Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who coined the term 'Genetic Engineering'?
Who coined the term 'Genetic Engineering'?
The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered by Sir A. Flemming in 1928.
The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered by Sir A. Flemming in 1928.
True
What significant medical practice did Jenner pioneer in 1796?
What significant medical practice did Jenner pioneer in 1796?
Vaccination against smallpox
The enzyme __________, first isolated by Dr. A. Kornberg, is essential for DNA copying.
The enzyme __________, first isolated by Dr. A. Kornberg, is essential for DNA copying.
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Match the following years with their corresponding events:
Match the following years with their corresponding events:
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Which color is associated with the biotechnology invention of a vaccine to fight an infectious disease?
Which color is associated with the biotechnology invention of a vaccine to fight an infectious disease?
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Yellow biotechnology involves the production of GMO corn with new herbicide-resistance.
Yellow biotechnology involves the production of GMO corn with new herbicide-resistance.
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What is the application of golden rice in biotechnology?
What is the application of golden rice in biotechnology?
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The production of a ________ strain of smallpox is classified under blue biotechnology.
The production of a ________ strain of smallpox is classified under blue biotechnology.
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Match the following biotechnology inventions with their associated colors:
Match the following biotechnology inventions with their associated colors:
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Who is credited with the discovery of penicillin?
Who is credited with the discovery of penicillin?
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Penicillin is effective against viruses.
Penicillin is effective against viruses.
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What type of mold is penicillin isolated from?
What type of mold is penicillin isolated from?
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Penicillin was first successfully used to treat a patient for __________.
Penicillin was first successfully used to treat a patient for __________.
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Which of the following bacteria were noted to be killed by penicillin?
Which of the following bacteria were noted to be killed by penicillin?
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Name the human cell line that is commonly used in scientific research related to cancer.
Name the human cell line that is commonly used in scientific research related to cancer.
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In 1940, large scale production of penicillin began.
In 1940, large scale production of penicillin began.
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Match the year with the correct event related to penicillin:
Match the year with the correct event related to penicillin:
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Who were the first individuals to isolate insulin from dogs?
Who were the first individuals to isolate insulin from dogs?
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The first commercially available biosynthetic human insulin was sold in 1982 under the name Humulin.
The first commercially available biosynthetic human insulin was sold in 1982 under the name Humulin.
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What type of insulin is mainly produced in E.coli?
What type of insulin is mainly produced in E.coli?
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In 1922, 14-year-old Leonard Thompson became the first person to receive an insulin injection for __________.
In 1922, 14-year-old Leonard Thompson became the first person to receive an insulin injection for __________.
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Match the following years with their insulin-related events:
Match the following years with their insulin-related events:
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Which type of insulin is primarily purified from the pancreas of pigs and cows?
Which type of insulin is primarily purified from the pancreas of pigs and cows?
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Dr. Herb Boyer discovered that genes from bacteria could not be combined with eukaryotic genes.
Dr. Herb Boyer discovered that genes from bacteria could not be combined with eukaryotic genes.
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What was the allergic reaction experienced by Leonard Thompson after the first insulin injection?
What was the allergic reaction experienced by Leonard Thompson after the first insulin injection?
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Which of the following is NOT a category in biotechnology?
Which of the following is NOT a category in biotechnology?
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Genetic editing tools are a type of biotechnological tool.
Genetic editing tools are a type of biotechnological tool.
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Name one application of medical biotechnology.
Name one application of medical biotechnology.
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A ______ is an example of a primary prevention strategy.
A ______ is an example of a primary prevention strategy.
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Match the following biotechnological tools with their uses:
Match the following biotechnological tools with their uses:
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Which statement best describes secondary prevention?
Which statement best describes secondary prevention?
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Tertiary prevention aims to prevent diseases before they occur.
Tertiary prevention aims to prevent diseases before they occur.
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What is the goal of tertiary prevention?
What is the goal of tertiary prevention?
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Which of the following is a tertiary prevention strategy?
Which of the following is a tertiary prevention strategy?
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Insulin to control diabetes is considered a secondary prevention strategy.
Insulin to control diabetes is considered a secondary prevention strategy.
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What is a primary prevention strategy that can help avoid dental caries?
What is a primary prevention strategy that can help avoid dental caries?
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_____________ concerns arise from the possibility of reading and misusing someone's DNA for personal gain.
_____________ concerns arise from the possibility of reading and misusing someone's DNA for personal gain.
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Which issue is primarily associated with affordability in medical biotechnology?
Which issue is primarily associated with affordability in medical biotechnology?
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Legislation to control hazardous substances is a tertiary prevention strategy.
Legislation to control hazardous substances is a tertiary prevention strategy.
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Match the medical and ethical issues with their descriptions:
Match the medical and ethical issues with their descriptions:
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MMR Immunization is an example of a __________ prevention strategy.
MMR Immunization is an example of a __________ prevention strategy.
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Study Notes
Medical Biotechnology - Mod 1 Overview & History
- Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms/systems to create useful products.
- Medical biotechnology uses organisms and their derivatives to diagnose, treat, and prevent human disease.
- The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) defines biotechnology as "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products and processes for specific use".
Three Primary Areas for Modern Biotechnology
- Biotech in Medicine: Applications include pharmaceuticals, therapies, genetics, and clinical studies to improve health outcomes. More than 250 biotechnology-based healthcare items are now available for previously untreatable diseases.
- Biotech in Industry: Used in biofuels, paper, and chemical production. Leverages yeast, enzymes, microbes, and biocatalysts for various manufacturing processes.
- Biotech in Agriculture: Includes sustainable farming and crop insect-resistance. Biotech aims to improve and modify agricultural products for safety and efficiency.
Colour-coded Biotechnology
- Industrial: Uses biocatalysts for industrial-scale production and processing of products, including biodegradable polymers and renewable fuel production.
- Medical: Includes biomedical and biopharmaceutical applications like clinical trials, vaccine development, disease research, and molecular diagnostics.
- Agriculture: Focuses on increasing food production for an expanding population with less environmentally damaging practices, including fertilizers and biopesticides.
- Marine: Uses ocean resources to produce enzymes, proteins in applications like biodegradable plastics to medicinal products.
- Improve Nutrition: Utilizes enzymatic and microbial processes for improved nutritional food.
- Environmental Preservation: Focuses on contaminant removal, waste treatment, and sanitization.
- Dark: Associated with biological weapons and bioterrorism.
Biotechnology Inventions and Colors
- White: Vaccine for infectious diseases.
- Red: Break down of nuclear waste.
- Green: Golden rice(beta carotene precursor for vitamin A).
- Blue: Production of weaponized smallpox.
- Yellow: Laundry detergent with bacterial enzymes.
- Grey: GMO corn with herbicide resistance.
- Dark: Fluorescent protein (GFP) from jellyfish.
History of Medical Biotechnology
- 6000 BCE: Fermentation (brewing and bread-making)
- 1796: Dr. E. Jenner's viral vaccine to protect against smallpox.
- 1665: R. Hooke and A. van Leeuwenhoek's description of microorganisms.
- 1928: Sir A. Fleming's discovery of penicillin.
- 1942: Penicillin mass produced in microbes.
- 1952: Dr. G. Gey's establishment of the first continuous human cell line (HeLa cells).
- 1955: Dr A. Kornberg's isolation of DNA copying enzyme - DNA polymerase.
- 1970/72: Discovery of restriction enzymes and DNA ligase used for DNA.
- 1978: Dr. H. Boyer's insertion of human insulin gene into E. coli for insulin production.
- 1983/84: PCR (Dr. K. Mullis) and DNA fingerprinting techniques developed.
- 1990: Launch of the Human Genome Project (completed sequencing in 2003)
- 1993/94: FDA's approval of first recombinant proteins for HGD and MS treatment.
- 1996: Diagnostic biosensor developed for detecting a toxic strain of E. coli
- 2007: Scientists discover human skin cells can be turned into ES cells
Penicillin: The Miracle Drug
- 1929: Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin from a mold ( Penicillium notatum)
- Penicillin's ability to prevent surrounding bacterial growth
- 1940s: Large scale production and purification of penicillin (Florey, Chain and Dunn)
- 1942: Treatment of septicemia in a patient with penicillin.
Penicillin Today
- Penicillins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics.
- Most are synthesized by P. chrysogenum
- Types of penicillins include penicillin G (IM, IV), and penicillin V (oral).
- Large-scale production of penicillin using deep tank fermentation.
- Bacteria have developed resistance to penicillin.
History of Medical Biotechnology (continued)
- Different technologies and inventions, including breakthroughs in areas like genetic engineering, gene editing(CRISPR), DNA sequencing, and others.
Insulin: The Miracle Drug
- 1921: Dr. Frederick Banting and Charles Best's isolation of insulin from dogs.
- 1922: 14-year-old Leonard Thompson (first person to receive insulin treatment with noted allergic reaction issue).
- Insulin purification initially from pig and cow pancreases
- 1978: Dr. Herbert Boyer's discovery of combining bacterial genes with eukaryotic genes to produce synthetic insulin.
Insulin Today
- 1982: Eli Lilly's Commercialization of biosynthetic human insulin (Humulin).
- Different types of insulin with various characteristics and durations of action.
- Insulin production using E. coli or yeast.
Future Trends in Biotechnology
- Trends include tissue engineering, microfluidics, synthetic biology, bioprinting, precision medicine, biomanufacturing, gene editing, genomics sequencing, big data, and artificial intelligence in biotechnology.
Medical and Ethical Issues in Biotechnology
- Protecting Subjects in Clinical Trials: Risks and benefits associated with human trials should be carefully considered (huge risk to human subjects).
- Affordability: High costs of new treatments may make them inaccessible to many.
- Privacy Concerns: Concerns about the privacy implications of genetic information, especially in relation to future health diagnoses,
- Stem Cell Research Opposition: Ethical challenges related to using fetal tissue and stem cell research.
- Bioterrorism Concerns: The development of preventative treatments against biological weapons.
Prevention Strategies
- Primary Prevention: Preventing diseases before they start, targeting entire populations or individuals (vaccinations).
- Secondary Prevention: Early detection of subclinical disease in healthy individuals with screen tests.
- Tertiary Prevention: Managing already present, impacting diseases to improve patients quality of life and to reduce disease severity.
Medical Biotechnology Applications
- Prevention of diseases
- Diagnosis of diseases.
- Treatment of diseases.
Biotechnological Tools
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- DNA sequencing
- Recombinant DNA technology
- Genetic editing tools.
- Fermentation technologies.
- Bioinformatic software.
- Cell culture techniques.
Biotechnology as a Multidisciplinary Growing Tree
- Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses various scientific disciplines to improve human health and other areas like the environment and industry.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of medical biotechnology with a focus on its history and modern applications. This module covers how biotechnology is used in medicine, industry, and agriculture to create beneficial products and processes. Understand the impact of biotechnology on healthcare and manufacturing.
