MODULE-1-HANDOUTS-Introduction-to-Anatomy-and-Physiology.pdf

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy - Subdivision of Biology - Is the study of the structure and shape of the body parts and their relationship to one another. - Come from greek words Ana -...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy - Subdivision of Biology - Is the study of the structure and shape of the body parts and their relationship to one another. - Come from greek words Ana - apart tomy - means to cut Physiology - Study of how the body and its parts work or function. - Come from greek words Physio = nature ology = the study of Relationship between Anatomy & Physiology The part of a body form a well organized unit. The parts of your body has a job to do to make the body operate. Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy – Large structures – Easily observable Microscopic Anatomy – Very small structures – Can only be viewed with a microscope Structural organization Cell →Tissue→ Organ→ Organ System Organ System Overview Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Digestive System Excretory System Reproductive System Integumentary System Skin, nails, hair, cutaneous sense organs and glands. Function: a. Protects deeper organs from injury bacteria and dehydration. b. Excrete salts and urea c. Help regulate body temperature Skeletal System Bones, cartilages, tendon, ligaments and joints Function: a. Support & protects internal organs b. Provide leverage for muscular action c. Sorce of calcium and other minerals d. Blood cell formation Muscular System Muscles attach to the skeleton Function: a. Body movers  b. Generate heat Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special senses Function: a. Transmit messages in different organs b. Detect changes in environment and make response Endocrine System Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal, pineal gland, ovaries gland, testes and pancreas. Functions: a. Promote growth and development b. Produce chemical messengers that travels in the blood to exert effects on various target organs of the body. c. Play a role in regulation of long term homeostasis. Cardiovascular Heart, blood vessels, blood Functions: a. Transport system b. Protection Lymphatic/ Immune System Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils Functions: a. Cleanse blood b. Pick up fluids leak from blood vessels and return it to blood. Respiratory System Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs Function: a. Supply oxygen remove carbon dioxide. Digestive System Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and accessory structure. Function: a. Breakdown of food and absorbed into blood. Urinary System Kidneys, urethra, urinary bladder and urethra. Function: a. Maintain water, electrolytes and acid-base balance of blood. Reproductive System Male ( testes, scrotum, penis, sperm duct) Female (ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina) Function: a. produces sperm cells b. produces egg cells c. fertlization Homeostasis Indicate a dynamic states of equilibrium or a balance in which internal condition change and vary but always with in relatively narrow units. Unchanging Homeo= the same stasis- standing still Three components of homeostatic control mechanism Receptors – respond to stimuli Control center- analyzes the info and determine appropriate response Effectors- provide the means for the control center response to stimulus Feedback Mechanism Negative feedback mechanism Positive feedback mechanism Anatomical Position To accurately describe a body parts and position there should be a reference point  (set as standing position). Erect, head and toes pointed forward, arms hanging at the sides, palm facing forward. Body Orientation and Direction Superior/ Inferior= above/ below position Anterior/ Posterior= front/ back Medial/ Lateral= towards the midline/ away from the midline. Cephalad/ Caudal= towards the head/ towards the tail. Dorsal/ Ventral= backside/ belly side Proximal/ Distal =near the trunk or near the point of attachment Superficial/ Deep= near the surface. Locating Body Landmarks Anterior Body landmarks Abdominal- tummy Anticubital- elbow anterior Axillary- armpit Brachial- arms Buccal- mouth Carpals – wrist bone Cervical- neck bone Deltoids- side of arm Digitals- fingers or toes Inguinal- groin Mammary- breast Umbilical- navel Femorals- thigh Nasal- nose Oral- mouth Orbital- eyes Patellar- knee cap Pelvic- pelvis Peroneal- side of the leg Sternal- breast bone Tarsal-ankle Thoracic- chest Posterior Body Landmarks Cephalic- head Gluteal- buttocks Lumbar- lower back Occipital-base of the skull Popliteal- back of the knee Scapular- shoulder blade Sural- calf or posterior surface of leg Vertebral- area of the spinal column Body Planes & Section Sagittal/ Midsagittal Plane Frontal/ Coronal Plane Transverse/ Cross section Plane Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity a. Cranial Cavity- brain b. Spinal Cavity- spinal cord Ventral Cavity a. Thoracic Cavity- heart and lungs b. Abdominal Cavity- abdominal organs  c. Pelvic Cavity- reproductive organs Abdominal Pelvic Quadrants Upper quadrants Upper quadrants Lower quadrants Lower quadrants 9 Abdominopelvic Regions Right hypochondriac Umbilical region Left hypochondriac Left lumbar region Epigastric Right Iliac region Right lumbar region Left iliac region Body Membranes Epithelial tissue membrane a. cutaneous membrane- made up of keratinizing stratified epithelium b. mucous membrane- seen lining in all body cavities open to the exterior. Example: respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tract. c. Serous Membranes- line body cavities that are simple squamous epithelial. 1. Parietal layer- lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity. 2. Visceral Layer- cover the outside of the organs in that cavity.