Module 05 Digital Techniques Electronic Instruments PDF

 EASA Part-66 Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series NO COST REVISION/UPDATE SUBSCRIPTION PROGRAM Complete EASA Part-66 Aviation Maintenance Technician...

 EASA Part-66 Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series NO COST REVISION/UPDATE SUBSCRIPTION PROGRAM Complete EASA Part-66 Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series NO COST REVISION/UPDATE PROGRAM Aircraft Technical Book Company is offering a revision/update program to our customers who purchase an EASA Module from the EASA Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series. The update is good for two (2) years from time of registration of any EASA Module or EASA bundled kits. If a revision occurs within two (2) years from date of registration, we will send you the revised pages FREE of cost to the registered email. Go to the link provided at the bottom of this page and fill out the form to be included in the EASA Revision/Update Subscription Program. In an effort to provide quality customer service please let us know if your email you register with changes so we can update our records. 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LINK TO REGISTER FOR REVISION/UPDATE PROGRAM http://www.actechbooks.com/easasub/m05b1  MODULE 05 FOR B-1 LEVEL CERTIFICATION DIGITAL TECHNIQUES ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series 72413 U.S. Hwy 40 Tabernash, CO 80478-0270 USA www.actechbooks.com +1 970 726-5111 +1 970 726-5115 fax  AVAILABLE IN Printed Edition and Electronic (eBook) Format AVIATION MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN CERTIFICATION SERIES Author James W. Wasson, PhD. About the author: Dr. James W. Wasson, an accomplished author, is founder and President of Growth Strategies International LLC providing Aerospace and Defense Management Consulting Services to the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy and Boeing. He is also a Technology Commercialization Business Consultant to the University of South Carolina Small Business Development Center. Dr. Wasson was Chief Technology Officer (CTO) at BAE Systems Inc., where he planned and directed new avionics systems product development. He has 20 years of experience as Director of Avionics Engineering, Program Management and Business Development at Smiths Aerospace (now GE Aviation) and as Avionics Engineering Manager at McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing). He was Chairman of the Graduate Business and Management College for the University of Phoenix West Michigan Campuses and Adjunct Professor. He has a PhD and MBA in International Business Management and a BS in Engineering Technology. He is a licensed FAA Airframe & Powerplant Mechanic and Private Pilot. Copyright © 2016 — Aircraft Technical Book Company. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. To order books or for Customer Service, please call +1 970 726-5111. www.actechbooks.com Printed in the United States of America  WELCOME The publishers of this Aviation Maintenance Technician Certification Series welcome you to the world of aviation maintenance. As you move towards EASA certification, you are required to gain suitable knowledge and experience in your chosen area. Qualification on basic subjects for each aircraft maintenance license category or subcategory is accomplished in accordance with the following matrix. Where applicable, subjects are indicated by an "X" in the column below the license heading. For other educational tools created to prepare candidates for licensure, contact Aircraft Technical Book Company. We wish you good luck and success in your studies and in your aviation career! EASA LICENSE CATEGORY CHART A1 B1.1 B1.2 B1.3 B2 Module number and title Airplane Airplane Airplane Helicopter Avionics Turbine Turbine Piston Turbine 1 Mathematics X X X X X 2 Physics X X X X X 3 Electrical Fundamentals X X X X X 4 Electronic Fundamentals X X X X 5 Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems X X X X X 6 Materials and Hardware X X X X X 7A Maintenance Practices X X X X X 8 Basic Aerodynamics X X X X X 9A Human Factors X X X X X 10 Aviation Legislation X X X X X 11A Turbine Aeroplane Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems X X 11B Piston Aeroplane Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems X 12 Helicopter Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems X 13 Aircraft Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems X 14 Propulsion X 15 Gas Turbine Engine X X X 16 Piston Engine X 17A Propeller X X X iii  FORWARD PART-66 and the Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Guidance Material (GM) of the European Aviation Safety Agency Agency(EASA) (EASA)Regulation Regulation(EC) (EC)No. No. 1321/2014, 1321/2014,Appendix Appendix 1 to1the to Implementing the ImplementingRulesRules establishes establishes the Basic the Knowledge Basic Knowledge Requirements Requirements for those for seeking those seeking an aircraft an aircraft maintenance maintenance license.license. The information The information in this in Module this Module (05A) of the (05) of Aviation the Aviation Maintenance Maintenance Technical Technical Certification Certification Series Series published publishedbybythetheAircraft AircraftTechnical Technical Book Book Company meets or exceeds the breadth and depth of knowledge subject matter referenced in Appendix 1 of the Implementing Rules. However, the order of the material presented is at the discretion of the editor in an effort to convey the required knowledge in the most sequential and comprehensible manner. Knowledge levels required for Category A1, B1, B2, and B3 aircraft maintenance licenses remain unchanged from those listed in Appendix 1 Basic Knowledge Requirements. Tables from Appendix 1 Basic Knowledge Requirements are reproduced at the beginning of each module in the series and again at the beginning of each Sub-Module. How numbers are written in this book: This book uses the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standard of writing numbers. This methods displays large numbers by adding a space between each group of 3 digits. This is opposed to the American method which uses commas and the European method which uses periods. For example, the number one million is expressed as so: ICAO Standard 1 000 000 European Standard 1.000.000 American Standard 11,000,000 000 000 SI Units: The International System of Units (SI) developed and maintained by the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) shall be used as the standard system of units of measurement for all aspects of international civil aviation air and ground operations. Prefixes: The prefixes and symbols listed in the table below shall be used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and submultiples of International System of Units (SI) units. MULTIPLICATION FACTOR PReFIx SyMbOL 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 101⁸ exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 = 101⁵ peta P 1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 tera T 1 000 000 000 = 10⁹ giga G 1 000 000 = 10⁶ mega M 1 000 = 103 kilo k 100 = 102 hecto h 10 = 101 deca da 0.1 =10-1 deci d 0.01 = 10-2 centi c 0.001 = 10-3 milli m 0.000 001 = 10-⁶ micro µ 0.000 000 001 = 10-⁹ nano n 0.000 000 000 001 = 10-12 pico p 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10-1⁵ femto f 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-1⁸ atto a International System of Units (SI) Prefixes  PREFACE Today’s aircraft increasingly rely on digital technology and complex electronic systems, not just for instrumentation, navigation, and communications, but today even for flight controls, system monitoring, maintenance planning, and more and more. Fiber optics and fly-by-wire is no longer the exception, but the rule. it no longer limited to military, but now the basis of private and commercial aircraft both large and small. This module presents the B1 or A&P mechanical technician with what he or she needs to know for both a general understanding of these systems and the ability to work around them in an efficient and safe manner. An advanced version of this book, Module 05 B2 is also available from Aircraft Technical Book Company which covers these topics to the greater depth required for the B2 or SpaceTEC/CertTEC rated avionics and electronics specialist. Module 05 Syllabus as outlined in PART-66, Appendix 1. LEVELS CERTIFICATION CATEGORY ¦ A B1 Sub-Module 01 - Electronic Instrument Systems Typical systems arrangements and cockpit layout of electronic instrument systems 1 2 Sub-Module 02 - Numbering Systems Numbering systems: binary, octal and hexadecimal; - 1 Demonstration of conversions between the decimal and binary, octal and hexadecimal systems and vice versa. Sub-Module 03 - Data Conversion Analog Data, Digital Data; - 1 Operation and application of analog to digital, and digital to analogue converters, inputs and outputs, limitations of various types. Sub-Module 04 - Data Buses Operation of data buses in aircraft systems, including knowledge of ARINC - 2 and other specifications. Aircraft Network / Ethernet. Sub-Module 05 - Logic Circuits (a) Identification of common logic gate symbols, tables and equivalent circuits; - 2 Applications used for aircraft systems, schematic diagrams. (b) Interpretation of logic diagrams. - - Sub-Module 06 - Basic Computer Structure (a) Computer terminology (including bit, byte, software, hardware, CPU, IC, and 1 2 various memory devices such as RAM, ROM, PROM); Computer technology (as applied in aircraft systems). Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems v  LEVELS CERTIFICATION CATEGORY ¦ A B1 (b) Computer related terminology; Operation, layout and interface of the major components in a micro computer - - including their associated bus systems; Information contained in single and multiaddress instruction words; Memory associated terms; Operation of typical memory devices; Operation, advantages and disadvantages of the various data storage systems. Sub-Module 07 - Microprocessors Functions performed and overall operation of a microprocessor; - - Basic operation of each of the following microprocessor elements: control and processing unit, clock, register, arithmetic logic unit. Sub-Module 08 - Integrated Circuits Operation and use of encoders and decoders; - - Function of encoder types; Uses of medium, large and very large scale integration. Sub-Module 09 - Multiplexing Operation, application and identification in logic diagrams - - of multiplexers and demultiplexers. Sub-Module 10 - Fiber Optics Advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic data - 1 transmission over electrical wire propagation; Fiber optic data bus; Fiber optic related terms; Terminations; Couplers, control terminals, remote terminals; Application of fiber optics in aircraft systems. Sub-Module 11 - Electronic Displays Principles of operation of common types of displays used - 2 in modern aircraft, including Cathode Ray Tubes, Light Emitting Diodes and Liquid Crystal Display. Sub-Module 12 - Electrostatic Sensitive Devices Special handling of components sensitive to electrostatic discharges; 1 2 Awareness of risks and possible damage, component and personnel anti-static protection devices. Sub-Module 13 - Software Management Control Awareness of restrictions, airworthiness requirements and possible catastrophic - 2 effects of unapproved changes to software programmes. vi Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems  LEVELS CERTIFICATION CATEGORY ¦ A B1 Sub-Module 14 - Electromagnetic Environment Influence of the following phenomena on maintenance practices for electronic system: - 2 EMC-Electromagnetic Compatibility EMI-Electromagnetic Interference HIRF-High Intensity Radiated Field Lightning/lightning protection Sub-Module 15 - Typical Electronic/Digital Aircraft Systems General arrangement of typical electronic/digital aircraft systems and associated - 2 BITE (Built In Test Equipment) such as: For B1 and B2 only: ACARS-Aircraft Communication and Addressing and Reporting System EICAS-Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System FBW-Fly by Wire FMS-Flight Management System IRS-Inertial Reference System For B1, B2 and B3: ECAM-Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitoring EFIS-Electronic Flight Instrument System GPS-Global Positioning System TCAS-Traffic Alert Collision Avoidance System Integrated Modular Avionics Cabin Systems Information Systems Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems vii  REVISION LOG VERSION ISSUE DATE DESCRIPTION OF CHANGE MODIFICATION DATE 001 2015 10 Module Creation and Release 002 2016 01 Module Revisions and Release 2016.01.01 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to and acknowledgment of: Mike Stitt, Electronics Engineer, ADA, MI. viii Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems  CONTENTS DIGITAL TECHNIQUES / ELECTRONIC SUB-MODULE 04 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS DATA BUSES Welcome‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iii Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.1 Forward‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ iv Data Buses‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Preface‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ v MIL-STD-1553B‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.2 Revision Log‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ viii ARINC 429‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.4 Acknowledgments‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ viii ARINC 629‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.5 Contents‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ ix Aircraft Networks/Ethernet‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.6 ARINC 664 AFDX‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.6 SUB-MODULE 01 IEEE 1394 Firewire‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.7 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.9 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.1 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 4.10 Electronic Instrument Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.2 Analog Instruments‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.2 SUB-MODULE 05 Digital Instruments‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.2 LOGIC CIRCUITS Electronic Displays‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.1 Electronic Flight Instrument System‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.3 Logic Circuits‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2 Engine Indication And Crew Alerting System ‥ 1.5 Logic Gates‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2 Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.9 NOT Gate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1.10 Buffer Gate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.2 AND Gate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.3 SUB-MODULE 02 OR Gate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.3 NUMBERING SYSTEMS NAND Gate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.3 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.1 NOR Gate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.4 Numbering Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Exclusive OR Gate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.5 Decimal‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Exclusive NOR Gate‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.5 Binary‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Negative Logic Gates‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.5 Place Values ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.2 Digital Circuits‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.6 Binary Number System Conversion‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.3 Aircraft Logic Circuit Applications‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.6 Octal‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4 Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.9 Octal Number System Conversion‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.4 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5.10 Hexadecimal‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 Hexadecimal Number System Conversion‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 SUB-MODULE 06 Binary Coded Decimals‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.6 BASIC COMPUTER STRUCTURE Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.7 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.1 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 2.8 Computer Architecture‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.2 Bits, Bytes, And Words‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.2 SUB-MODULE 03 Software‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.4 DATA CONVERSION Hardware‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.4 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.1 Central Processing Unit‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.4 Data Conversion‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2 Memory (RAM, ROM, PROM)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.5 Analog Data‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.2 Integrated Circuits‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.6 Digital Data‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.3 Aircraft Computer Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.6 Analog To Digital Conversion‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.3 Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.9 Digital To Analog Conversion‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.3 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6.10 Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.7 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 3.8 Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems ix  CONTENTS SUB-MODULE 07 Anti-Static Wrist Straps‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.3 MICROPROCESSORS Grounding Test Stations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.4 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7.1 Ionizers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.4 Reserved for B2 Module (Module 05B) Special Handling‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.4 Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.7 SUB-MODULE 08 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.8 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8.1 SUB-MODULE 13 Reserved for B2 Module (Module 05B) SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT CONTROL Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13.1 SUB-MODULE 09 Software Management Control‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13.2 MULTIPLEXING Restrictions And Catastrophic Effects‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13.2 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9.1 Airworthiness Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13.2 Reserved for B2 Module (Module 05B) Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13.5 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13.6 SUB-MODULE 10 FIBER OPTICS SUB-MODULE 14 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 10.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT Fiber Optics‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 10.2 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14.1 Advantages And Disadvantages‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 10.2 Electromagnetic Environment‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14.2 Fiber Optic Data Bus‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 10.3 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14.2 Related Terms‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 10.3 High-Intensity Radiated Field (HIRF)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14.2 Terminations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 10.3 Lightning/Lightning Protection‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14.3 Couplers And Terminals‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 10.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14.4 Applications In Aircraft Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 10.5 Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14.5 Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 10.7 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14.6 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 10.8 SUB-MODULE 15 SUB-MODULE 11 TYPICAL ELECTRONIC/DIGITAL AIRCRAFT ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS SYSTEMS Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 11.1 Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.1 Electronic Displays‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 11.2 Digital Aircraft Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.2 Cathode Ray Tubes‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 11.2 Introduction‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.2 Light Emitting Diodes‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 11.2 Electronic Instrument Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.4 Liquid Crystal Displays‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 11.3 Electronic Flight And Engine Instruments‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.4 Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 11.4 Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA), Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 11.7 Information Systems, and Built-In Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 11.8 Test Equipment (BITE)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.4 Communications, Navigation and SUB-MODULE 12 Surveillance Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.5 ELECTROSTATIC SENSITIVE DEVICES Aircraft Communication Addressing Knowledge Requirements‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.1 and Reporting System (ACARS)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.5 Electrostatic Sensitive Devices‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.2 Inertial Navigation System (INS)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.6 Risks And Possible Damage‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.2 Ring Laser Gyros‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.7 Anti-Static Protection‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.3 Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS)‥ 15.7 Controlled Environment‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.3 Global Positioning System (GPS)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.8 Static-Safe Workstation‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12.3 Flight Management System (FMS)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.9 x Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems  CONTENTS Traffic Alert And Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.10 Flight Control Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.12 Mechanical Flight Control Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.12 Automatic Digital Flight Control Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.13 Cabin Systems‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.14 Questions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.17 Answers‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 15.18 Acronym Index‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ A.i Index‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ I.i Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems xi xii Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems  ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS PART-66 SYLLABUS LEVELS CERTIFICATION CATEGORY ¦ A B1 Sub-Module 01 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS Knowledge Requirements 5.1 - Electronic Instrument Systems Typical systems arrangements and cockpit layout of electronic instrument systems. 1 2 Level 1 Level 2 A familiarization with the principal elements of the subject. A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject and an ability to apply that knowledge. Objectives: (a) The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the Objectives: subject. (a) The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical (b) The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the fundamentals of the subject. whole subject, using common words and examples. (b) The applicant should be able to give a general description of the (c) The applicant should be able to use typical terms. subject using, as appropriate, typical examples. (c) The applicant should be able to use mathematical formula in conjunction with physical laws describing the subject. (d) The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics describing the subject. (e) The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures. Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems 1.1 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT These early flight instruments were analog meaning that SYSTEMS they contained either mechanical or electro-mechanical rotating mechanisms to drive the pointer dials on the ANALOG INSTRUMENTS instruments. For example, an analog airspeed indicator Instruments that aid the pilot in controlling the altitude, receives air pressure from the pitot tube, which expands attitude, airspeed and heading of the aircraft are known a bellows that turns the dial on the indicator. With a as flight instruments. Since the early days of flight there digital system, the pitot air pressure enters an air data have been four basic flight instruments that have formed computer that converts the analog information into the well-known "T" arrangement located in the center of a digital data stream. Digital data is then sent to the the instrument panel, as shown in Figure 1-1. These four airspeed indicator via an aircraft data bus where the data basic instruments are 1) the airspeed indicator, located is converted back into analog signals to drive a pointer on the top left, that measures the aircraft’s speed in dial and/or is displayed digitally in numbers. nautical miles per hour; 2) the attitude indicator, located on top center, that shows the aircraft’s attitude relative DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS to the earth’s horizon; 3) the altimeter, on the top right, With the advent of digital electronics in the early that displays the barometric altitude as measured in 1970’s, Electronic Instrument Systems, also known as feet; and 4) the gyro-slaved heading indicator, in the "glass cockpits", evolved that were more much more bottom center, which shows which direction the aircraft reliable than mechanical or electro-mechanical analog is flying. These 4 basic flight instruments are typically instruments, and had the advantage of combining augmented with a turn-and-bank indicator that displays several flight and navigation functions into one display the rate of turn in the roll axis and amount of bank in the to provide the crew with greater situational awareness. yaw axis, and a vertical speed indicator that displays the rate of ascent or descent in feet per minute. The f irst commercial transport aircraft to employ an Electronic Instr ument System (EIS) was the Assuming that the aircraft has radio navigation aids, McDonnell Douglas MD-80 in 1979. The EIS on the it will also come equipped with a Radio Magnetic MD-80 used Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) technology. Indicator (RMI) coupled to an Automatic Direction However, during the next 10 years, Liquid Crystal Finder (ADF), and a Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) Display (LCD) technology matured thereby replacing driven by VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) and CRTs. Flat-panel LCDs are lighter than CRT displays, Instrument Landing System (ILS) receivers. The ILS require less volume, and consume less electrical power, receiver drives the glide scope needle to set the glide path thereby generating less cockpit heat. Glass cockpit on an instrument approach and localizer needle provides configurations vary widely between aircraft models from lateral guidance to the center of the runway. A VHF a single flight and navigation display in a small private Marker Beacon may be used in conjunction with the ILS aircraft to five or more LCD displays in a commercial to indicate position along the approach to the runway. transport aircraft. (Figure 1-2) Figure 1-1. Basic Analog Cockpit Flight Instruments. Figure 1-2. Airbus A380 EIS with 8 Large LCD Displays. 1.2 Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS D i s pl ay for m at s a r e pro duc e d b y t he Sy mb ol ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT The early EIS displays mimicked the analog display Generators that receive inputs from the crew and formats for ease in pilot training as the crew transitioned various on-board systems. SYSTEMS from older analog displays to digital displays that were driven by aircraft data computers, known as display The Flight Director Systems, Navigation Systems, Air processors or symbol generators. Data Systems, and Weather Radar provide inputs to the Symbol Generators, along with commands from the Figure 1-3 depicts an early model Boeing 737 instrument each crewmember’s display control panel. The Symbol panel with an analog Attitude Direction Indicator Generators produce the graphics for the EADI, EHSI, (ADI) and analog Horizontal Situation Display (HSI) and an optional Multi-Function Display (MFD) that in the left picture, and a later model B737 instrument is mounted in the center instrument panel. The MFD, panel with electronic ADI (EADI) and electronic HSI which is physically identical to the EADI and EHSI, (EHSI) displays shown in the right picture. is typically used to display weather radar information; however, it can also be used to display either f light The ADI or EADI is an artificial horizon with lateral information or navigational information in the event of bars superimposed to display computer-generated an EADI or EHSI failure. The following section will pitch, roll and bank steering commands from the discuss the Boeing 777 EIS, which is a more advanced F light Director computer. The HSI or EHSI is example of the one just covered. similar to a heading indicator, except that it combines navigation commands from the VHF Omni-Range ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT (VOR) or Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, SYSTEM which are used for en-route guidance, or from the The Boeing 777, which first entered service in 1995, Instrument Landing System (ILS), which is used for has six 8’ × 8" multi-color LCD displays as shown in terminal guidance. Besides heading, the HSI/EHSI Figure 1-6. The B777 EIS consists of a dual-redundant also provides actual track, desired track, track angle Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS) and error, drift angle, cross-track deviation, and distance Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS). to dest inat ion in for mat ion, f rom t he Dista nce Measuring Equipment (DME) or Inertial Navigation On the left side of the instrument panel is the Captain’s System (INS). (Figure 1-4) EFIS, consisting of a Primary Flight Display (PFD) located outboard and a Navigation Display (ND) located The pilot and the co-pilot not only have independent inboard. The Co-Pilot’s EFIS located on the right E A DI a nd EHSI d ispl ay s , but t he y a lso have instrument panel has an identical PFD and ND, located independent Display Processor Units, also known as outboard and inboard respectively. All the displays are Symbol Generators, to drive their displays (Figure 1-5). interchangeable to reduce the number of required spares. Figure 1-3. Equivalent Electromechanical Flight and Navigation Instruments on the left. Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems 1.3  Roll Scale Roll Pointer Aircraft Symbol Altitude Alert ALT DH 200 Selected Decision Height GS 264 1060 Groundspeed Radio Altitude F 20 20 Pitch Scale Markers 10 10 Speed Error Scale Glideslope Deviation Scale Speed Error Pointer Glideslope Deviation Pointer 10 10 Altitude Sphere Marker Beacon S 20 20 M Localizer Deviation Scale Localizer Deviation Pointer Flight Director Pitch and Roll Command Bars Slip Indicator Heading Select Bug Heading Data Source Forward Lubber Line Selected Course Navigation Data Source Distance Course Select Pointer Lateral Deviation Bar To/From Indicator Glideslope Pointer Aircraft Symbol Glideslope Scale Selected Heading Groundspeed Reciprocal Course Pointer Aft Lubber Line Figure 1-4. Typical EADI (top) and EHSI (bottom) Display Symbology. The information shown on each display, whether alert the crew to potentially hazardous flight conditions, for flight or navigation, is determined by what each such as low airspeed, high rate of descent, etc. crew member selects on their individual display control panels. Figure 1-7 is a typical Primary Flight Display format showing the artif icial horizon in the center of the The PFD takes the place of the EADI and displays all display, airspeed on the left side, altitude on the right the information critical to f light, including attitude, side, heading on the bottom, and flight modes on the airspeed, barometric altitude, vertical speed, heading, top of the display. Notice how the moving ladder format flight modes, radio altitude, ILS data, and Traffic Alert used for altitude and airspeed provide both absolute and and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) resolution relative information so the crew knows not only the advisor y. The PFDs are designed to increase the exact numeric value, but also the rate that the altitude crew’s situational awareness by integrating all of this and airspeed is changing. information into a single composite display instead of the crew having to monitor several independent analog The Navigation Display, shown in Figure 1-8, takes instruments. Also, the colors on the display change to the place of the EHSI display to show the requisite 1.4 Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems  ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT Pilot’s Display System Copilot’s Display System EADI EADI Data Buses SYSTEMS EHIS Display Drive EHIS Signals Display Display Controller Controller Pilot’s Center Copilot’s Symbol Symbol Symbol Generator Generator Generator Figure 1-5. Electronic Displays are driven by Symbol Generators. Figure 1-6. Boeing 777 Electronic Instrument System has 6 LCD Displays. information to navigate the aircraft, including heading, Aircraft Monitor (ECAM) on Airbus aircraft, performs VOR, GPS, and ILS guidance. The ND has the ability the monitoring of aircraft systems that was previously to overlay additional information on the navigation page performed by the Flight Engineer in three crew member to eliminate the need for separate dedicated displays. cockpits. As previously shown in Figure 1-6, the two Some examples of information that is typically overlaid EICAS displays on the B777 are located in the center on the ND include weather information from either the instrument panel. The upper EICAS display shows onboard weather radar (WXR) or ground based sensors, engine performance data, such as pressure ratio, N1 rotor and digital maps showing pre-programmed routes and speed, exhaust gas temperature, total air temperature, waypoints from the Flight Management System. thrust mode, etc., in addition to cabin pressure, flat/slat position, landing gear position, and crew status alerts. ENGINE INDICATION AND CREW (Figure 1-9) ALERTING SYSTEM The Boeing Engine Indication and Crew Alerting The EICAS engine display format mimics the round System (EICAS), also called an Electronic Centralized analog instruments, while also providing digital Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems 1.5  readouts of the parameters. EICAS improves situational Slip Indicator awareness by allowing the crew to see systems operation in graphical format and alerting them to any failures Altitude Scale or impending failures. For example, if low oil pressure is detected, the EICAS will provide an aural alert and show to the oil pressure page on a lower display with a red box outlining which engine has low oil pressure. Digital Airspeed Slip Indicator Readout The Airbus ECAM system provides the crew with the following levels of warning along with detailed messages as Airspeed Scale to the nature of the problem and suggested courses of action. Level 3: An overspeed, fire, or stall condition will cause a repetitive chime aural warning with a bright red flashing light. Level 2: A system failure, but not a safety of flight Vertical Speed Scale issue, will result in a single chime aural warning and a steady amber light. Level 1: Failure leading to system degradation Figure 1-7. Primary flight display format. results only in an amber light. Mode or System Status: If everything is normal, a green light will illuminate. Airplane Track to Heading ETA Distance to Go Present Heading Selected Heading Cursor WXR display Procedure Turn Selected Heading Vector Runway Centerline Marker Beacon Intersection and ID Waypoint and ID Holding Pattern Tuned NAVAID Radial VORTAC and ID Vertical Deviation Pointer Runway and ID VOR and ID Range To Selected Altitude Active Flight Plan Path Wind Direction Curved Trend Vector Windspeed Airplane Symbol Figure 1-8. Navigation map display format. 1.6 Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems The lower EICAS display is called a Multi-Function ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT Display because it provides auxiliary information to the flight crew and maintenance crew. The MFD can be used as SYSTEMS a secondary engine display, status display, communications display, maintenance page, or electronic checklist. The MFD formats also include synoptic displays that provide system status diagrams for the fuel, electrical, hydraulic, f light control, and environmental control systems, in addition to showing door and landing gear positions. On some aircraft, the MFD is also used to display images from the ground maneuvering camera system. Figure 1-10 is a schematic diagram of an Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System with all its associated components. The display select panel allows the crew to choose which computer is actively supplying information. It also controls the display of secondary engine information and system status displays on the lower monitor. Figure 1-9. EICAS engine display format. Upper DU Data Buses Discrete Caution & Warning Lights Warning & Cautions Engine Primary Displays Aural Warning Standy Engine Display Switching Indicators Lower DU Engine Secondary or Status Display Maintenance Panel or Maintenance Display L Computer Display Select Panel R Computer Engine Sensors System Sensors Other System Discretes N1 Oil Press Hydraulic quantity & press FCC MCDP N2 Oil Quantity ADC hydraulic system temperature TMC interface N3 Oil Temperature Control surface positions FEC interface EPR Vibration Electical system: volts amps freq FMC interface EGT Generator drive temperature RAD Altitude interface FF ECS temps ADC interface APU EGT. RPM Brake temperature Figure 1-10. EICAS schematic diagram. Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems 1.7 EICAS has a unique feature that automatically records This sub-module contained an overview of a state-of- the parameters of a failure event to be regarded the-art aircraft cockpit with its Electronic Instrument after wards by maintenance personnel. Pilots that System. The following chapters will discuss how digital suspect a problem may be occurring during flight can data streams are formed and processed by aircraft press the event record button on the display select computers and then sent over digital data buses to panel. This also records the parameters for that flight cockpit displays to provide essential information for the period to be studied later by maintenance. Hydraulic, flight crew and maintenance crew. electrical, environmental, performance, and Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) data are examples of what may be recorded. EICAS uses Built-In-Test Equipment (BITE) for systems and components. A maintenance control panel is included for technicians. When the aircraft is on the ground, push-button switches display information pertinent to various systems for analysis. (Figure 1-11) Environmental Control Systems and Maintenance Message Formats Selects Data From Auto or Manual Event In Memory Electrical and Hydraulic Systems Formal Performance and Auxiliary Power Unit Formats Erases Stored Data Currently Displayed Engine Exceedances Records Real-time Data Currently Displayed (In Manual Event) Configuration and Maintenance Control/Display Panel Bite Test Switch for Self-test Routine Figure 1-11. EICAS maintenance control panel. 1.8 Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems  QUESTIONS Question: 1-1 Question: 1-5 What are the differences between analog and digital What information does a Primary Flight Display instruments? (PFD) provide? Question: 1-2 Question: 1-6 What are the advantages of Liquid Crystal Displays What type of information is typically overlaid on the (LCD) over Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) instruments Navigation Display (ND)? used in "Glass Cockpits"? Question: 1-3 Question: 1-7 What types of information does an Electronic Attitude How information does the Engine Indication and Crew Direction Indicator (EADI) and an Electronic Alerting System (EICAS) provide to improve crew Horizontal Situation Indicator (EHIS) provide to the situational awareness? flight crew? Question: 1-4 Question: 1-8 What is the purpose of the Multi-Function Display What occurs when the flight crew pushes the "event" (MFD)? button on the EICAS Display Select Panel? Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems 1.9  ANSWERS Answer: 1-1 Answer: 1-5 Analog instruments are typically mechanical or electro- The PFD takes the place of the EADI and displays all mechanical devices, whereas digital instruments are the information critical to flight, including attitude, driven by a digital data stream sent from a computer, airspeed, barometric altitude, vertical speed, heading, called a Display Processor Unit or a Symbol Generator flight modes, radio altitude, ILS data, and Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) resolution advisory. Answer: 1-2 Answer: 1-6 Flat-panel LCDs are lighter than CRT displays, Some examples of information that is typically overlaid require less volume, and require less electrical power, on the ND include weather information from either thereby generating less cockpit heat. the onboard weather radar or ground based sensors, and digital maps showing pre-programmed routes and waypoints from the Flight Management System. Answer: 1-3 Answer: 1-7 The EADI is an artificial horizon with lateral bars The EICAS display shows engine performance data, superimposed to display computer-generated pitch and such as pressure ratio, N1 rotor speed, exhaust gas bank steering commands from the Flight Director temperature, total air temperature, thrust mode, etc., computer. The EHSI is similar to a heading indicator, in addition to cabin pressure, flat/slat position, landing except that it combines navigation commands from gear position, and crew status alerts. EICAS improves the VHF Omni-Range (VOR) or Global Positioning situational awareness by allowing the crew to see System (GPS) receivers which are used for en-route systems operation in graphical format and alerting guidance, or from the Instrument Landing System them to any failures or impending failures. (ILS), which is used for terminal guidance. Answer: 1-4 Answer: 1-8 The MFD is typically used to display weather radar Pushing the event button records the parameters for information; however, it can also be used to display that flight period to be studied later by maintenance. either flight information or navigational information in Hydraulic, electrical, environmental, performance, and the event of an EADI or EHSI failure. In addition, the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) data are examples of what MFD can be used as a secondary engine display, status may be recorded. display, communications display, maintenance page, or electronic checklist. The MFD formats also include synoptic displays that provide system status diagrams for the fuel, electrical, hydraulic, flight control, and environmental control systems, in addition to showing door and landing gear positions 1.10 Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems  NUMBERING SYSTEMS PART-66 SYLLABUS LEVELS CERTIFICATION CATEGORY ¦ A B1 Sub-Module 02 NUMBERING SYSTEMS Knowledge Requirements 5.2 - Numbering Systems Numbering systems: binary, octal and hexadecimal; Demonstration of conversions between the decimal and - 1 binary, octal and hexadecimal systems and vice versa. Level 1 A familiarization with the principal elements of the subject. Objectives: (a) The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the subject. (b) The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole subject, using common words and examples. (c) The applicant should be able to use typical terms. Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems 2.1 NUMBERING SYSTEMS Millions and even billions of tiny switches are arranged so that digital devices can perform the functions they DECIMAL do with a binary number system. It is easy to recognize Numbers are used to describe the quantity of something. a binary number when written because it only uses 1's A numbering system is a written system for expressing and 0's. To ensure it is not mistaken for another number numbers as symbols. All numbering systems have bases system expression, a binary number system numeral to understand how the numbering system works. For may be written with a prefix or suffix that indicates it is example, the symbol "10" could mean "ten" in decimal binary. Binary number system identifiers are shown in form (base-10) or it could mean "two" in binary form the following example. There are others. The value of all (base-2). To differentiate between them, express a of the binary numbers shown in this example is the same decimal as 10base₁₀ or 10₁₀. (11 in the decimal number system). The most common numbering system that is used in 1011₂ 1011base₂ bin 1011 0b1011 1011b everyday life is the decimal system. The prefix in the word "decimal" is a Latin root for the word "ten". Thus, When reading or pronouncing a binary number, it is the decimal system uses ten different symbols (0, 1, 2, common to simply say "1" or "0" moving from left to 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) and is referred to as a base-10 right until all the digits are pronounced. numbering system. To represent a number higher than 9, go to the next digit placement, such that 10 means To read 1011₂, say: "one, zero, one, one" zero units of one and one unit of ten. At the last symbol, a new placement is created to the left and counted up, PLACE VALUES so that 100 appears after 99, and so on. Each additional As stated previously, the decimal number system used in placement is an additional power of 10. Knowing this everyday life is a base-10 system. There are 10 symbols will help in understanding the other bases. available for use as place value holders; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. When positioned in a number, they are also BINARY positioned to represent a place value. If 9 is exceeded, the The binary number system has only two symbols: 0 and place value resets to 0 and a 1 must be placed in the next 1. The prefix in the word "binary" is a Latin root for place value column to the left. Figure 2-1 illustrates the the word "two", and as such, is referred to as a base-2 decimal number system place values. They are derived by numbering system. The use of the binary numbering sequentially raising 10 to a higher power moving from system is based on the fact that switches or valves have right to left. Thus, each position has a value 10 times that two states: OPEN or CLOSED (ON or OFF). of the position to its right. Primary uses of the binary number system include The binary number system is a base-2 system. There are computer architecture and digital electronics. In 2 digits available for use as place value holders; 0 and 1. computers, information is stored as a series of 0's and 1's, Each place value in the binary number system represents forming strings of binary numbers known as machine 2 raised to a sequentially higher power from right to left. language. Similarly, the binary number system is used This is similar to the decimal system used in everyday life. in digital electronics because the two basic conditions of electricity, ON and OFF, can represent the two digits Figure 2-2 illustrates the place values of the binary of the binary number system. When a switch is ON, it number system. It shows to what power 2 is raised represents the digit 1, and when it is OFF, it represents to establish value and the decimal number system the digit 0. equivalent of each place. Each place value position DECIMAL PLACE VALUE CHART 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 = 10 000 000 = 1 000 000 = 100 000 = 10 000 = 1 000 = 100 = 10 =1 Figure 2-1. Place values of the decimal number system. 2.2 Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems  BINARY PLACE VALUE CHART 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 = 128 = 64 = 32 = 16 =8 =4 =2 =1 Figure 2-2. Derivation of the place values of the binary number system. NUMBERING SYSTEMS has a value 2 times that of the position to its right. BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSION Remember, when writing binary numbers and placing Each binary number column has a decimal value. digits in positions of place value, the only digits To convert from decimal to binary, find the binary available are 0 and 1. To exceed 1, the place value column that has the largest value but is equal to or is reset to 0 and a 1 is placed in the next place value smaller than the decimal number being converted. column to the left. Place values are used to convert our Place a 1 in that column and subtract the column everyday decimal numbers to binary numbers. value from the decimal number being converted. Look at the difference. Place a 1 in the column that Figure 2-3 illustrates how binary numbers are formed has the largest value but is equal to or smaller than by placing a 1 or a 0 in the binary place value positions. the decimal number difference of what was just Binary digits are called "bits". The Least Significant Bit subtracted. Now subtract this column value from the (LSB) on the far right of the binary place value position difference of the decimal number being converted and table is 2⁰, which equals 1. In this last column, alternate the previous column difference. If a column is not every other time going down the column inserting 1s used, place a zero in it. Continue this operation until and 0s. Likewise, the next LSB is 21, or 2, which means all of the binary place value columns with 1's, when alternate every 2 times down the column inserting 1s added together, have the same value as the decimal and 0s, and so forth. number being converted. Write the number in binary form including a 1 or a 0 for each column. Likewise, at the Most Significant Bit (MSB) on the far left side of the binary place value position table, Example: Convert the decimal number 100₁₀ alternate 23 or every 8 times between 1s and 0s to form to a binary number. Use the binary place value the binary equivalent of the decimal number shown in chart in Figure 2-4 to assist in remembering the the far left column. decimal equivalent value for each binary place value holder. The largest decimal number system value in a binary number system place holder that is less than or equal to 100 is 64. Thus, a BINARY PLACE VALUE POSITIONS 1 is paced in the 64 column (2⁶) of the binary DECIMAL 8 4 2 1 place value chart. Subtract 64 from 100 for a 0 0 0 0 0 difference of 36. 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 The binary place value holder that is less than 4 0 1 0 0 or equal to 36 is 32. Place a 1 in the 32 column 5 0 1 0 1 (2⁵) of the binary place value chart. Subtract 32 6 0 1 1 0 from 36 for a difference of 4. The binary place 7 0 1 1 1 value holder that is less than or equal to 4 is 4. 8 1 0 0 0 Place a 1 in the 4 column (22) of the binary place 9 1 0 0 1 value chart. Subtract 4 from 4 for a difference 10 1 0 1 0 11 1 0 1 1 of 0. Since there is nothing left to be converted, 12 1 1 0 0 place a 0 in all place value columns that do not 13 1 1 0 1 contain a 1. Write the number using all the 1's 14 1 1 1 0 and 0's recorded in the chart from right to left: 15 1 1 1 1 1100100₂ = 100₁₀ Figure 2-3. Binary value place positions. Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems 2.3 DECIMAL 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 NUMBER = 128 = 64 = 32 = 16 =8 =4 =2 =1 developed. The prefix in the word "octal" is a Latin root 1 1 for the word "eight", and as such, it is referred to as a 2 1 0 base-8 numbering system. 3 1 1 Octal has 8 symbols available as place value holders (0, 1, 5 1 0 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). As shown in Figure 2-5, each place 8 1 0 0 0 weight differs from the one next to it by a factor of 8, 20 1 0 1 0 0 instead of only by a factor of 2 as in the binary system. 35 1 0 0 0 1 1 To convert an octal number to a decimal, one must 96 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 multiply the value of the power of 8 depending on where 100 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 the digit falls on the above octal place value chart. 200 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Example: Convert octal number 42 to a decimal. The least significant digit of 2 is multiplied by 8⁰, Figure 2-4. Use of binary number system place values to which is 1, and the next digit of 4 is multiplied write various decimal numbers in binary (base2). by 81, which is 8. The results are then added as To convert a binary number to a decimal number, simply shown below. add the column values of the binary place holders with a 1. 2×1=2 4 × 8 = 32 2 + 32 = 34 Example: Convert the binary number 10010111 to a decimal number. From left to right, the OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSION base-2 values represent by each 1 in this binary Octal numerals can be made from binary numerals by number are added together: grouping consecutive binary digits into groups of three. To convert a decimal to an octal number, begin by converting 128 + 16 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 10010111₂ = 151₁₀ the decimal to a binary number. Then separate the binary number into groups of 3 digits starting from the right. As can be seen, a binary number is typically much longer If needed, add implied zeros to the left of the number to that its decimal equivalent. However, modern circuits form complete groups of 3 digits each. Next, convert each have very fast switching speeds so that the length of group of 3 digits to an octal value using Figure 2-6. binary numbers can be tolerated. This is especially true because of the reliability that is gained from a system Example: Convert the decimal number 100₁₀ that is built from components that are either 1 (ON) or 0 to an octal number by first converting it to its (OFF), that is, either have voltage or do not have voltage. binary number of 001100100. Break the binary number into groups of three and convert. OCTAL The binary numbering system requires many bits to 001 = 1 100 = 4 100 = 4 Octal number = 144c represent relatively small numbers. In the preceding example, it required 8 binary bits (10010111) to represent So as not to confuse an octal number of 144 with the a 3-digit decimal (151). As such, analyzing the numerical decimal number of 100, any of the following conventions states of digital logic using the binary numbering system may be used either before or after the octal number. can become quite tedious for computer programmers developing machine language code. For this reason, 144₈ 144base₈ oct 144 0c144 144c place-weighted numbering systems, such as octal, were OCTAL PLACE VALUE CHART 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 2 097 152 262 144 32 768 4 096 512 64 8 1 Figure 2-5. Derivation of the place values of the octal number system. 2.4 Module 05 - Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems  DECIMAL BINARY OCTAL HEX DECIMAL BINARY OCTAL HEX 0 00000000 000 0 50 00110010 062 32 1 00000001 001 1 51 00110011 063 33 2 00000010 002 2 52 00110100 064 34 3 00000011 003 3 53 00110101 065 35 4 00000100 004 4 54 00110110 066 36 NUMBERING SYSTEMS 5 00000101 005 5 55 00110111 067 37 6 00000110 006 6 56 00111000 070 38 7 00000111 007 7 57 00111001 071 39 8 00001000 010 8 58 00111010 072 3A 9 00001001 011 9 59 00111011 073 3B 10 00001010 012 A 60 00111100 074 3C 11 00001011 013 B 61 00111101 075 3D 12 00001100 014 C 62 00111110 076 3E 13 00001101 015 D 63 00111111 077 3F 14 00001110 016 E 64 01000000 100 40 15 00001111 017 F 65 01000001 101 41 16 00010000 020 10 66 01000010 102 42 17 00010001 021 11 67 01000011 103 43 18 00010010 022 12 68 01000100 104 44 19 00010011 023 13 69 01000101 105 45 20 00010100 024 14 70 01000110 106 46 21 00010101 025 15 71 01000111 107 47 22 00010110 026 16 72 01001000 110 48 23 00010111 027 17 73 01001001 111 49 24 00011000 030 18 74 01001010 112 4A 25 00011001 031 19 75 01001011 113 4B 26 00011010 032 1A 76 01001100 114 4C 27 00011011 033 1B 77 01001101 115 4D 28 00011100 034 1C 78 01001110 116 4E 29 00011101 035