Medical Biotech - Mod 1 Overview & History PDF

Medical Biotech – Mod 1 Overview & History DR. TIFFANY LEIGHTON 1 What is Medical Biotechnology? Biotechnology → the manipulation of living organisms/systems to create useful products. “any technological application that uses biological sys...

Medical Biotech – Mod 1 Overview & History DR. TIFFANY LEIGHTON 1 What is Medical Biotechnology? Biotechnology → the manipulation of living organisms/systems to create useful products. “any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products and processes for specific use” - Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) Medical Biotechnology → is the use of organisms and organism-derived materials for research, and to produce products that help to diagnose, treat, and prevent human disease. 2  Three primary areas for modern biotechnology 3 Image: https://www.escolifesciences.com/resources/the-future-trends-in-biotechnology  Colour-coded Biotechnology Improve Environmental Industrial Medical Agriculture Marine Dark Nutrition Preservation Use of Biomedical and Increased Using ocean Utilize Focuses on Associated with biocatalysts for bio- production of resources. enzymatic and contaminant biological the industrial- pharmaceutical food to meet Production of microbial removal, waste weapons & scale applications, the demand of many enzymes processes, as treatment & bioterrorism production & relating to an increasing and proteins well as genetic sanitization. processing of clinical trials, population, as used in modification, to products. vaccine well as numerous improve the Also development, developing less applications, nutritional biodegradable disease environmentally from content of polymers & research, damaging biodegradable foods. renewable fuel antibiotic fertilizers and plastics to production. production, drug biopesticides. medicinal development & products. molecular gold = primarily bioinformatics diagnostics. violet = relating to patents and law 4 Adapted from: https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/The-Colors-of-Biotechnology3b-What-do-they-mean.  Try: Match the Biotechnology inventions with the colours COLOURS INVENTIONS White ❑ A vaccine to fight an infectious disease Red ❑ Break down of nuclear waste products by bacteria Green ❑ Golden rice with beta carotene (precursor to vitamin A) Blue ❑ Production of a weaponized strain of smallpox Yellow ❑ Laundry detergent with bacterial enzymes to break down stains Grey ❑ GMO corn with a new herbicide-resistance Dark ❑ A fluorescent protein produced from a jellyfish (GFP) 5  History of Medical Biotechnology Dr. E. Jenner Genetic inoculated child Engineering DNA copying with viral term coined & enzyme – DNA Fermentation vaccine to penicillin mass- polymerase – (brewing & protect against produced in first isolated by bread-making) smallpox microbes Dr. A. Kornberg 6000 BCE 1796 1942 1955 1665 1928 1952 Existence of Sir A. Flemming Dr. G. Gey microorganisms discovers establishes first described by R. antibiotic continuous Hooke & A. van penicillin human cell line Leeuwenhoek (HeLa cells) 6 Adapted from: https://www.biotechnology.amgen.com/timeline.html#2010s  Penicillin: The Miracle Drug 1929 - Alexander Fleming, published a paper on a chemical he called "penicillin", isolated from a mold, Penicillium notatum Penicillin prevented the growth of a neighboring colony of bacteria in the same petri dish Fleming found that his "mold juice" was capable of killing a wide range of harmful bacteria (streptococcus, meningococcus, bacillus, etc.) 1940 - Howard Florey, Ernst Chain & Sir William Dunn began large scale production and purification 1942 - Penicillin was used to successfully treat the first patient for septicemia during 7 Image: https://www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/2017-07/thanks-to-penicillin-lesson.pdf  Penicillin: Today Penicillins are a group of β-lactam antibiotics Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesized by P. chrysogenum (as opposed to P. rubens originally) Current penicillin compounds in clinic: penicillin G - intramuscular or IV penicillin V - given orally Deep tank fermentation for large scale production of penicillin Many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use Image: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Hydrolysis-of-b-lactam-antibiotics-by-b-lactamase-enzymes_fig1_271772917 & 8 https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/fromdnatobeer/exhibition-interactive/illustrations/penicillin-alternative.html  History of Medical Biotechnology cont. Restriction PCR (Dr. K. FDA approved Scientists enzymes Mullis) & DNA first discover human discovered & fingerprinting recombinant skin cells can be DNA ligase used techniques are proteins to treat turned into ES for the first time developed HGD and MS cells 1970/72 1983/84 1993/94 2007 1978 1990 1996 Dr. H. Boyer Human genome Diagnostic inserted human project is biosensor insulin gene into launched developed to E. coli for mass- (completed detect toxic production of sequencing in strain of E. coli insulin 2003) (food poisoning) 9 Adapted from: https://www.biotechnology.amgen.com/timeline.html#2010s  Insulin: The Miracle Drug 1921 – Dr. Frederick Banting and Charles Best successfully isolated insulin from dogs, produced diabetes symptoms in the animals, and then provided insulin injections that produced normal blood glucose levels 1922 - 14-year-old Leonard Thompson became the first person to receive an insulin injection as treatment for diabetes (first dose caused an allergic reaction, but second dose improved quality) Insulin was primarily purified from the pancreas of pigs and cows 1978 - Dr. Herb Boyer discovered that genes from bacteria could be combined with genes from eukaryotes Produced synthetic insulin using his new transgenic genetically modified bacteria (E. coli) Image: https://www.umassmed.edu/dcoe/diabetes-education/patient-resources/banting-and-best-discover-insulin/ 10  Insulin: Today 1982: Eli Lilly went on to sell the first commercially available biosynthetic human insulin under the brand name Humulin There are multiple types of insulin available with different characteristics Recombinant human insulin is mainly produced either in E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae Image: https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/insulin-chart#which-is-right-for-you/ & 11 https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/fromdnatobeer/exhibition-interactive/recombinant-DNA/recombinant-dna-technology-alternative.html  Think-Pair-Share: What are some Medical Biotechnology applications you can name? We will fill this in together in class. ❑… ❑… ❑… ❑… ❑… ❑… 12 Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary growing tree Fields: Biotechnology - molecular biology - cell biology - microbiology - biochemistry Scientific Biotechnological - Immunology Foundations Tools - genetics (basic research) - biophysics - bioinformatics 13 Biotechnological Tools Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DNA sequencing Recombinant DNA technology Genetic editing tools Fermentation technology Bioinformatic software Cell culture techniques 14 Medical Biotechnology Applications 1. Prevention of diseases 2. Diagnosis of diseases 3. Treatment of diseases All those aspects are strongly related to basic research – investigation on the mechanisms of diseases 15  Prevention Strategies 1. Primary/Prevention - Prevent a disease from ever occurring → aimed at a susceptible population or individual Ex. Vaccination 2. Secondary/Diagnostic - Early disease detection/screening → aimed at healthy-appearing individuals with subclinical forms of the disease Ex. Papanicolaou (Pap) smear 3. Tertiary/Treatment - Reduce the severity of the disease → aimed at symptomatic patients Ex. Rehabilitation programs 16 Adapted from: RJ Trent – Molecular Medicine, Academic Press 2012  Try: Match the interventions to the correct Prevention Strategies PREVENTION STRATEGIES INTERVENTIONS Primary ❑ Insulin to control diabetes ❑ Yearly mammograms for women 40+ Secondary ❑ Legislation to control/ban hazardous substances ❑ Low dose aspirin daily to prevent another stroke Tertiary ❑ MMR Immunization ❑ X-ray absorptiometry to detect osteoporosis ❑ Tooth brushing/flossing to avoid dental caries 17 Medical & Ethical Issues in Biotechnology 1. Protecting Subjects in Clinical Trials → huge risk impact during clinical trials, people have gotten hurt and died during trials of new technology. Need to understand the risk/benefits. 2. Affordability → concern that high costs of new treatments can exclude an entire class of people from being able to utilize them. 3. Privacy Concerns → reading someone’s DNA could be a giant privacy breach - compromising information about a person’s future health is going to become available. 18 Medical & Ethical Issues in Biotechnology 4. Stem Cell Research Opposition → working with fetal tissue, or other human tissue, to learn about regrowth can be controversial 5. Bioterrorism Concerns → Project Bioshield in the US was implemented to spur the development of preventive medications and vaccines, that would be available in sufficient quantities to protect the largest possible number of people. 19  Future Trends 20 Image: https://www.escolifesciences.com/resources/the-future-trends-in-biotechnology  Top Biotech Trends (we will be covering) 21 Image: https://www.escolifesciences.com/resources/the-future-trends-in-biotechnology