Greek-Roman Architecture PDF

Greek to Roman Architecture HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE Egyptian Byzantine Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:...

Greek to Roman Architecture HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE Egyptian Byzantine Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C: Revival Modern Near East Islamic HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE Egyptian Pre-Historic Greek Roman Near East GREEK  GREEK: GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  surrounded on three sides by the sea, possessed of many natural harbours,and convenient for the development of trade  mountainous nature of the country separated the inhabitants into groups or clans = rivalry  rugged nature of the Greek Peninsula & its widespread islands = made communication difficult GREEK: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE  MARBLE - chief mineral wealth of Greece, the most monumental building material in existence, and one which favours purity of line and refinement in detail  The country was also rich in silver, copper, and iron. GREEK: CLIMATIC INFLUENCE  intermediate between rigorous cold and relaxing heat: favoured an outdoor life, most of public ceremonies took place in an open air,even in religious rites,due to limited public buildings other than temples  hot sun and sudden showers = porticoes and colonnades which were such important features GREEK: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  AEGEANS:worship“nature”,priestesses conducted the religious rites  GREEKS: Represents their deities by large statues. They worship natural phenomena, ancestors and deified heroes GREEK: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE GREEK: SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE  Chief diversion were music,dancing,wrestling, boxing, gymnastic,and bullfighting often with religious connection. Women took part in hunting and more strenuous games, as well as in craftwork  National games and religious festivals united them in reverence for their religion, and gave them that love for music,the drama,and the fine arts,and that emulation in manly sports and contests for which they were distinguished. GREEK: SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE  people led an open-air life, for the public ceremonies and in many cases the administration of justice were carried on in the open air  Forms of government:tyrannic,aristocratic,& democratic GREEK: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT  Early Period : Aegeans,Minoans & Myceneans (3000 BC – 700 BC)  Hellenic Period: Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing Prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theater, architecture,music,mathematics,philosophy, and science GREEK: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD  roughness and massiveness of structure GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD  Simplicity & Harmony  Purity of Lines  Perfection of Proportions  Refinement of Details  "carpentry in marble“ - timber forms imitated in stone with remarkable exactness GREEK: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD  Low pitch or flat roof on multi-storey structure  Stairway was developed for vertical circulation  principal building types:Houses termed as“Megaron”& palaces  4 Methods of walling surface finishes: a) Cyclopean – a masonry made-up of huge stone blocks laid mortar b) Polygonal – a masonry w/c is constructed w/ stones having polygonal faces c) Rectangular – block of stone cut into rectangular shapes. d) Inclined blocks – stones with inclined blocks ) GREEK: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD  Low pitch or flat roof on multi-storey structure  Stairway was developed for vertical circulation  principal building types:Houses termed as“Megaron”& palaces  4 Methods of walling surface finishes: a) Cyclopean – a masonry made-up of huge stone blocks laid mortar b) Polygonal – a masonry w/c is constructed w/ stones having polygonal faces c) Rectangular – block of stone cut into rectangular shapes. d) Inclined blocks – stones with inclined blocks GREEK: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD  Rectangular plan  Propylaea - Temples gateways  Colonnade surrounds the temple.  Lacunaria - timber paneled coffers, no ceiling  Walls were made up of stones.  Marble sculptures  Mural paintings on the walls of temples  Entasis - optical illusions were corrected from horizontal lines not to appear dropping or sagging from the center GREEK: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD  Entasis - optical illusions were corrected from horizontal lines not to appear dropping or sagging from the center GREEK: EXAMPLES AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD 1.) Megaron Areas:  Enclosed porch  Livingapartment or megaron proper  “Thalamus”or The Megaron complex at Mycenae, view from sleeping room the main hall (circular hearth visible in foreground) through the anteroom and porch. GREEK: EXAMPLES AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD 2.) Gate of Lions, Mycenae  most ancient stone sculpture in Europe GREEK: EXAMPLES AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD 3.) Palaces  used by kings or local chieftain King Minos Palace,Crete GREEK: EXAMPLES AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD 4.)Tombs 2 Types of AegeanTomb: a) Tholos – a stone-vaulted construction, shaped like an old fashion beehive. It consists of a long passage known as “Dromos” leading to domed chamber. b) Rock–cut or chamber tomb – rectangular chamber, cut w/ in the slope hill -side approach by Dromos GREEK: EXAMPLES AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD 4.)Tombs Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae  sometimes known as the Tomb of Agamemnon,  largest and best preserved  consists of a long passage or "dromos" (20 ft. broad by 115 ft.long) GREEK: EXAMPLES AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD 4.)Tombs Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae  sometimes known as the Tomb of Agamemnon,  largest and best preserved  consists of a long passage or "dromos" (20 ft. broad by 115 ft.long) GREEK: EXAMPLES AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD 4.)Tombs Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 5.)Temenos A sacred enclosure surrounding a temple or other holy spot Acropolis at Pergamon GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 5.)Temenos Acropolis at Athens GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens  Propylaea  Temple of Nike Apteros  Pinacotheca & Glypthotheca  Old Temple of Athena  Statue of Athena Promachos  Stoa of Eumeses  Erectheion  Theater of Dionysus  Parthenon  Odeion of Herodes Atticus GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens a) Temple of Nike  Architect – Callicrates  Most exquisite small Ionic temple dedicated to " WinglessVictory" GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens b) Erectheion  Architect – Mnesicles  Sculptor – Phidias GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens b) Erectheion/ Erectheum  Caryatids - porch was built to conceal the giant 15-ft beam needed to support the southwest corner over the metropolis GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens b) Erectheion/ Erectheum GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens c) Parthenon  dedicated to the goddess Athena  largest Greek Temple  Architect: Ictinus & Callicrates  Master Sculptor:Phidias GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens c) Parthenon a peripteral octostyle Doric temple with Ionic architectural features  stands on aplatform or stylobate of three steps GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens c) Parthenon  Stylobate  Stereobate  Crepidoma  Euthynteria GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 6.) Agora  square city or market place,the Greek’s political business & economic life GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 7.)TEMPLES  chief buildings  PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE a) Pronaos – the inner portico in front of naos or cella b) Naos – principal chamber containing the statue of the god or goddess,w/ porticoes & colonnades c) Epinaos or Opisthodomus – posticum which serves as the treasury chamber GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 7.)TEMPLES GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE a) Henostyle - one column or HELLENIC PERIOD b) Distyle - two columns c) Tristyle - three columns 7.) TEMPLES d) TetraStyle - four columns TWO WAYS OF e) Pentastyle - five columns DESCRIBINGTEMPLES: f) Hexastyle - six columns (rectangular) g) Heptastyle - seven columns  According to the number of h) Octastyle - eight columns columns on the entrance front. i) Enneastyle - nine columns j) Decastyle - ten columns  By the arrangement of the k) Dodecastyle - twelve columns exterior columns of the temple in relation to naos GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE  IN ANTIS – temples that have one to four columns between antae at the front. or HELLENIC PERIOD  AMPHI-ANTIS – temples that have one to four columns between antae at the front and 7.)TEMPLES rear. TWO WAYS OF  PROSTYLE – temples that have a portico of columns at front. DESCRIBING TEMPLES:  AMPHI-PROSTYLE – temples that have a (rectangular) portico of columns at the front & rear.   PERIPTERAL – temples that have single line of columns surrounding the naos.  PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL – temples that have flanked of cols. Attached to the naos wall.  DIPTERAL – temples that have a double line of columns surrounding the naos.  PSEUDO-DIPTERAL – temples are like the last, but the inner range of columns is omitted on the flanks of the naos. GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 7.)TEMPLES GREEK: CLASSICAL MOULDINGS Intercolumniation: spacing between the columns  Pycnostyle – 1.5 dia  Systyle – 2 dia  Eustyle – 2.25 dia  Diastyle – 3 dia  Areaostyle – 4 dia GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 8.) STOA  covered walkways or porticos, commonly for public usage  early stoaswere open at the entrance with columns,usually of the Doric order, lining the side of the building; they created a safe, enveloping, protective atmosphere GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 9.) PRYTANEION a senate house for the chief dignitaries of the city GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 10.) BOULEUTERION  council house  covered meeting place of the democratically elected councils GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 11.)THEATER  for plays  an open air structure, which consisted of orchestra, auditoriumor cavea out of the slope of hillside, in or near city GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 11.)THEATER Theater of Epidaurus  most beautiful example & well preserved building  Architect: Polycleitus GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 11.) ODEION  for music  carved or hollowed out of the hillside  acoustically-efficient Odeion of Herodes GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 12.) STADION  An ancient Greek elongated sports venue with rounded ends, surrounded on all sides by banked spectator stands; venue for foot racing. GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 13.) HIPPODROME  An open or roofed track or arena for chariot and horse racing in ancient Greece. GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 14.) PALAESTRA  Wrestling house; A place used for the instruction and practice of wrestling and athletics. GREEK: EXAMPLES GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD 14.) GYMNASIA/ GYMNASION  An ancient Greek center for sports, with buildings, playing areas and baths. GREEK: CLASSICAL ORDERS A.) DORIC ORDER  simpliest & the earliest among the 5 orders  Without base, directly on crepidoma  Height (including capital): 4 to 6 times the diameter at the base  Divided into 20 shallow flutes separated by arrises 3 main divisions:  Doric capitals had two parts - the square  Architrave: principal beam abacus above and circular bulbous of 2 or 3 slabs in depth echinus below  Frieze  Cornice,mouldings GREEK: CLASSICAL ORDERS B.) IONIC ORDER  volute or scroll capital (derived from Egyptian lotus and Aegean art)  More slender than Doric  Needed a base to spread load  Height: 9 times the base diameter  Has 24 flutes separated by fillets Two parts:  Upper and lower torus  Architrave, with fascia  Cornice  No frieze GREEK: CLASSICAL ORDERS C.) CORINTHIAN ORDER  Decorative variant of Ionic Order  Base and shaft resembled Ionic  More slender  Height of 10 diameters  Capital invented by Callimachus, inspired by basket over root of acanthus plant 3 parts:  Architrave  Frieze  Cornice, developed type with dentils GREEK: CLASSICAL ORDERS GREEK: CLASSICAL ORDERS GREEK: CLASSICAL ORDERS GREEK: CLASSICAL MOULDINGS ARC JS (UM C HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE Egyptian Pre-Historic Greek Roman Near East ROMAN Roman Empire in 114 AD under EmperorTrajan BRITAIN LONDON GERMANY FRANCE NIMES ITALY ROME GREECE SPAIN POMPEII SEGOVIA BYZANTIUM (CONSTANTINOPLE) ATHENS CARTHAGE ANTIOCH PERSIA AFRICA EGYPT ROMAN: GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  The central and commanding position of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary in spreading art and civilisation over Europe,Western Asia, and North Africa, they conquered first by war, dominated by force of character, and then ruled by laws and civilised by arts and letters.  The Romans were not a seafaring people like the Greeks, and did not send out colonists in the same way to all parts of the then-known world: they depended for the extension of their power, not on colonisation, but on conquest. ROMAN: GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Concrete  Chief building material was which rendered finest example of Roman Architecture  made up of stone or brick rubble & a mortar of which the important ingredient was“pozzolana”  ample supply of marbles,terra-cotta,stone,bricks, sand, gravel & timber ROMAN: CLIMATIC INFLUENCE  North Italy - climate of the temperate region of Europe  Central Italy - genial and sunny  South Italy - almost tropical  Diversity of architectural features & treatment in the peninsula itself ROMAN: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  religion of ancient Rome was part of the constitution of the State  worship of the gods, adopted from the Greeks under Latin names  venerated more their emperors than their gods and because of this attitude,there were less temples for worship ROMAN: RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Important Emperors who patronizes architecture in Rome:  NERO  HADRIAN  DIOCLETIAN  VESPASIAN  SEPTIMUS SEVERUS  TRAJAN  CARACALLA ROMAN: SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE  In the Roman social system, there were only patricians, plebeians and slaves and no middle class  Roman women were held in high respect  family life was protected ROMAN: HISTORICAL INFLUENCE ROMAN: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  VASTNESS & MAGNIFICENCE  OSTENTATION & ORNATENESS ROMAN: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES TYPES OF VAULTS DEVELOPMENT a) Semi-circular/ Wagon-headed/ Barrel vault  borne on two parallel walls throughout its length b) Cross vault  formed by intersection of two semi-circular vaults of equal span  used over square apartment or on square bays in long hallways c) Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola  used over circular structures  semi-domes for semi-circular recesses ROMAN: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES 5 ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS a) Opus Quadratum – made up of rectangular blocks of stone with or w/ out mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels and cramps b) Opus Incertum – made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern roughly assembling thepolygonal work c) Opus Recticulatum – fine joints were in diagonal lines like the meshes of a net ROMAN: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES 5 ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS d) Opus Testaceum – triangular bricks ( plan) specially made for facing the walls e) Opus Mixtum – consisted of bands of “tufa” introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with small squared stone blocks ROMAN: CLASSICAL ORDERS COLUMN/ CAPITALS a) TUSCAN  counterpart of Doric capital  About 7 diameters high  With a base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain entablature ROMAN: CLASSICAL ORDERS COLUMN/ CAPITALS b) COMPOSITE  combination of Ionic & Corinthian  Most decorative ROMAN: EXAMPLES 1.) FORUM  openspace used as a meeting place ,market or rendesvouz for political demonstrations Forum Romanum  oldest & most important ROMAN: EXAMPLES 1.) FORUM Forum of Trajan  largest forum  Architect:Apollodorus of Damascus ROMAN: EXAMPLES 2.) RECTANGULAR TEMPLES  used Pseudo–Peripteral, raised in a “podium”, oriented towards the south Maison Caree,Nimes ROMAN: EXAMPLES 3.) CIRCULAR & POLYGONAL TEMPLES  derived from the temples of the Greeks & the Etruscans which became the prototype of the Christian baptistery The Pantheon  most famous & perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome.  converted into a Christian church named Sta. Maria Rotonda ROMAN: EXAMPLES 4.) BASILICAS  halls of justice or assembly hall Basilica in the Forum Pompeii Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna ROMAN: EXAMPLES 5.)THERMAE  palatial public bath  Romans liked to keep clean and fit  Built elaborate public baths throughout the empire  For as many as 30 men and women in the open ROMAN: EXAMPLES 5.)THERMAE  Parts of the thermae a) Apodyteria – dressing room b) Laconicum (Sudatorium) - sweat room, rubbing with oil c) Tepidarium – warm bath d) Frigidarium – cold bath e) Unctuaria (Alipterion) – oils and perfumes room (unguents) f) Calidarium – hot room, or with hot water bath ROMAN: EXAMPLES 5.)THERMAE ROMAN: EXAMPLES 6.) BALNEUM  private bath in Roman palaces & houses  containing the following: a) Tepidarium b) Calidarium c) Frigidarium Hadrian Villa summer bath ROMAN: EXAMPLES 7.)THEATERS OR ODEION  Roman theaters were built up by means of concrete vaulting, supporting tiers of seats,it was restricted to a semi-circle Theater & Portico of Pompeii,Rome ROMAN: EXAMPLES 8.) AMPHITHEATERS OR COLOSSEUM  use for gladiatorial combats, elliptical in plan The Colosseum  Also known as“ Flavian Amphitheater”  commenced by Vespasian & completed by Domitian ROMAN: EXAMPLES 8.) AMPHITHEATERS OR COLOSSEUM ROMAN: EXAMPLES 9.)TRIUMPHAL ARCHES  erected to commemorate victorious campaign of emperors and Generals Arch of Septimius Severus, The Forum,Rome ROMAN: EXAMPLES 10.) PALACES  used to house the Emperors Palace of Diocletian  Spalato largest palace & often called “ a city in a house” covered a total of 8 acres, almost the size of Escorial,Spain. ROMAN: EXAMPLES 11.) ROMAN HOUSES a) Domus  domestic dwelling  private house b) Villa  Country House  a luxurious country house with surrounding terraces and gardens,colonnades,theaters & thermae c) Insula  Apartment Block  3 to 4-storey tenement also called “ Workmen’s Dwelling” ROMAN: EXAMPLES 11.) ROMAN HOUSES villa domus ARCH. JSRLU (UM CAFAE) insulae ROMAN: EXAMPLES 12.) AQUEDUCTS  usefor water supply,w/ smooth channels or “specus” lined w/ hard cement & carried on arches, in several tiers Pont du Gard, Nimes,France ROMAN: EXAMPLES 13.) BRIDGES OR “PONS”  simple,solid& practical construction designed to resist the rush of water ROMAN: EXAMPLES 13.) FOUNTAINS  striking features of ancient & modern Rome Types : a) “Lacus” or Locus – designed similar to a large basin of water. b) “Salientes” – similar to a large basin of water with spouting jets. ROMAN: EXAMPLES 13.) FOUNTAINS ROMAN: EXAMPLES 13.) FOUNTAINS