ANAPHY AND PHYSIOLOGY PDF - Human Body & Anatomy

Moneth A. Prani BSP 3-1 Anaphy and Physiology * Molecular Biology- study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level. ANAPHY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGAN...

Moneth A. Prani BSP 3-1 Anaphy and Physiology * Molecular Biology- study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level. ANAPHY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION: The Human Body: An Orientation Atoms ( tiny building blocks of matter) ↓ Anatomy- study of internal and external structures of the Molecule body and their physical relationship (Blanchard, 2005). (such as water, sugar, and proteins, like those that make up Ana- “up” or “through” our muscles) Physiology- refers to the study of functions of those ↓ structures. Compound ↓ Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology Macromolecules - Structure determines what functions can take (lipids, carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acid) place. ↓ Organelle SUBDIVISIONS: (part of cells) ANATOMY ↓ Gross Anatomy: (doesn't need microscope) Cell * Regional- all structures in one part of the body (the smallest units of all living things) (particular area of the body). Body regions. ↓ * Systemic- gross anatomy of the body studied by Tissue system. (looks at just one system) (consist of groups of similar cells that have a common * Surface- study of the internal structure as they function) relate to the overlying skin. ↓ Organ Microscopic Anatomy: maliit ( structure composed of two or more tissue types that * Cytology- study of the cell. performs a specific function for the body) * Histology- study of the tissues. ↓ Organ System Developmental Anatomy ( group of organs that work together to accomplish a * Embryology- study of the developmental common purpose) changes of the body before birth. ↓ Organism PHYSIOLOGY ( represents the highest level of structural organization) Based on Organ Systems * Neurophysiology- explains the workings of the nervous system. * Cardiac Physiology- studies the function of the heart. Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body- looks at how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells. Specialized Branches of Anatomy * Pathological Anatomy- study of structural changes caused by disease. * Radiographic Anatomy- study of internal structures visualized by X-Ray. Bones ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW: ANATOMICAL POSITION: Integumentary System - Standing straight - Forms the external body covering; protects deeper - Head and eyes facing forward tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location - Arms on the side slightly away from the trunk, of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and palms facing forward. sweat and oil glands. - Feet in the ground facing forward. Skeletal System - Protects and supports body organs; provides a MAINTAINING LIFE: framework the muscles use to cause movement; NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS blood cells are formed within bones; stores Maintaining Boundaries minerals. - Every living organism’s “inside” must Muscular System remain distinct from its “outside”. - Allows manipulation of the environment, Movement locomotion, and facial expression; maintains - Includes all the activities where bones and posture; produces heat. muscles work together. (ex. walking) Nervous System Responsiveness/ Irritability - Fast-acting control system of the body; responds - Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the to internal and external changes by activating environment and then react to them. (ex. appropriate muscles and glands. you touch a hot pan) Endocrine System Digestion - Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes - Process of breaking down ingested food such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by into simple molecules. body cells. Metabolism Cardiovascular System - All chemical reactions occur within the - Blood vessels transport blood, which carries body and all of its cells. oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, Excretion wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood. - Process of removing waste from the body. Lymphatic System Reproduction - Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and - Process of producing an offspring. returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the Growth lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells - Can be an increase in cell size or body involved in immunity. size. Respiratory System - Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen HOMEOSTASIS: and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs Digestive System - Breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Urinary System - Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base HOMEOSTASIS balance of the blood. - state of balance Reproductive System - maintaining stability while adjusting to changing - production of offspring. Testes produce sperm external conditions and male sex hormone. Ovaries produce eggs and - dynamic process in order to survive external female sex hormones. challenges POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: Positive Feedback- intensifies stimuli Cephalic- pertains to the head. Ex. childbirth Frontal- forehead Negative Feedback- negates stimuli Orbital- eyes Ex. temperature regulation Nasal- nose Buccal- cheeks LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY: Oral- mouth DIRECTIONAL TERMS Mental- chin or jaw (mentalis) ↑↑ Superior/Cephalic- towards the head Occipital- back of the head. ↓↓ Interior/Caudal- towards the foot → Anterior/Ventral- towards the front Cervical- neck ← Posterior/Dorsal- towards the back Thoracic- chest → ← Medial- towards the middle Sternal- breastbone area ← → Lateral- away from the middle Axillary- armpit ⋮ Intermediate- in between Pectoral- relating to, or occurring in or on, the chest ↗ Proximal- close to the point of attachment Abdominal- abdomen/ anterior body trunk inferior to ribs ↖ Umbilical- navel ↘ Distal- far from the point of attachment Pelvic- hips/ area overlying the pelvis anteriorly ↙ Inguinal- groin (shoulder & groin- point of attachment) Pubic- genitals ↑ Dorsal- back ← → Superficial- closer to the surface Scapular- shoulder blades ↓ Vertebral- spine ↓ Lumbar- lower back → ← Deep- farther away from the body surface Sacral- sacrum ↑ Gluteal- glutes/ buttoks ✷ ✷ Ipsilateral- structures that can be found on the same UPPER LIMB: side of the body Acromial- highest point of shoulder ✷ Deltoid- curve of the shoulder ✷ Contralateral- different side of the body Brachial- arm Antecubital- front portion of elbow BODY LANDMARKS/REGIONAL TERMS: Olecranial- elbow Antebranchial- forearm Carpal- wrist Palmar- palm Digital- fingers LOWER LIMB: Coxal- hip Femoral- femur/thigh Patellar- patella/ anterior knee Popliteal- back of patella/knee cap Crural- leg Sural- calves Fibular- : lateral part of leg Tarsal- ankle Calcaneal- sole of the feet (heel) Digital- digits of the toes Plantar- sole of the foot (buo)  ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS/ REGION: BODY PLANES: S O F T Sagittal Plane- separates the body left and right. Midsagittal Plane- equal Parasagittal Plane- unequal Oblique Plane- something not parallel Frontal Plane- separates the body front and back. Transverse (or horizontal) Plane- separates the body up and down. BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES: Dorsal Body Cavity * Cranial Cavity- space inside the bony skull that protects the brain. - Divisions used primarily by medical personnel and * Spinal Cavity- extends from the cranial cavity to are named according to their relative locations with the end of the spinal cord. respect to anatomical position. Ventral Body Cavity * Superior Thoracic Cavity- separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm, has mediastinum (separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity) * Superior Abdominal Cavity- conatins the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs. * Inferior Pelvic Cavity- contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum. Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs  OTHER BODY CAVITIES: Right Epigastric Left Hypochondriac Region Hypochondriac - Ascending - Esophagus - Descending Colon - Liver Colon - Gall Bladder - Pancreas - Left Kidney - Liver - Right & Left - Liver - Right Kidney Adrenal Glands - Pancreas - Small Intestine - Small Intestine - Small Intestine - Transverse - Spleen - Spleen Colon - Stomach - Stomach - Transverse - Transverse Colon Colon Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar Region Region Region - Ascending - - Descending Colon - Pancreas Colon - Gall Bladder - Right & Left - Left Kidney - Liver Kidney - Small Intestine - Right Kidney - Right & Left Ureters - Small Intestine - Stomach Oral Cavity- contains the teeth and tongue. - Transverse Digestive Caviy- this cavity is part of and Colon continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus. Right Iliac Region Hypogastric Left Iliac Region Nasal Cavity- located within and posterior to the Region nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory - Appendix - Prostate - Left Fallopian system. - Cecum & - Rectum Tube (F) Orbital Cavities- orbital cavities (orbits) in the Ascending Colon - Right & Left - Left Ovary (F) skull house the eyes and present them in an - Right Fallopian Fallopian Tube - Small Intestine anterior position. Tube (F) (F) - Descending - Right Ovary (F) - Right & Left Colon Middle Ear Cavities- middle ear cavities carved - Small Intestine Ovary (F) - Sigmoid Colon into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These - Right & Left cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound Uterus vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears. - Seminal Vesicle (M) - Sigmoid Colon - Small Intestine - Urinary Bladder - Uterus (F) - Vas Deference