Modern Ages PDF

 Is a period from the 15th to the 17th century marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity. Renaissance is a French word that means "rebirth." The term was used to represent the rebirth of Greek and Roman interests in the sciences and arts It is characterized by marine e...

 Is a period from the 15th to the 17th century marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity. Renaissance is a French word that means "rebirth." The term was used to represent the rebirth of Greek and Roman interests in the sciences and arts It is characterized by marine expeditions, discoveries, inventions, and scholastic controversies. Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press around 1440 known goldsmith creator of the first movable printing press Dante "Father of Italian Poetry" Gutenberg's printing press Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) "The Father of Humanism" Leonardo da Vinci -a painter, sculptor, and scientist. Mona Lisa Mona Vitruvian Man Lisa Vitruvian Man The Last Supper Last Supper  Michaelangelo -famous for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican with scenes from the Book of Genesis. Sistine Chapel in Vatican Raphael -Italian painter and architect The School of Athens The Sistine Madonna The School of Athens The Sistine Madonna  Nicolaus Copernicus -the proponent of the Scientific Revolution heliocentric theory. - A series of events that marked Galileo Galilei the rise of modern science during -Italian astronomer who proved the early modern ages. copernicus theory to be correct. Sir Isaac Newton -who eradicated all doubts of heliocentrism's validity through a mathematical description of the motion of the Earth and other celestial bodies around the sun. The use of fuel demand for mass production lessening the use of animals and humans for mechanical work employment of machines for various purposes The blast furnace used to produce industrial metals liquifies iron that runs directly into the mold which creates various materials  Steel and irons - used for manufacturing knives tools weapons armors chains anchors Textile industry -evident in the production of high quality fabrics cotton silk figured fabrics tapestries Agricultural techniques -developed to accumulate more income with less capital and manpower. Sheep farming -less human effort and provided larger yields of food to support the growing population. Sickle - was replaced by the scythe for cutting both crops and grass. A farmer with a scythe Advancement in navigation and expedition - that contributed greatly to the exploration of more territories and trade with other nations. Christopher Columbus -Italian explorer and navigator Bridgewater Canal, England Civil engineering paved the way for the fortification of buildings and structures. The construction of canals for inland transport began during this period. Various inventions for maritime transport Masts sails sternpost rudders Instruments developed for navigation and voyages Mariner's compass quadrant forestaff The introduction of the wheel barrow and Great wooden tracks for mining led to the Harry development of railway transportation.  The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, a period characterized by the shift from agricultural processes to urbanized and industrial processes. During this time, machineries and factories rose in order to give way for mass production. Arnold Toynbee "Industrial Revolution" "Substitution of the competition for the medieval regulations that previously controlled the production and distribution of wealth" (1884) Iron and Steel Industry Technologies of the 18th and 19th centuries involved the use of raw materials such as iron and steel in the development of machines and infrastructures. Tobern Bergman, a Swedish metallurgist, important role of carbon in steel in 1750. Henry Bessemer and William Kelly Arnold Toynbee improved the methods of manufacturing steel from iron. Depiction of Iron and Steel factory Iron-carbon phase diagram Robert Mushet Discovered an alloy of iron that combined carbon and manganese with the formed iron. Textile Industry James Hargreaves (1764) John Kay (1733) the spinning jenny, also called saxon wheel flying shuttle Flying shuttle Spinning jenny  Richard Arkwright -patented a textile machine powered by water and not by hand called the water frame. Samuel Crompton the spinning mule combines the features of the spinning jenny and Spinning Water frame mule water frame  Edmund Cartwright (1787) power loom Eli Whitney (1793) cotton gin Thomas Saint (1790) - a cabinet maker, submitted a patent for a mechanized sewing machine. Barthelemy Thimonnier - Cotton gin French tailor chain stitch machine Power loom Transportation industry Thomas Newcomen Steam engine Watt's steam engine steam engine Denis Papin pressure cooker Newcomen and John Calley -developed an engine based on the piston that was more efficient but used a lot of energy James Watt (1765) -perfected the steam engine that producedthe needed power without consuming too much fuel Mathew Boulton In 1825, Stephenson together partnered with Watt with his brother Robert After the 19th century, steam developed locomotìon No. 1 that engines were used to propel river can manage to go at 12 miles per boats and later, for land hour. transportation. also built the Rocket that could go 30 miles per hour. Richard Trevithick developed the first locomotive Robert Fulton (1807) engine or rail transport vehicle utilized the steam engine from the New Castle Boulton and Watt developed the North River George Stephenson steamboat, which was later on "Father of Railways" called Clermont. blucher  The technological advancement of this time significantly affected the socioeconomic and political consciousness of many nations.  Science and technology in the 18th and 19th century Charles-Augustine de Coulomb made noteworthy progress in the field of physical science published a series of studies on electrodynamics Coulomb's Law Charles-Augustine de Coulomb Joseph Priestley discovered colorless gas named oxygen Antoine Lavoisier French scientist who named the colorless gas oxygen explained the reaction of substances that contained carbon with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water "Father of Modern Chemistry" Law of conservation of Mass Antoine Lavoisier John Dalton (1803) Atomic theory which primarily John Dalton states that allmatter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. Hans Christian Oersted (1820) discovered that electric Hans Christian current produces magnetic Oersted fields. Michael Faraday constructed his first crude electric motor in 1821 Michael conducted experiments on Faraday electromagnetic induction in 1831 published two volumes of books on electricity. James Clerk Maxwell theory of electromagnetic radiation James which poses that light, magnetism, and Clerk electricity are variations in Maxwell manifestation of the same phenomenon.  A Dynamical Theory of Electromagnetic Field (1865) Treatise on electricity and magnetism, a two-volume discourse on electromagnetism. George Johnstone Stoney (1874) "electrons have fundamental quantities of electricity" William Crookes William Crookes (1879) cathode rays utilizzed the vacuum tube created by Heinrich Geissler. Eugen Goldstein positive particles called protons from a tube filled with hydrogen gas Eugen Goldstein Discovered Radioactive elements at 19th century X-rays- William Roentgen Electron- J.J. Thomson when he placed Crookes' tube within a magnetic field in 1897 Radioactivity- expounded by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie Illustration of William Roentgen and the discovery of x-ray  Alexander Graham Bell (1876) telephone Elisha Gray, Philip Reis, and Thomas Edison upgraded the telegraph system Philip Reis' "Make-and-break" telephone  Carolus Linnaeus Georges Cuvier Carolus Linnaeus pioneer in the field of "Father of Taxonomy" Paleontology binomial nomenclature Theory of Catastrophism in 1813 species plantarum (1753) Systema Naturae (1758) Charles Lyell (1830) Charles Lyell Uniformitarianism James Hutton Scottish geologist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck proposed that there are Theory of acquired still gradual mechanisms characteristics through use on Earth that explain the and disuse. variability of fossils Theory of inheritance of Acquired characteristics  Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck Charles Darwin (1859) on The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Gregor Mendel Selection, or the "Father or Genetics" Preservation of Favoured proposed a model of Races in the Struggle For inheritance that Life. Gregor Mendel shows how organisms transmit genetic Alfred Wallace information to their On Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from offspring. the Original Type was published in the same year.  Science and Technology in The 20th century Max Planck quantum theory (1900) Albert Einstein (1905) theory of relativity photoelectric effect Erwin Schrodinger (1926) quantum mechanics Robert Goddard first successful rocket James Chadwick Francis Crick and James Neutron in the nucleus of an Watson atom proposed the double helix model of deoxyribonucleic acid Oswald Avery (1944) or DNA. genes and chromosomes are carried by DNA cells. DNA structure Alexander Fleming (1928) penicillin, a drug against bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and steptococci Alexander Fleming Howard Florey and Ernst Chain (1845) first antibiotic that could be mass produced. Neils Jerne (1955) expounded the anti-body formation process Jonas Salk Jonas Salk first polio vaccine  Luc Montagnier Albert Sabin (1961) improved on Salk's work and produced the oral polio vaccine. Luc Montagnier (1983) Robert Gallo human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Robert Gallo led to the awareness of the causes of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the measures needed to avoid contracting HIV  Dolly The first cloning in animals, through a sheep named Dolly Orville and Wilbur Wright (1903) The first manned engine- powered aircraft Doll y Henry Ford (1908) first production model of the automobile  Sputnik first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957 first flight in 1961 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) spearheaded the space programs Mercury and Apollo. Sputnik In 1961, Apollo 11 landed on the moon.