Model for Stress and Disease.pdf

Model for Stress & Diseases Cardiovascular Responses to Stress Risk Factors for Disease (interactions) Biological - family history The more history, the more risk - Race - Gender - biggest cause of death in women: heart disease White women: protected until menopause Black women: at greater risk even...

Model for Stress & Diseases Cardiovascular Responses to Stress Risk Factors for Disease (interactions) Biological - family history The more history, the more risk - Race - Gender - biggest cause of death in women: heart disease White women: protected until menopause Black women: at greater risk even before menopause Psychological - Hostility/anger Greatest risk factor for heart disease - Anxiety - Depression - Interpersonal - Behavioural - Physical - Diet Environmental - psychosocial stress - Physical stress - Dietary factors Mechanisms of Disease Development PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY MODEL When under stress, tendency to perform unhealthy behaviours - when done repeatedly, adverse health effects occur 1. Exposure to stress 2. Physiological response 3. Disease Testing paradigm - resting period: baseline measures taken - Stress task period: stress response recorded - Recovery period: recovery values recorded How fast the recovery is may be more valuable than the stress response itself STRESS STUDY Participants would be under long term (1h) stress (play video games) and physiological responses would be recorded before, during, and after Subject characteristics - Males (young) - No physical/mental health problems - Not on medication - Selected for hostility based on BDHI scores - Selected for facility history of CVD Rest Systolic BP: highest pressure, where heart pumps out oxygenated blood through arteries Diastolic BP: where deoxygenated blood comes back to the heart through veins to get reoxygenated - High Hostility and Low hostility groups have similar systolic BP and cardiac output (HiHo slightly higher) - Same thing for forearm blood flow - Because they’re resting and healthy 1. Math Task - hostility/anger Designed so that participants can only be 50% accurate with questions increasing in difficulty Systolic BP change: - as the questions become more difficult the HiHo SBP decreases and LoHo SBP increases - Not big differences - Same for forearm blood flow - Why? The stressor (math) does not tap into concept of hostility - Need interpersonal conflict - Cardiovascular hemodynamics How to get people angry without letting them know? Harassment protocol - as the participant gets hooked up by nice experimenter, the phone in the other room would ring - Overhear conversation: get another experimenter to take over (that does not want to) - Once a minute (total 9) would criticize the minute the participant would get a question wrong and escalate until they’re insulted - HiHo had more vulgar comments - LoHo had nicer comments 2. hostility/anger + interpersonal conflict Systolic BP change: - HiHo/Har: highest increase in SBP - If done repeatedly, can cause vascular problems because increase in BP is not needed - Extra pressure - LoHo/Har: increase in SBP (less than HiHo) - HiHo/NoHar & LoHo/Har: same as before, low change no differences - Same for cardiac output change Forearm blood flow - HiHo/Har: highest increase (highest at trial 3) - Constantly putting strain of vascular system 3. Family history + hostility/anger + interpersonal conflict - at rest, similar cardiac output, forearm BF - no harassment: similar to rest - Harassment: - PH+HiHo: greatest increased in cardiac output - But PH-HiHo: no increase = family history is critical for that increase - Hostility x Fhx: vulnerability 4. Family history + hostility/anger + interpersonal conflict + diet Look at salt intake: link to CVD - PH+HiNa: highest increase when harassed vs other groups - If LoNa, PH+ does not have a big effect - HiHo/HiNa: highest increase when harassed - Followed by HiHo/LoNa Individuals with the most risks, have highest physiological results - ex: Type A personality was linked to CVD - 4 risk factors - Hostility: only trait with link to CVD HEALTH BEHAVIOURS MODEL When exposed to stress, the body reacts - i.e. heart rate goes up when doing a stressful task (math)