Module 1 History Of Pharmacy PDF

lOMoARcPSD|46700717 Module 1 History of Pharmacy Perspectives in Pharmacy (Our Lady of Fatima University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downlo...

lOMoARcPSD|46700717 Module 1 History of Pharmacy Perspectives in Pharmacy (Our Lady of Fatima University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Dorothy Figuracion ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46700717 : hence their use as an easily recognizable visual motif. PHARMACY Derived from the greek word “Pharmakon” (Drug or medicine) It is an art of dispensing and preparing Rx SYMBOL of medicines or drugs establishment and The recipe sign appears at place where drugs or medicines are the start of prescriptions. Although solved. universally accepted as an abbreviation of “recipe” (Latin for ‘take thou’) It has also been PHARMACIST suggested that it is the astronomical sign of They are also known as druggists. the planet Jupiter. They are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health Man have several characteristics on how to sciences focusing on safe and effective treat ailments, physical and mental with medication use. medicines. *Additional Notes: Drugs are agents or substances intended for use in the diagnosis, Base on archeological evidence man always medical prevention, Treatment, search for other tools to treat his conditions. Cure and Diseases both Human *Additional Notes: Animals used plants to and Animals. treat diseases. Animism believed that has a spirit. BOWL OF HYGEIA (Serve as the Since the dawn of humanity, pharmacy has Symbol of Hungarian) been part of everyday life. By trial and error , folk knowledge of the The bowl with a snake coiled healing properties of certain natural around it is called the bowl of Hygeia with the substances grew. serpent of Epidaurus. Hygeia was Aesculapius’s SHANIDAR CABE BURIAL daughter and a Greek Goddess of health. SHANIDAR CAVE BURIAL 50, 000 years ago, Neanderthal man was buried in the Shanidar Her symbol was a serpent Caves in Nothern Iraq with clusters of flowers drinking from a bowl. and herbs. CADUCEUS (Herald’s Wand) SHAMANS The symbol of two snakes on a staff is called Faith Healers. the Caduceus. Because both disease and its treatment The staff, depicted with wings, is that of involves this world of spirits, they need a Mercury (Roman) or Hermes (Greek), specialist who understood and could control messenger of the Gods the spirits. and also God of Oral rite (Latin term to remove Bad Spirits.) commerce. Manual rite (Pausok, Dahon) MORTAR & PESTLE (Corner stone of the Pharmacy Compounding ointments, creams, Suspension and emulsion.) Changes occurred gradually influence It has long been used as a pharmaceutical concepts of disease and healing. symbol in Britain and on the European Each civilization developed its own mainland, and is still widely employed as a characteristics, but each grew out of pharmacy shop sign in Scotland. The mortar previously existing cultures. and pestle are tools of traditional pharmacy, Garcia, Anne Therese H. BSPH-Y1-3 Page 1 of 8 Downloaded by Dorothy Figuracion ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46700717 This debt to precedent cultures was ANCIENT EGYPT particularly evident in pharmacy and Ancient Egyptians believed that a sick person medicine. This is because the animistic- was one out of harmony with the world, religious magical notions of disease and its having irked the gods, the dead or the spirits. treatment did not disappear. The logical way to restore harmony was by religious and magical means. MESOPOTAMIA (Iraq, Turkey, Kwait, Syria) : They believe that one could avoid disease by Thoth- the inventor of science and medicine leading a righteous life and worshipping the and patron of physicians. proper God. Imhotep- a mortal of the third millennium BC Mesopotamians made offerings to the ghost of who was deified in Egypt during GrecoRoman their ancestors, respected taboos, and even times. acquire magical accessories to keep away evil. PAPYRUS EBERS / Most important pharmaceutical record is the 1. Ninazu "Papyrus Ebers" (1500 B.C.), Lord physician It is a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs. 2. Ningishrida The Ebers Papyrus, also known as Papyrus Son of Ninazu Ebers, is an Egyptian Medical papyrus of Carries the staff with snake around it herbal knowledge dating to c. 1550 BC. *Additional Notes: 3. Gula Created by the Egyptians. Goddess of death and healing - Patroness of the physician - Great lady of GEORGE EBERS physicians. Among the oldest and most important medical papyri of Ancient egypt, it was 3 purchased at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of 1. ASU – physician priest. 1873–74 by Georg Ebers. *Additional Notes: It is currently kept at the library of the They use drugs in different diseases. University of Leipzig, in Germany. Empirical Healer. *Additional Notes: 2. ASHIPU – exorcist and incantation priest. Senna Castor Oil (Laxative)- *Additional Notes: Discovered by the Egyptians. Magical Healer. Pricot Physician. 3. BARU – the seer priest. They believe that disease is a consequence of Legendary Emperor Shen-nung was credited a SIN. Cures therefore should involve spiritual the father of pharmaceutics by the scholar- religious purification and catharsis. ruler Liu An in the second century BC. *Additional Notes: Pen-ts’ao (Native Herbal) which was Deduse he owme. translated as “material medica”, “fundamentals of simples”, and “the botanical LIBRARY OF NINEVEH basis of pharmacy”. 32 Clay Tablets *Additional Notes: Compilation of Pen-Tsao Collected by Assyrian King Asshurbanipal in Podophyllum- genital warts and Cancer. 17th Century B.C. Rhubarb- Laxative. 250 drugs of vegetable origin Stramonium- Anti- Asthma. 120 of mineral origin. Cinnamon- Anti malarial agent. 180 from other sources. Ma-huang- stimulant. *Additional Notes: Ginseng- mood or energy booster. First pharmaceutical compendium. Contents of drugs and formulation. Garcia, Anne Therese H. BSPH-Y1-3 Page 2 of 8 Downloaded by Dorothy Figuracion ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46700717 1. Hiera picra  It is the oldest pharmaceutical compound in existence. The civilization  Galen’s formula called for aloes, to developed by the Hellenes was which spices and other herbs were individualistic, speculative, added and with the addition of honey. thisworldly, and concerned with the concepts of liberty and *Additional Notes: aesthetics—and Greek medicine Also known as Holy Bitters. and pharmacy developed within this cultural Components: Jar. framework. Used as Laxative. The momentous achievement of Greek Tincture: Aloe, Safron, Cinnamon. medicine was it seeking a natural basis for disease, its causes and its treatment. Greek 2. Terra sigillata Physicians: Prepared their own medicines and  Or sealed earth was a greasy clay. It was left prescription behind for family members to compound and administer. formed into large, tablet-like units upon which the seal of the place origin was impressed. THEOPHRASTUS( ABOUT 300  It was used as an antidote for poisons, B.C.) dysenteries, fevers and other illnesses. *Additional Notes: The greatest early Used as antidote. Greek philosophers and natural scientists, Early trademark drug. is called the "father of Components: Silica, Alumina, Chalk, botany." Magnesia and Iron Oxide. His botanical works, 3. Theriaca (theriac) De Historia Plantarum and De causis plantarum.  It is also known as treacle, was the *Additional Notes: On the allum causes copper pharmaceutical par excellence. of plant salt.  Only  Contained varying number of minerals. ingredients, sometimes more than seventy Contents were largely herbal, opium playing a prominent role, A period from Fall of castoreum, viper flesh and skink. Rome to Fall of  Intended as an antidote to the bites of Constantinople. wild creatures, became eventually a universal antidote for poisons and CLAUDIUS GALEN remedy used in many illnesses. *Additional notes: Greatest contributor in *Additional Notes: Pharmacy. Made up of opium. A prominent Greek physician, surgeon and Use antidote for poison. philosopher in the Roman empire. Universal antidote for poison. His principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the Western world for MITHRIDATES VI, KING OF PONTUS( About 100 B.C.) 1,500 years; and his name still is associated The royal toxicologist. with that class of pharmaceuticals Made the art of poisoning, but also the art of compounded by mechanical means - preventing and counteracting poisoning. galenicals. He used himself as well as his prisoners as He was the originator of the formula for a cold "guinea pigs" on which to test poisons and cream, essentially similar to that known antidotes. His famed formula of alleged today. panantidotal powers, "Mithridatum.-All Three remedies that were to become purpose antidote to poisons. universally celebrated and esteemed, (Mithridate, Mithridaticum, Mithritium) although they were not original with him. *Additional Notes: Toxicology- study of poisons. Garcia, Anne Therese H. BSPH-Y1-3 Page 3 of 8 Downloaded by Dorothy Figuracion ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46700717 PEDANIOS DIOSCORIDES (FIRST CENTURY A.D.) RHAZES (860-932) & AVICENNA (980- 1063) He was a physician, pharmacologist and They Added To The Writings Of Greek botanist, the author of De Materia Medica —a Rejected The Old Idea That Foul Tasting 5-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine Worked Best In Medicine They Developed and related medicinal substances (a And Exert Effort In Their Dosage Forms pharmacopeia), that was widely read for more Elegant And Palatable through silvering of than 1,500 years. pills and use of syrups. Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica in Greek, his native language. He was employed as KING FREDERICK II OF SICILY a medic in the Roman army. King of Sicily, King of Jerusalem, King of *Additional Notes: Germany & Italy & Holy Roman Empire. De Materia Medica considered as the basis In mid 13th century (1240) Frederick II and inspiration of USP-NF (United Stated – codified the separate practice of pharmacy Pharmacopeia) from medicine. *Additional Notes: 3 REGULATIONS Separation of pharmaceutical from Medical Profession. MOHAMEDANISM Official supervision at Pharmaceutical New civilization arose. practice. Greek writings about medicine were translated Obligation by oath. to Arabic. Works of Galen and Dioscorides was accepted by Arabs. Public pharmacies became relatively common in Southern Europe (Apothecary) HUNAIN IBN-ISHĀQ (Father of Arab Translation.) Writings of Greek translated to Arabic were Hunain ibn-Ishāq translated the entire available further translated to Latin for the use of Hippocratic corpus and works of Galen, European schools. Dioscorides, Oribasius and Paul of Aegina. During the Renaissance, medicine moved more boldly outside the rather rigid SĀBŪR IBN-SAHL SĀBŪR IBN-SAHL framework of clerical and Arabic Compile a prototype of the formularies now Scholasticism. used today—it was a compilation of formulas Paracelsus introduced the idea of the body as or recipes for medications, arranged in an a chemical process which became more orderly (usually alphabetical) fashion and widely applied in pharmacy. including instructions for compounding and Chemicals were used more boldly for internal suggestions for their use. It was called al– therapy, and extraction of medicinally active Aqrābādhīn al-Kabīr. quintessences from nature’s resources *Additional Notes: became a goal. He was the first one to arrange formulas in Alphabetical Order. PHILIPPUS AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS BOMBASTUS VON AVICENNA HOHENHEIM Ibn-Sina, known as Avicenna A Persian Paracelsus is referred to philosopher and physician sought to unify all as the father of medical knowledge in his Canon medicinae. toxicology for his claim Canon medicinae It contained a treatise on that, “All things are poisons, sections on the preparation of poison, and nothing is without poison.” medicines, and a long list of medicinal recipes. Sparked the growth of modern *Additional Notes: Pharmaceutical Sciences Process of Introduce Gliding and Silvering of Pills. distillation and extraction was introduce in Wrote a book dedicated to Therapeutics the laboratory research. cardiovascular diseases. *Additional Notes: Dosis Facit Venenum. Garcia, Anne Therese H. BSPH-Y1-3 Page 4 of 8 Downloaded by Dorothy Figuracion ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46700717 DISCOVERY OF QUININE (1820) PAUL EHRLICH’S SALVARSAN IN 1910 Quinine drug was discovered to treat First discovered chemotherapeutic agents. malarial fevers. (Anti Malarial Agent) Introduced the “selective toxicity” principle. Advocate of chemical medicines displaced He also discovered salvarsan.(Siphylis) the therapeutic agreement of Galenism *Additional Notes: which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years. Compound 606 *Additional Notes: Magic Bullet Discovered by Joseph Pelletier & Joseph Caventoy. Quinine is from Bark Cinchona Tree. Female Anopheles Mosquito Vector Plasmodium Parasite. Malaria Symptoms: Fever, Vomitting, Headacge, Fatigue, Seizure and may lead to Death. Germ theory of disease by Pasteur and Koch (1880- 1890) Robert Koch proved that microorganism cause disease (1876) Established experimental steps for directly th 20 CENTURY linking a specific microbe to a specific 20th century dramatic change for disease. (Koch;s Postulate) medical care including Pharmacy. Cortisones, tranquilizers, antihypertensives, radioisotopes and oral contraceptives were discovered. Pharmaceutical Industries became one of the most advanced industries in the world. *Additional Notes: AsepticTechnique- introduced by Joseph Lister. DISCOVERY OF VACCINE Pasteur discovered 3 vaccines; for fowl cholera(1881), anthrax (1881) and rabies *Additional Notes: (1885). 1950S- Thalidomide. Emil Von Behring à diphtheria antitoxin. 1960s- Phocomelia. *Additional Notes: Infected with the Rabies Virus – Pharmacist were not a loss for work as inflammation in Brain. the number of prescriptions grew, or new Cholera- Vibrio Cholerae effective drugs came into the market. Contaminated Water Chain drugstores displacing independent corner drugstores especially in urban areas. BS Pharmacy was extended to 5 years and curriculum continued to emphasize Garcia, Anne Therese H. BSPH-Y1-3 Page 5 of 8 Downloaded by Dorothy Figuracion ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46700717 physical sciences which underlie the Drug manufacturers were starting to discover making of medicines. the active ingredients of various products derived from nature. Gradually, medicines were made with active ingredients and made available for druggists to APOTECHARY IN USA. dispense directly to patients. Apothecary shops first appeared in Shortly, after World War II (1945) a young Boston, New York and Philadelphia. entrepreneur from Erie, Pennsylvania, named Christopher Marshall, Irish immigrant, Jack Eckerd made his mark by starting self developed a pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise. service in the pharmacy. MARSHALL APOTHECARY IN PHILADELPHIA This was a leading retail pharmacy, The first hospital pharmacy was established large-scale chemical manufacturer, a place for at the Pennsylvania Hospital started by training pharmacists, and an important supply Benjamin Franklin, in Philadelphia in 1752. depot during the American Revolution. The first hospital pharmacist was Jonathan Most of the early American apothecaries Roberts. sold various items including crude drugs, John Morgan a pharmacist and a physician chemicals, imported nostrums (secret cures), championed prescription writing and the spices, teas, and coffees. separation of the two professions. The first hospital pharmacy internship ELIZABETH MARSHALL program was started by Harvey Whitney in Became the first American Woman 1927 at the University of Michigan Hospital Pharmacist. in Ann Harbor. Section for hospital pharmacists within the CHARLES MARSHALL American Pharmaceutical Association President of the Philadelphia College of (APhA) was established in 1936. Pharmacy. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) was formed in 1942 and ended joint membership with APhA in 1972. In 1995, the Patents were first granted in 1790 by organization changed its name to newly founded United States of America. American Society of Health System Such patents were granted for so-called Pharmacists. secret cures. Patents granted protection of the knowledge of the ingredients for 17 years. A. Pre-historic Period: ’ 1. Mythical period The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 2. Superstitious 3. Empiric It was founded in 1821 at Carpenter’s Hall, same place were the Declaration of. Independence of USA was announced. Ancient Filipino believed that diseases are caused by spiritual or elemental forces. William Proctor Jr. Examples: He is the Father of American  Mambabarang Pharmacy. American Pharmaceutical  Aswang Association (APhA) began in 1852.  Nuno It was started to improve communication among pharmacists, to develop standards for education and apprenticeship, Pre – Spanished era there were herbolarios and to improve the quality control of imported These are skilled men in the use of healing drugs. herbs Heals people using herbs and traditional practices such as hilot or massage. From early 1900 through the early 1940s druggists continued to compound and prepare medicines for patients. Garcia, Anne Therese H. BSPH-Y1-3 Page 6 of 8 Downloaded by Dorothy Figuracion ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46700717 Hospital de Began with the arrival of Miguel López de San Juan de Legazpi's expedition on February 13, 1565 Dios from Mexico. constructed in UST- The UST was the first great institution of 1577 by the learning established in the Philippines. Franciscans “Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario de San Lazaro Santo Tomas” located in Intramuros. Hospital also built by the FR. FERNANDO SANTA MARIA (1704-1774) Franciscans in Dominican priest, native of madrid “ the same year Medicinas Caseras” 1st ed. 1786 – contained suggestions for treatment of certain diseases. Hospital de 3 Topics of the book: San Gabriel 1. Medicinal barks and herbs in Binondo 2. Various sickness 1588- 3. Various secrets and rarities worth knowing managed by Dominicans FR. BLANCO, OSA and his botanical masterpiece “Flora de BOTICA DE SANTA CRUZ Filipinas. established in 1861, located at Plaza de Goiti. - It passed through several hands until 1902 Once the was firmly established in July, 1871 its it was purchase Dr. Carlos Jarhling, a work and teaching mission started smoothly. German-Filipino Pharmacist and Mr. Luis Professors had to be contracted from Spain. Santos, A Philippine born Spaniard. 1871 there were about 8 students enrolled and out of these 6 were graduated as Bachelors in. 1875 and as Licenciates in 1876. Establishment of the Board of Doctors degree were granted by the Govt , this Pharmaceutical Examiners in 1903. was reserved only to Universidad Central de. It is later converted into Act No. 597 of the Madrid. Philippine Commission. Foreign Pharmacist come to Philippines to do Board of examiners composed of a business or to practice their profession. chairman, and two chairman took charge of Rector should approve first before the Foreign the registration of the pharmacists and Pharmacist to practice here in the Philippines. supervision of their practice. Examination was given to them. 1904 – Started as a review class organized by Dr. Alejandro Albert through the request of some UST graduates to help them in board examinations. “ ” 1915- converted into the Manila College of The purpose is to protect the health of the Pharmacy by Atty. Felimon Tanchoco. Filipinos by producing welltrained practitioners 1929- Manila College of Pharmacy and to help the physicians and pharmacist. There Dentistry. were lot of students flocked to the university to 1947 – Manila Central University ( MCU ) enroll in the new course. 1911 – Dr. Andrew Dumez was its first director upon the recommendation late Dr. Edwards Kremers of the University of Many hospitals were already in operation in the Winconsin. islands during the Pharmacy Period and in this Succeeded by Dr. Manuel del Rosario and respect, the Spanish government deserved was passed on to Dr. Partocinio Valenzuela. some credit. Dr. Alfredo Abcede, Dr. Jesusa Concha, Dr. The first hospital built by the Spaniards was the Natividad de Castro, Dr Amorita Castillo, Dr. Military Hospital in Cebu, built by Legaspi in Magdalena Cantoria. 1565. Garcia, Anne Therese H. BSPH-Y1-3 Page 7 of 8 Downloaded by Dorothy Figuracion ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46700717 1920 PPHA was established. It is national profession organization of pharmacists in the Philippines. Considered as the mother association with which other associations of pharmacists and pharmacy students are affiliated. 1937 Southstar Drug was established. The 1st chain of drugstores in the Philippines. It started as a small business venture engaged in the retail of Chinese herbal medicines which was located in Naga City, Philippines. LEÓN MARÍA GUERRERO Y LEOGARDO January 21, 1853 – April 13, 1935 He is the first Filipino Pharmacist. He was a writer, revolutionary leader, respected politician, and a botanist. CLINICAL PHARMACY Pharmacy took over the an aspect of medical care partially abandoned by physicians Drug utilization Survey polls that Pharmacist is one of the trusted in the field of medicines administration. Garcia, Anne Therese H. BSPH-Y1-3 Page 8 of 8 Downloaded by Dorothy Figuracion ([email protected])