY;” SOURCE: RA 9266-IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004. Contoso 5 S u i t e s Architecture as the whole of the human-built environment. The architectural design process is one that translates to a variety of scales and is applicable to the design of objects, spaces, and even cities Designing Objects Figure 1: Barcelona Chair by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Figure 2: Aria Suspension by Zaha Hadid SOURCE: Roth, L. and Roth Clark, A. (2014) Understanding Architecture. I Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 6 S u i t e s Architecture as the whole of the human-built environment. The architectural design process is one that translates to a variety of scales and is applicable to the design of objects, spaces, and even cities Designing Spaces Figure 3: Living room, Villa Mairea, Noormarkku, Finland, 1938–1939, Alvar Aalto Figure 4: Floorplan of Villa Mairea, Noormarkku, Finland, 1938–1939, Alvar Aalto SOURCE: Roth, L. and Roth Clark, A. (2014) Understanding Architecture. I Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 7 S u i t e s Architecture as the whole of the human-built environment. The architectural design process is one that translates to a variety of scales and is applicable to the design of objects, spaces, and even cities Designing Buildings Figure 5: Fallingwater (Kaufmann House), 1936–1937, Frank Lloyd Wright Figure 4: Floorplan of Fallingwater (Kaufmann House), 1936–1937, Frank Lloyd Wright SOURCE: Roth, L. and Roth Clark, A. (2014) Understanding Architecture. I Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 8 S u i t e s Architecture as the whole of the human-built environment. The architectural design process is one that translates to a variety of scales and is applicable to the design of objects, spaces, and even cities Designing Cities Figure 7: Walter Burley Griffin’s plan for Canberra, Australia, 1912 Figure 8: Daniel Burnham’s plan of Chicago, 1909. ‘ SOURCE: Roth, L. and Roth Clark, A. (2014) Understanding Architecture. I Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 9 S u i t e s  arkhi + tekton master builder Architecture ETYMOLOGY SOURCE: Etymonline. “Architecture” Contoso 10 S u i t e s Role of an Architect Developments relating to the changing practice of building, the increasing division of labour, transformations in building technology and the emergence of new types of building- changed the meaning of what we understand by the term ‘architect’ Role of architect included Similarly, By 1788, 19TH century, With the decline of the surveying and building as building trades in the well as military and civil nineteenth century and engineering the rise of the general Renaissance architect John Soane described the work of many building contractor Palladio included the architect’s work as architectural practices Vitruvius, included a designs for civil not only designing but included surveying, engineering as well as making estimates, providing bills of architects took on the whole range of important role of examples of civil and for churches, palaces, directing works, quantities, arranging farms and villas in his controlling costs, leases and assessing supervising works on military engineering in site and his influential ten- Quattro Libri dell’ acting as agent rents, as well as Architectura (1570) between the patron designing communicating to volume book, De builders the full details and builders and even Architectura. of the building work promoting speculative development. required SOURCE: Conway, H. and Roenisch, R. (2005) Understanding Architecture. Contoso 11 S u i t e s Role of an Architect RA 9266 “Architect” means a person professionally and academically qualified, registered and licensed under R.A. No. 9266 with a Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card issued by the Professional Regulatory Board of Architecture and the Professional Regulation Commission, and who is responsible for advocating the fair and sustainable development, welfare and cultural expression of society’s habitat in terms of space, forms and historical context; Architect in charge of Construction Architect of Consulting Record Architect Architect SOURCE: RA 9266-IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004. Contoso 12 S u i t e s Role of an Architect RA 9266 “General Practice of Architecture” the act of planning Planning and Architectural and architectural designing, structural Designing conceptualization, specifying, supervising and giving general administration and responsible direction to the erection, enlargement or alterations of buildings General Administration Structural Conceptualization and building environments and architectural design in and direction General engineering structures or any part thereof; Practice of Architecture Supervising Specifying SOURCE: RA 9266-IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004. Contoso 13 S u i t e s Role of an Architect RA 9266 “Scope of the Practice of Architecture” encompasses the provision of professional services in connection with site, physical and planning and the design, construction, enlargement, conservation, renovation, remodeling, restoration or alteration of a building or group of buildings. Services may include, but are not limited to: (a) planning, architectural designing and structural conceptualization; (b) consultation, consultancy, giving oral or written advice and directions, conferences, evaluations, investigations, quality surveys, appraisals and adjustments, architectural and operational planning, site analysis and other pre-design services; (c) schematic design, design development, contract documents and construction phases including professional consultancies; (d) preparation of preliminary, technical, economic and financial feasibility studies of plans, models and project promotional services; (e) preparation of architectural plans, specifications, bill of materials, cost estimates, general conditions and bidding documents; SOURCE: RA 9266-IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004. Contoso 14 S u i t e s Role of an Architect RA 9266 “Scope of the Practice of Architecture” encompasses the provision of professional services in connection with site, physical and planning and the design, construction, enlargement, conservation, renovation, remodeling, restoration or alteration of a building or group of buildings. Services may include, but are not limited to: (f) construction and project management, giving general management, administration, supervision, coordination and responsible direction or the planning, architectural designing, construction, reconstruction, erection, enlargement or demolition, renovation, repair, orderly removal, remodeling, alteration, preservation or restoration of buildings or structures or complex buildings, including all their components, sites and environs, intended for private or public use; (g) the planning, architectural lay-outing and utilization of spaces within and surrounding such buildings or structures, housing design and community architecture, architectural interiors and space planning, architectural detailing, architectural lighting, acoustics, architectural lay-outing of mechanical, electrical, electronic, sanitary, plumbing, communications and other utility systems, equipment and fixtures; (h) building programming, building administration, construction arbitration and architectural conservation and restoration; SOURCE: RA 9266-IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004. Contoso 15 S u i t e s Role of an Architect RA 9266 “Scope of the Practice of Architecture” encompasses the provision of professional services in connection with site, physical and planning and the design, construction, enlargement, conservation, renovation, remodeling, restoration or alteration of a building or group of buildings. Services may include, but are not limited to: (i) all works which relate to the scientific, aesthetic and orderly coordination of all works and branches of the work, systems and processes necessary for the production of a complete building or structure, whether for public or private use, in order to enhance or safeguard life, health and property and the promotion and enrichment of the quality of life, the architectural design of engineering structures or any part thereof; and (j) all other works, projects and activities which require the professional competence of an architect, including teaching of architectural subjects and architectural computer-aided design; SOURCE: RA 9266-IRR of the Architecture Act of 2004. Contoso 16 S u i t e s Beginnings of Architecture EARLY HISTORY Architecture as a tool it is an invention intended to satisfy the most basic needs of human beings: shelter, protection, and control over one’s environment. Figure 9: Vitruvian Tripartite Model of the Environment SOURCE: Roth, L. and Roth Clark, A. (2014) Understanding Architecture. Contoso 17 S u i t e s Architecture as a tool: structural system evolved based on climate BEGINNINGS OF ARCHITECTURE SOURCE: Bhatt, A. Golgonde: Architecture, Climate and Comfort. Contoso 18 S u i t e s Architecture as a tool: structural system evolved based on climate BEGINNINGS OF ARCHITECTURE SOURCE: Bhatt, A. Golgonde: Architecture, Climate and Comfort. Contoso 19 S u i t e s  Architecture as a symbolic expression Symbolic content is most easily perceived in religious and public buildings Principal intent is to make a broad and emphatic proclamation of communal values and beliefs. SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. BEGINNINGS OF ARCHITECTURE Contoso 20 S u i t e s Beginnings of Architecture EARLY HISTORY Created societies of villages and The Hittites and the Egyptians hamlets near caves or along shores became the preeminent land and streams, allowing for a powers in Western Asia, with combination of farming and hunting to Egypt embarking on a which domestication of animals and remarkable period of temple plants followed architecture. 1200O BCE 1500 BCE 2500 BCE 800 BCE By the beginning of the third Between the eighth and millennium BCE, the various river- the sixth centuries BCE, oriented civilizations were primed the Assyrians and for rapid cultural development. The Babylonians established five principal cultural hubs were: themselves as the China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, controlling powers of Margiana, and the Indus, western Asia SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 21 S u i t e s Beginnings of Architecture EARLY HISTORY the Roman Empire grew into one of the greatest During this period, ethical and civic and most extensive notions of government and of empires in the world and personal conduct began to take yet was on the brink of root in many parts of Eurasia disaster. 400 BCE 200 CE 1 CE 400 CE Roman emperors from Augustus The decline of Europe in cultural to Trajan changed the and economic terms paralleled the architectural face of the shift of the Roman power base to European and West Asian world, Byzantium and western Asia. In building impressive temples, Central Asia, the most impressive forums, villas, and cities, all with buildings at the time were made the typical Roman imprint. by the Sassanians in Iraq and Iran SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 22 S u i t e s Beginnings of Architecture EARLY HISTORY In Eurasia, there was consolidation in which the newly arising world religions were changing and being tested. New architectural forms The turn of the millennium saw were developed, such as the brick extensive temple building dome, concrete by this time having programs occurring throughout been forgotten. South and Southeast Asia. 600 CE 1000 CE 800 CE 1200 CE In 800 CE, China’s T’ang Dynasty The history of religions is (618–906 CE) was Eurasia’s never static, and this is economic engine. Also, the new especially true during this Islamic kingdom’s architectural period. expression was the mosque, a simple hypostyle hall oriented toward Mecca SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 23 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING Building Site Foundation Structures Mechanical , Electrical and Plumbing System Floor Door Window Wall Room Ceiling Roof SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 24 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture BUILDING SITE When designing, we always try to consider the CULTURE and CONTEXT of the site. Culture would refer to the people/ users of the building as well as their value system while the Context is the total environmental setting where architecture will be built upon. Values (attitude, priorities, preferences) CULTURE: People Traditions (social group, religion) Individual/ Population (user, client community, stakeholders) Site Conditions (Geographic Factors, Climatic Factors, Sensory Factors) History (flooding, earthquake, land dispute) CONTEXT: General Character (size, location, zoning, soil, topography, sun, wind, vegetation, views ) Environment Existing Structures Accessibility (pedestrian, vehicular) Governing laws and standards (development controls, codes) Contoso 25 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture FOUNDATION-is the lowest load-bearing part of a building, typically below ground level SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 26 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture STRUCTURE-refers to the complete structural system that transfers the load through interconnected structural members SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 27 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture PLUMBING SYSTEM-refers to the utility consisting of the pipes and fixtures for the distribution of water in a building and for the disposal of sewage SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 28 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture ELECTRICAL SYSTEM-consists of all elements needed to distribute electrical power SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 29 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture MECHANICAL SYSTEM-building service that uses machine; for heating and air-conditioning systems SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 30 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture FLOORS- a continuous supporting surface extending horizontally throughout a building SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 31 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture DOOR- a hinged, sliding or folding barrier of wood , metal or glass, for opening or closing an entrance to a building, room or cabinet. SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 32 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture WINDOW- a hinged, sliding or folding barrier of wood , metal or glass, for opening or closing an entrance to a building, room or cabinet. SOURCE: Ching, F. (2014) Building Construction Illustrated Contoso 33 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture WALL- any of various upright constructions presenting a continuous surface and serving to enclose, divide or protect an area. SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. Contoso 34 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture ROOMS- a portion of space within a building, separated by walls or partitions from other similar spaces SOURCE: Ching, F. and Eckler, J. (2013) Introduction to Architecture. I PD1096. Section 806. Contoso 35 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture CEILING- the overhead interior surface or lining of a room often concealing the underside of the floor or roof above SOURCE: Ching, F. (2014) Building Construction Illustrated I PD 1096. Section 805. Contoso 36 S u i t e s Basic Elements of Architecture ROOF-the external upper covering of a building including the frame for supporting the roofing. SOURCE: Ching, F. (2014) Building Construction Illustrated I PD 1096. Section 805. Contoso 37 S u i t e s Large Picture Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Thank consectetur adipiscing elit.You! Prepared by MAAKBAR ARCH 1412: Introduction to Architecture 1st semester 2020-2021 FEU IARFA Contoso 38 S u i t e s