Fundamental Principles of Chemistry PDF

UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Fundamental Principles of Chemistry C-PSCHEM LEC...

UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Fundamental Principles of Chemistry C-PSCHEM LEC Week 1 Alexander Rein Heart M. Singque UA Transforms You! Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. CHEMISTRY Chemistry is an area of science that studies matter. This includes its composition, properties, and the changes that occur to it as a result of various activities and reactions. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter. In other words, it is the art and science of determining what matter is and how much of it exists. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY Biochemistry is both life science and a chemical science, wherein it explores the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for the changes occurring in living cells. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. These include metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of compounds containing carbon—virtually almost everything in the environment. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY Physical chemistry deals with the principles of physics involved in chemical interactions. It examines how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level and how chemical reactions occur. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. MATTER Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It includes things we see and touch (like water, earth, and trees), as well as things we cannot see (like air). UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. MATTER Matter is divided into two categories: 1. Pure Substances possess their own definite composition and properties. 2. Mixtures are a combination of two or more substances. However, these substances retain their distinctions. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. MATTER Pure substances are divided into two: 1. Elements are chemical substances that cannot be broken down. 2. Compounds are made up of two or more elements. They can be broken down back into elements through chemical reactions. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. MATTER Matter is divided into two categories: 1. Pure Substances possess their own definite composition and properties. 2. Mixtures are a combination of two or more substances. However, these substances retain their distinctions. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. MATTER Mixtures are divided into two: 1. Heterogenous mixtures are those with non-uniform compositions. 2. Homogenous mixtures (solutions) are those that has the same composition throughout. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. MATTER UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. MATTER UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Physical properties of matter can be measured and observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance. Properties that are considered as physical: 1. Color 3. Temperature 2. Melting point 4. Boiling point UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES For example: When ice melts, only its shape, size, and state changes, not its composition. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES For example: To revert it back to being ice, we can just freeze it. Hence, only the physical property of the ice is changed. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Chemical properties of matter can only be observed when there is a chemical change that happens to the object in question. Properties that are considered as chemical: 1. Flammability 3. Toxicity 2. Reactivity 4. Ability to rust UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES For example: When you cook an egg, it undergoes changes in its appearance and chemical makeup. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES Intensive properties of matter are unaffected by the amount of matter present in the sample. Properties that are considered as intensive: 1. Temperature 3. Pressure 2. Boiling point 4. Color UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES Extensive properties of matter are affected by the amount of matter present in the sample. Properties that are considered as intensive: 1. Volume 3. Weight 2. Mass UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. STATES OF MATTER UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. STATES OF MATTER Phase change is the transformation of an object from one phase to another. Specifically, when heat is added or removed from the system. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. ENERGY AND HEAT CHANGES Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures from hot to cold. There’s no such thing as cold, it is the absence of heat. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. ENERGY AND HEAT CHANGES Exothermic reactions allows for heat to be transferred from a system to the surroundings. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. ENERGY AND HEAT CHANGES Δ + 2HgO → 2Hg + O 2 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. ENERGY AND HEAT CHANGES UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. ENERGY AND HEAT CHANGES Endothermic reactions allow heat to be supplied to the system by the surroundings. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. ENERGY AND HEAT CHANGES 2H 2 + O2 → 2H2O + Δ UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. ENERGY AND HEAT CHANGES UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. REFERENCES Alvar-Agnew, M., Agnew, H., & Lower, S. (n.d.). Classifying Matter According to its Composition. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry/03%3A_Matter_and_ Energy/3.04%3A_Classifying_Matter_According_to_Its_Composition BYJUs. (n.d.). Chemistry. https://byjus.com/chemistry/ Khan Academy. (n.d.). Endothermic vs exothermic reactions. https://www.khanacademy.org/test- prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermochemistry/a/endothermic-vs-exothermic- reactions#:~:text=An%20exothermic%20process%20releases%20heat,them%20as%20endothermic%20or%20 exothermic. Toppr. (n.d.). Properties of Matter. https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/properties-of- matter/#:~:text=Colour%2C%20density%2C%20volume%2C%20mass,on%20are%20some%20further%20exa mples. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption Institute of Theology and Religious Studies. All rights reserved.