Architecture Design Principles PDF

Architecture Is defined as the art and science of designing and constructing of buildings. Art is the conscience use of skill, craft, and creative imagination in the production of what is beautiful, appealing, or of more than ordinary significance. Science in architecture refers to the applicatio...

Architecture Is defined as the art and science of designing and constructing of buildings. Art is the conscience use of skill, craft, and creative imagination in the production of what is beautiful, appealing, or of more than ordinary significance. Science in architecture refers to the application of scientific principles, knowledge, and research methodologies to inform and enhance the design, construction, and functionality of buildings and built environments. ---------------------------------- THREE PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE ---------------------------------- VENUSTAS (delight/beauty) Refers to a structure\'s aesthetic link to its surroundings. This feature can be seen in the usage of appealing architectural or flooring materials. Venustas was a requirement for most newly constructed buildings before the twentieth century. Example: (1)Tanj Mahal. this iconic mausoleum in India is notable for its stunning beauty. this building has symmetrical layout, intricate curvings, use of white marble, and reflective pools, to create a sense of elegance and serenity. (2) Sagrada Familia. Anthony Gaudi\'s masterpiece in Barcelona. it is a fusion of Gothic and Art Nouveau styles. Sagrada Familia has unique forms, organic motifs, and intricate details contribute to its captivating beauty. FIRMITAS (firmness/durability) Refers to a building\'s ability to stand up to the stresses of time and the natural elements. Its longevity can be calculated using various levels of exactitude. Certain materials are more durable than others. This is because they have the illusion of durabilities. UTILITAS (commodity/utility) are the building\'s ability to meet the needs of its intended occupants. There are many types of buildings, some of which require special attention to fit their intended inhabitants. Architect Louis Sullivan defined the concept of usefulness in 1896 with his famous dictum, \"Form follows function\". ------------------ SCALE OF DESIGN. ------------------ Two types: Designing objects and Designing spaces. DESIGNING OBJECTS. 1\. FURNITURE contributes to the overall aesthetic of a space. So, the choice of styles, materials, colors, and finishes can set a specific visual tone whether you\'re going for a modern, traditional, or minimalist look. 2\. FIXTURES Are typically permanent or semi-permanent elements that are attached to a space or object, so serving specific functions. So, this includes items like lighting fixtures, plumbing fixtures, and hardware. 3\. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS Like lighting elements. It contributes to the ambience of a space. So, different types of fixtures such as pendant lights or recessed lights. offers various levels of illumination, directly influencing the overall mood of the room. 4\. USER (Experience) The design of objects should prioritize the user\'s experience. So, it\'s important to understand how people interact with objects and ensure that the design enhances their convenience, comfort, and overall satisfaction. 5\. ERGONOMICS Dapat yung objects shall be designed with ergonomic principles to ensure user comfort and safety. So this means carefully considering the dimensions, proportions, and interaction points of objects to fit the human body and its natural movements. 6\. MATERIAL (Selection) So choosing the right materials is crucial for both the functionality and aesthetics of a design. So materials shall be selected based on their durability and suitability for the intended space. elements of building construction. DESIGNING SPACES 1\. FUNCTIONALITY Refers to how well a space serves its intended purpose. So we need to consider what the space will be used for. So whether it\'s a residential area ba, office, retail space, or something else. So yung design dapat is naka-align siya sa activities na gagawin sa isang space. For example, in a workspace, you need to include desk space and efficient storage to support productivity. So paano naman sa relaxation area? So yung design should focus on comfortable seating and suiting decor to enhance relaxation. 2\. SPACE ORGANIZATION AND ZONING It\'s a concept used in architecture to organize spaces within a building. So it involves the arrangement of spaces based on their functions, activities, and relationships to create a cohesive and efficient layout. 3\. PROPORTION AND SCALE sa pagdidesign ng spaces, mahalagang i-maintain natin yung scale and proportions. So para makakacreate tayo ng balance and harmonious design. So kapag gumamit kasi tayo ng mga oversized furniture, sa isang maliit na area, magiging masikip tignan yung isang spaces. So while kapag gumamit naman tayo ng tiny furniture in a large space, so parang out of place yung furniture or sobrang luwag tignan. So ensure that the size of objects and architectural features is in proportion to the overall dimensions of the space for an aesthetically pleasing result. 4\. CIRCULATION AND ACCESSIBILITY Focus on designing spaces that allow people to move comfortably, safely, and easily between areas. So this involves planning corridors, hallways, elevators, and other pathways to connect different parts of a building. So aiming to reduce congestions and ensure a smooth traffic flow. 5\. USER (Experience) Sa pag-design ng spaces, kailangan alam natin yung preferences ng isang user. So ano ba yung hiling niya and behaviors niya para ma-design natin yung isang space base sa gusto niya. --------------------- RESIDENTIAL (Types) --------------------- 1\. SINGLE ATTACHED So refers to a residential housing type. where one unit is attached to another by a shared wall. So the layout is symmetrical with rooms and living spaces arranged in a mirror image on either side of the shared wall. So ensuring both units have similar design. 2\. SINGLE DETACHED So also known as a stand-alone home. So this type of residence is not attached to any other building. So it provides privacy, space, and independence with no shared walls. So the layout maximizes space and typically features a larger building footprint compared to single attached homes. So yung outdoor areas for single detached housing or homes usually include a front yard and a back yard. So allowing for landscaping, gardening, and outdoor activities. So this type of living space and the living space of single detached homes is considered a good type of living space. 3\. ROWHOUSE So rowhouses are connected in a row with each unit sharing common walls on either side, typically featuring uniform design and limited outdoor space. While yung 4\. TOWNHOUSE also connected in a row but offer more design variation. So with each unit having its own\... separate entrance and multiple levels. So yung townhouses plus generally provide more privacy, larger outdoor areas, and include shared community amenities. So unlike row houses which have smaller and less private outdoor spaces. 5\. APARTMENTS So may different types of apartments like yung studio apartments combine living, sleeping, and kitchen areas into one open space and making them ideal for individuals or couples seeking an efficient compact living arrangement. So another example is one bedroom apartment feature a separate bedroom and living area offering more privacy and space and suitable for individuals or couples. So last is two bedroom apartments. So provide two separate bedrooms and additional living space making them perfect for families, roommates, or those needing extra room for various uses. ------------------- BUILDING ENVELOPE ------------------- (or the building enclosure or building shelf) Refers to the physical separation between the interior and exterior environments of a structure. - Sa isang building enclosure is merong walls, fenestration (doors and windows), and roof. \- WALLS. walls offer structural support, insulation, and protection from outdoor elements. They can be constructed from materials like concrete, brick, or wood. 1\. EXTERIOR WALL or facade is part of a building envelope that divides interior spaces from the external environment. So, typically, exterior walls have a thickness of 0.15 meter. 2\. INTERIOR WALLS are partitioned that divide different spaces within a building. So, they define rooms, provide privacy, offer structural support, and enhance the functionality and design of the interior. So, unlike exterior walls, yung interior walls daw is do not need to withstand outdoor elements and therefore do not require the same level of weather protection. 3\. PARTY WALL is a shared wall that separates two adjoining properties or building. So, it stands on the boundary between the properties and is owned by both property owners. So, party walls are commonly found in urban areas where buildings are constructed in close proximity to each other. So, these walls serve as a structural. And legal division between the properties while accommodating both owner\'s right and responsibilities. 4\. FIRE WALL. So, it\'s a type of wall specifically designed and constructed to prevent the spread of fire, heat, and smoke between several buildings, compartments, or sections within a building. So, yung firewalls are essential for fire safety and building code compliance as they create barriers that help contain fire and protect occupants and property. \- FENESTRATION, windows and doors. - WINDOW. An opening in a building\'s wall for admitting light and air, usually with a frame in which moveable sashes carrying glass panes are inserted. DIFFERENT TYPES OF WINDOWS 1\. SLIDING WINDOWS A single window with sliding operable pane, the pane can slide over the top of the other to be opened. 2. SWINGING WINDOW. A window that is hinged to its frame. They are used single or in pairs within a similar frame, where they are externally hinged. The most common types are casement, awning, hopper, and jalousie windows EXAMPLES OF SWINGING WINDOWS. \- CASEMENT WINDOWS. hinged at the side which swing outward. Are a type of window that opens outward on a hinge similar to a door. So they are hinged on one side and usually operated by a handle. So which allows the window to swing open or close along its vertical axis. So casement windows can be fully open outward creating a larger opening compared to other window types. \- AWNING WINDOWS. hinged at the top and swings out at an angle like an awning. Are a type of window that is hinged at the top and opens outward from the bottom. So this design allows them to remain open even during light rain and providing ventilation while keeping rainwater out. So owning windows are popular choices for bathrooms. So they offer excellent ventilation and can be placed in any room. So this type of window is higher on the wall to maintain privacy. \- HOPPER WINDOW. usually an in-swinging window, hinged at the bottom, and popular for basements. Are a type of window that opens inward from the top and tilts into the room. So yung window na ito ay typically yung hinge nga ay nasa ilalim. So halos ginagamit ito sa basements and utility rooms. So pwede din itong gamitin sa closets and storage areas to introduce natural light and airflow. Mas maging functional and comfortable yung isang spaces. \- JEALOUSY WINDOW, has a series of narrow horizontal glass slats. also known as louvered windows or glass louvers. So ito yung type ng window na may multiple horizontal glass slots or blades na nakalagay or set sa metal or wooden frame. So yung slots na yun can be tilted, open, or closed to control ventilation and airflow. 3\. FIXED WINDOW The purpose of the window is to provide a view and/or allow light, but not to provide ventilation. The most common types are picture windows, circle top windows, glass block and random shaped. Picture Window - kind of fixed window, is a kind of large window that is used to provide good view of the garden or greeneries outside. 4\. SKYLIGHT AND CLERESTORY WINDOW  SKYLIGHT-located on the roof, come in a variety of shapes, but the most common is rectangular CLERESTORY - a fixed or operable window placed in the upper portion of a wall called clerestory. 5. TRANSOM WINDOW An ancient Type of window, commonly known as a fan shaped It is a decorative window that is placed above a door, or window. 6\. ARCHED WINDOW WITH HALF RADIUS Commonly features in Roman Architecture. Arched window can be operable or fixed, it is distinguished in its arched upper portion. 7. BAY WINDOW It features an outward frame that is commonly hexagonal and can provide additional space in the room. 8\. BOW WINDOW Type of architectural window feature that projects outward from the main wall of a building. It is designed to create a curved or rounded appearance, typically forming a gentle arc or bow shape. - DOOR For opening and closing an entrance to a building, room, or cabinet, a hinged, sliding, or folding barrier of wood, metal, or glass is used. Because it represents the point of entrance and often defines a building\'s identity, the door opening is often the most famous feature of any elevation. DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOORS. 1\. FLUSH DOORS They are normally made of wood, are smooth on both sides, and are hollow on the inside with a wood frame around the outside. Standard sizes are 1-3/8\" thick, 6\'8\" high, and range in width from 2\' to 3\'. 2\. PANEL DOORS Panel doors have a substantial outer frame and typically feature cross elements that form small panels. Stiles refer to the vertical members. The horizontal components are referred to as rails. 3\. SWINGING DOORS. A door that tums an hinges or pivot about a vertical edge when pushed or pulled. EXAMPLE OF SWINGING DOORS \- SINGLE-ACTING DOOR. A door hung on hinges that permit it to swing in one direction only. \- DOUBLE-ACTING DOOR. A door hung on hinges that permit it to swing in either direction from a closed position. 4\. FOLDING DOOR A door with hinged sections that can be folded flat against one another when opened. - BI-FOLD DOOR a folding door divided into two leaves, the inner edges of which are suspended from an overhead track and the outside edges of which pivot at the jamb - So, bi-fold doors are popular for connecting indoor and outdoor spaces as well as flr dividing interior rooms. - So, yung bi-fold door is a type of folding door that consists of two panels or more hinged together. So, yung bi-fold door are designed to create a wide opening while saving space. So, it is fabricated. \- ACCORDION DOOR A door with many leaves that is suspended from an overhead track and opens in the manner of an accordion. Frequently used to close large openings where bi-fold or sliding doors would not be acceptable. Made of a variety of materials: wood, plastic, fabric - consist of multiple narrow panels hinged together, folding back in a zigzag pattern. So, bi-fold doors and accordion doors are both designed to save space and provide convenient access. So, yung difference ng dalawa are in their folding mechanism at yung panel width and yung kung saan gagamitin. So, yung bi-fold doors ay meron ang larger panels and typically, ginagamit ito to connect indoor and outdoor spaces like lanais, deck, and garden, creating a seamless transition. While accordion doors are versatile space dividers used mainly for interior. 5\. SLIDING DOOR A door that operates or moves by sliding on a track, usually parallel to a wall. Sliding or bi-pass doors are popular where there is large opening. Frequently used as closet doors. The width of the door is irrelevant because it is hung from a track. To avoid swinging, glides are fitted on the floor. May be flush with the wall, paneled, or louvered. - Sliding doors are doors that move horizontally. Along a track, allowing for easy opening and closing without swinging in or out like traditional hinged door. So, they are space efficient, making them ideal for areas with limited space. So, sliding doors are commonly used to connect interior spaces with outdoor areas like lanais, balconies, and decks, creating a seamless transition. 6\. POCKET DOORS A sliding door that fits into and out of a recess in the wall of a doorway. Typically a flush door, this type of door is a variant on the sliding door. It is suspended from a track mount and sits in a pocket in the wall. Between rooms such as the kitchen and dining room, this term is frequently used. - 7\. DUTCH DOOR A door divided horizontally so that each section can be opened or closed independently. Consists of two sections: an upper and a lower. The original function of this door design was to keep animals out of farmhouses or children in while allowing light and air to filter through the top; it was effectively a door combined with a pretty wide window. - 8\. REVOLVING DOOR An entrance door for preventing drafts from the interior of a building, consisting of four leaves placed in the form of a cross and rotating about a central, vertical pivot within a cylindrically shaped vestibule. Some revolving doors automatically fold back in the direction of egress when pressure is applied, giving a legal path on both sides of the door pivot. - - 9\. FRENCH DOOR A door with rectangular glass panes running the length of it and frequently hung in pairs. Additionally referred to as a casement door. - 10\. ROLLER DOORS Roller Shutter Door or also known as Sectional Overhead Doors. A large door consisting of horizontal, interlocking metal slats guided by a track on either slide opening by rolling about and overhead drum at the head of the door opening. also known as roller shutter doors. -  ----------------- TYPES OF PROOFS ----------------- 1. 2. So yung gable roof glass is a specific type of pitch roof design characterized by two sloping surfaces that meet at a central ridge or peak. So kung makikita nyo dito sa picture na nag-form ito na triangular section and gable at each end. So ridge pala or peak yung tawag sa highest point of a pitch roof where the two sloping surfaces meet. Then eaves naman yung tawag sa lower edge of the pitch roof so ito yung naka-extend beyond the walls of the building and provides protection from rain water. 3. A hip roof is a type of roof design characterized by its slopes that descend from all sides of the building, forming a gentle pyramid or trapezoidal shape. - 4. A flat roof is a type of roof design characterized by its level or nearly level surface. - - 5. also known as a mono-pitch roof, mono-pitched roof, is a simple and functional roof design that slopes in one direction, resembling the shape of a single-sloped shed. -