4th Quarter English Reviewer 8 PDF

4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ T4.1: News Writing Suspense Ongoing developments or NEWS...

4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ T4.1: News Writing Suspense Ongoing developments or NEWS unresolved outcomes ➔ News is “any event, idea or Eager to learn more as events opinion that is timely, that unfold interests or affects a large number of persons in a Significance community, and that is capable of Why the story matters being understood by them.” Provoke meaningful discussion ELEMENTS OF NEWS Amusement ➔ The “universal guideline” of To avoid boredom on the part of writers the readers ➔ Determines which materials are Make them smile once in a while newsworthy or valued by the public Other News Elements: Timeliness or Immediacy Change Recently concluded Drama Ongoing events Numbers Proximity or Nearness KINDS OF NEWS The interest of the readers depends upon the closeness for ➔ International News increased relatability ➔ National News ➔ Provincial News Oddity or Unusualness ➔ Local News Strange news items that makes ➔ School News an audience curious Unique, one-of-a-kind events that NEWS GATHERING rarely happen ➔ The actual coverage of the event Prominence or Names or happening Famous personalities, places, ➔ Interview events, and things ➔ Writing from documents such as speeches, programs, memoranda, WHAT NEWS ELEMENT IS PROMINENT and other important papers IN THE GIVEN HEADLINE? ➔ Readings or research ➔ Conducting a survey Human Interest or Emotions Appeals to emotion THE ABCs of News Writing Giving a touch of humanity A ~ Accuracy - correct or precise B ~ Brevity - (concise) keep it short and Conflict simple Struggle or disagreement between C ~ Clarity - coherent and intelligible opposing forces MJT, CDP, & DPT || 1  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ REMEMBER PRIMARY OR MAIN LEAD ➔ Writing a news report follows a ➔ Usually a single paragraph that different way of narrating an event contains the four “Ws” (What, Who, that follows a STRICT METHOD of When, and Where). In some cases writing. WHO, WHAT, and SO WHAT? ➔ The conciseness and brevity are of Only. utmost importance. ➔ News report blanks on integrity SECONDARY OR SUPPORT LEAD and honesty and presents FACTS ➔ Explains or compliments the MAIN and eliminates FICTION. or PRIMARY LEAD; consists of two paragraphs or twice the length TWO TYPES OF SOURCES of the lead paragraph. PRIMARY SOURCES DETAILS OR PARTICULARS Raw, Unfiltered, and Unedited Data ➔ Give fleas to the story; all Firsthand account from a reliable available facts are included here, source particularly those that would Examples are interview, original answer the “Why” and “How”. documents, creative works, and/ or relics BACKGROUND ➔ Relevant past events are SECONDARY SOURCES recounted and incorporated. Indirect and Secondhand Data Used to interpret and analyze RECOGNIZING FEATURES OF primary sources JOURNALISTIC WRITING Examples are encyclopedias and textbooks Journalism ➔ Profession of reporting and writing BASIC STRUCTURE OF NEWS the news ➔ When we write news, we place the ➔ Follows a different set of writing most essential in the beginning, style which is distinguishable from then write the facts in the other types of writing decreasing order of importance; hence, the term INVERTED COMMON FEATURES OF PYRAMID is applied. JOURNALISTIC WRITING: INVERTED PYRAMID/ BALIGTAD NA Headline PIRAMIDE ➔ First line that the readers see ➔ Contains the who-what angle of the news Tips in writing headline: Only use names when they're prominent and only notable nicknames MJT, CDP, & DPT || 2  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ To lengthen or shorten a headline, Byline you may need to eliminate or ➔ Contains the name of the article substitute words, or change its focus entirely; ask these questions: Lead - What words could the headline live ➔ The story’s opening paragraph without and still make sense? ➔ It tells the most important facts of - What other words might convey the story the point equally well? ➔ Entices readers to continue - Am I retaining the rules of headline reading writing style? Size of the headline should be Types of Lead bigger than news article or ➔ Conventional or Summary Lead write-up - answers 5Ws an 1H. It also Summarize headline in one line gives the readers the proper (8 words maximum) attributes or authorities. Omit forms of the verb ‘to be’ (is, are, was, were) ➔ Grammatical Beginning - follows Use digits, not the spelled-out one a grammatical form to add variety: Abbreviate days of the week and prepositional, infinitive, months participial, gerund phrase and Use present tense verbs clause leads Follow a subject/verb-object structure ➔ Novelty Lead - the unconventional Only the first word and proper lead uses any device that will nouns are capitalized attract attention, pique curiosity, Don’t use a period at the end of the or sustain interest. It adds vigor headline and color to writing. It does not Use single quotes to quote contain the gist of the story but material merely serves as an Example: The President urges, introduction: punch or ‘Don’t Worry, America’ astonisher, direct quotation, question, parody, descriptive Use a comma (,) as a substitute for leads “and” Use a colon (:) as substitute for the Lead Technical Requirements word said ➔ Limited to a single sentence Example: Dominguez: Gov’t to ➔ Maximum of 25 to 35 words collect Marcos estate tax ➔ Tells the most important piece of Example: Biden, Harris to visit information that occurred in the Ukraine event (in straight news) Use specific details if they are ➔ It should be direct and simple (in available straight news). Use only widely known acronyms ➔ It should not try to tell everything and abbreviations but should be good summary (the how and why will still be discussed in the body) MJT, CDP, & DPT || 3  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ LEAD CONTENT REQUIREMENTS WRITING THE BODY ➔ Keep the lead short. Those with ➔ After your lead, you will need to 35 words or less are preferred add necessary background to ➔ Leads are usually limited in one the story sentence and so with the body. ➔ Is there important information that ➔ Avoid starting the lead with where the readers need to know from the or when unless the time or place previous reporting? is important ➔ Summarize the key details so ➔ Most leads start with who or that the story makes sense to a what new reader ➔ Avoid beginning the lead with ➔ Significant supporting facts there or this placed in order of importance ➔ Use a strong verb to describe ➔ Include strongest quotes higher the action than peripheral or paraphrased ➔ Lead must be accurate quotes DON’T DO THESE ON YOUR LEAD LENGTH OF THE PARAGRAPHS ➔ Don’t make the lead too ➔ Keep your paragraph short (one complicated. Keep the lead or two sentences) and make each sentence short — never more of your point concise than 35 words. ➔ Readers grow tired of big block of ➔ Don’t begin with the time, day, date text, so it’s best to break it up a bit or place if possible. Better focus on ➔ Remember the KISS principle the action the who, or what. (Keep it Short and Simple) ➔ Don’t begin with an empty, say-nothing expression or a generality that fails to distinguish or a generality that faults to distinguish this news from other news: There were.. In a report released today.. According to… ➔ Don’t begin with a question if the question is answered in the story. Question leads are cliche leads ➔ Don’t begin with a direct quote if it is a full sentence. Don’t start with a quote unless it is an exceptional quote ➔ Don’t use a form of the verb to be THE INVERTED PYRAMID in the lead, if you can avoid it. Use ➔ The essential elements (5Ws and an action verb. H) are immediately seen in the ➔ Don’t overstate or exaggerate the lead paragraphs continuing into the need in the lead, making it more following paragraphs dramatic than it really is MJT, CDP, & DPT || 4  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ ➔ Quotes from interviewees appear T4.2: Feature Writing in the third or fourth paragraph where the ‘why’ and ‘how’ are ➔ A creative discipline of journalism answered that appeals to the emotions and ➔ Less important details are found in interests of its readers the latter part of the news report ➔ An in-depth discussion of news Ten-point Checklist: A must to remember Difference from other sections in writing news ➔ Creative but still Factual ➔ Follows the “hourglass” structure 1. Accuracy ➔ Timeless 2. Brevity 3. Clarity TYPES OF FEATURE ARTICLES 4. Specific 5. Straight to the point Human Interest 6. Put things in order ➔ most common; success stories; 7. Get quotes right triumphing against all odds 8. Write smoothly (use active voice) 9. Check grammar and spelling Personality Profile 10. 5Ws 1H (answer all the questions) ➔ focuses on an aspect of a person’s life; doesn’t have to be Additional Details (Tips) famous, as long as the story is Use traditional devices after interesting paragraphs (meanwhile, furthermore, however, aside, from Listicles that, etc.) ➔ “list,” enumeration, step-by-step Never editorialize, never write or procedures add your personal opinion Use direct quotes from the Travelogue interview. For indirect quote, use ➔ travel guide proper terms (According to, police said, DOH reiterated) Historical Eliminate “be” form ➔ commemorates a certain Avoid contractions like (won’t → historical event will not, etc.) Avoid using that in paragraphs Trend Story especially in indirect quotes ➔ trending topics Spell-out (do not abbreviate) Avoid redundancy. For succeeding PARTS OF A FEATURE ARTICLE paragraphs, do not repeat the complete name of the person TITLE again and again (can be family First thing that readers see, must name already) catch their attention Penmanship should be legible or A glimpse into the content of the readable article MJT, CDP, & DPT || 5  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ Creative, unlike news ➔ comparing opposites, usually to Connected to the lead and/or the extremes conclusion K.I.S.S - keep it short and simple Parody Lead ➔ reference to another personality Types of Titles or literary work; used only when One-liner said personality/literary work is Hammer (Double Headline) well-known INTRODUCTION/ LEAD Literary/Historical/Mythological First paragraph in the article, must Allusion hook of the reader – “TEASER” ➔ comparing to literary, historical Introduces your angle or mythological Must be connected to the title events/characters Length - one paragraph Make use of novelty leads BODY Contains the main information of TYPES OF NOVELTY LEAD the story Stick with your angle Narrative Length – 5-7 paragraphs ➔ storytelling; puts the reader in the Three Cs: content (is the info midst of the action related to your story/angle?), coherence (is it Descriptive understandable?), cohesion (are ➔ provides the readers with a vivid the paragraphs organized?) picture of the subject brimming Even though this section is packed with adjectives and descriptions with information, don’t forget to incorporate novelty and creativity. Direct Quotation ➔ speech or statement by the CONCLUSION subject; used when what is said is Sums up the article more striking than the subject Connected to the lead “Start with a bang, end with a Staccato Lead bang” ➔ phrases the immediately catch Length - one paragraph attention Avoid “deus ex machina” way of writing conclusions or leaving the Question situation to an unseen force ➔ asks a question to the audience; if used, the question must be deep and not cliche Punch Lead ➔ one-liner leads; catchy Contrast MJT, CDP, & DPT || 6  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ T4.3: Academic Writing ➔ Acknowledges limitations or Conventions alternative interpretations of data Academic Writing Hedging Devices ➔ A distinct genre of writing used in Modal Nouns — possibility, the academe likelihood, speculation, probability ➔ Used mainly in writing research Modal Adjectives — possible, Non-academic Writing likely, speculative, probable ➔ The main purpose is to inform, entertain, and persuade readers Modal Verbs — will, would, might, ➔ Written for the general public may, can, could, must ACADEMIC WRITING CONVENTIONS Verbs — appear, assume, seem, suggest FISH PRINCIPLE: That-clause — this indicates, it F - normality seems probable that, there might I - personality be a possibility that S - structure H - edging T4.4: Parallelism FORMALITY ➔ Is the placement of equal ideas in ➔ Academic text containing informal words, phrases, or clauses of language results in weakened similar types credibility of the writer ➔ Avoid colloquial language, Parallel Words: contractions, and figurative ➔ The company is looking for a speech candidate who is friendly, organized, meticulous, and IMPERSONALITY punctual. ➔ Avoid the usage of personal pronouns such as “you” and “I” Parallel Phrases: ➔ Avoid attaching language that will ➔ Her main duties were answering show your feelings. Make it as phone calls, filling records, and objective as possible conducting visitor surveys. STRUCTURE Phrases: PREPOSITIONAL ➔ Nominalization: verbs turned into ➔ Begins with a preposition and ends nouns with an object (noun/pronoun) ➔ Makes use of the PASSIVE voice ➔ EX. The scared cat climbed up a construction tree (preposition) and onto a branch (object) HEDGING ➔ The use of CAUTIOUS language MJT, CDP, & DPT || 7  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ Phrases: INFINITIVE Clauses: ADJECTIVE ➔ To + base form of the verb ➔ Acts as a noun and it modifies or ➔ EX. The old man told the young to describes nouns, and it usually let it out of his system and to begins with a relative pronoun like share his fears fearlessly that, which, or who ➔ In the village were a mother and Phrases: GERUND her child who lived poorly and ➔ Present participle form of the verb who were often half-starved (acts as a noun) ➔ EX. Studying at UST JHS, Clauses: ADVERBIAL maintaining a scholarship, and ➔ Modifies a verb, adjective, or becoming an honor student are adverb and unlike other types of Herculean tasks. clauses, an adverbial clause is always a dependent clause. Phrases: PARTICIPIAL ➔ EX. I may save you when ➔ present or past participle form of we meet again and if you the verb (acts as an adjective) should need my help ➔ EX. Smiling toward the camera, listening intently to the lesson, BASIC RULES OF PARALLELISM and jotting down notes, Bill was happy today at school. PUNCTUATIONS Used for items in a series Phrases: NOUN Three or more items are seperated ➔ A phrase formed by a noun and all by commas its modifiers and determiners EX. Every Tuesday Sheila has ➔ EX. Jim is a devout Catholic, a chemistry, anatomy, and sociology. loving son, a loyal husband, a fun dad, and a responsible COORDINATING CONJUCTIONS employee. Words, phrases, and clauses joined by a coordinating Parallel CLAUSES: conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, ➔ Who my parents are, where we for, so, yet) need to have parallel live, and how much money we grammatical construction have are irrelevant to the success I NON-PARALLEL: We all need may have in the future. good nutrition and to exercise on a regular basis. Clauses: NOUN PARALLEL: We all need good ➔ acts as a noun and it frequently nutrition and regular exercise. begins with that, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS whichever, whoever, whomever, Words, phrases, and clauses when, where, how, if, and what joined by a correlative conjunction ➔ EX. To get rid of the cat is what (not only.. but also, both… and, Regis would like, but what I either… or, neither…. nor) would hate. MJT, CDP, & DPT || 8  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ NON-PARALLEL: She likes both talked in class, bullied other to read books and watching students, and rarely finished his movies homework. PARALLEL: She likes both to read books and [to] watch movies LIST AFTER A COLON NON-PARALLEL: Mainstream COMPARISONS economists have attributed the Applies to pairs connected by a ecession to several key cases: the word of comparison such as over, enactment of deregulation policies, than, or as the spike in interest rates, the NON-PARALLEL: He prefers decline in manufacturing orders, movie nights at home over going to and the emergence of asset loud house parties. bubbles. PARALLEL: He prefers movie PARALLEL: Mainstream nights at home over louse house economists have attributed the parties recession to several key causes: deregulation policies, high interest COMPARATIVE EXPRESSIONS: rates, low manufacturing orders, Words, phrases, and clauses and asset bubbles joined by a comparative expression (as much as, more FAULTY PARALLELISM than, less than) ➔ Happens when ideas are NON-PARALLEL: I enjoy going presented in unequal out to a movie as much as I like to grammatical structures that are rent a movie and stay home to supposed to express related ideas watch it. PARALLEL: I enjoy going out to a CORRECTING FAULTY PARALLELISM movie as much as I enjoy renting a ➔ Read the sentences, and look for movie and staying home to watch words, phrases, or clauses that it. should look similar ➔ Try to establish a pattern. If there SERIES are none, create a pattern to come NON-PARALLEL: He is smart, up with parallel structures honest, and has a great sense of responsibility T4.5: Voices of Verbs PARALLEL: He is smart, honest, and responsible S-V-O STRUCTURE ➔ Sentences follow the SERIES OF CLAUSES SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT NON-PARALLEL: The report card structure. stated that the student often talked in class, that he bullied other Ex. The students in St. Bernadine played students, and rarely finished his a game. homework. PARALLEL: The report card stated that the students often MJT, CDP, & DPT || 9  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ How do we locate the object in a SIGNED - Verb (Action) sentence? What kind of questions must be BILL - Recipient (the WHAT) asked? Passive Voice Ex. The students in St. Bridget played a the subject of the sentence is the game. (They played WHAT?) receiver of the action (object becomes the subject) SUBJECT - students VERB - played Ex. The bill about Maharlika Fund was OBJECT - game signed by the president. Ex. The security guard caught the thief! BILL - Recipient (the WHAT) (He caught WHOM?) WAS SIGNED - Verb (action) PRESIDENT - Subject SUBJECT - security guard VERB - caught In passive voice, sometimes the doer is OBJECT - thief left out. Ex. The bill about Maharlika Fund was TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE signed. VERBS Ex. The man was murdered by someone! ➔ TRANSITIVE VERBS take one or The man was murdered! two objects, and INTRANSITIVE VERBS do not receive any objects. NOTE: The passive voice is generally ➔ Only TRANSITIVE VERBS can be found in more formal texts such as used in passive structures academic writing, research articles, and EXAMPLES: news reports. The teacher gave his students the instructions. (TRANSITIVE) NOTE: The passive voice can also be The students worked hard. employed when storytelling, but it all (INTRANSITIVE) depends on the approach of the writer! VOICES OF THE VERB When to use the ACTIVE VOICE? ➔ focuses on the function of the To emphasize the DOER of the subject as either the action doer/performer or the receiver of To sound more concise and direct the action To create a sense of action and urgency Active Voice the subject of the sentence acts as EMPHASIS ON THE DOER the performer or the doer of the ➔ Veronico completed the project action ahead of schedule. the object receives the action of the verb SOUNDING CONCISE AND DIRECT Ex. The president signed the bill about ➔ The Senate enforces the arrest Maharlika Fund. order on Kingdom of Jesus Christ leader Pastor Apollo Quiboloy. PRESIDENT - Subject (Doer) MJT, CDP, & DPT || 10  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ SENSE OF ACTION AND URGENCY STEP THREE: ➔ PAGASA said a 44 degrees Change the subject as the Celsius heat index may be receiver. expected in Dagupan City, Make the doer as the object. Pangasinan. Drivers of unconsolidated vehicles were apprehended by MMDA. When to use the PASSIVE VOICE? To emphasize the receiver of the CHANGING PASSIVE TO ACTIVE, action If the doer of the action is FOLLOW THE SAME STEPS unknown or not relevant To avoid giving information about REMINDER: the person doing the action If the object (receiver)/ doer is unknown, the passive voice can EMPHASIS ON THE RECIPIENT still be constructed by emphasizing ➔ The Luzon grid was placed on red the action or the doer. and yellow alerts, by the National EXAMPLES: Grid Corp. of the Philippines The notebook was not checked. (NGCP) after electricity supply was (object not specified) halted or reduced by 42 power Dinner was served. (doer not plants. specified) DOER OF THE ACTION IS UNKNOWN STEP FOUR: OR IRRELEVANT Check your verbs always! Change ➔ The Rizal Monument in Luneta the form of the verb from active to Park was designed by Dr. Richard passive -- and the other way Kissling, a Swiss sculptor. around! ACTIVE: MMDA apprehended AVOIDING TO GIVE OUT INFORMATION drivers of unconsolidated vehicles. ABOUT THE SUBJECT PASSIVE: Drivers of ➔ The letters were distributed to the unconsolidated vehicles were participants of the competition. apprehended by MMDA. HOW DO WE CHANGE ACTIVE TO SIMPLE TENSES PASSIVE OR PASSIVE TO ACTIVE? TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE STEP ONE: VOICE Identify the subject and its function Present SUBJ + V + OBJ OBJ + AM/ARE (is it the doer or the receiver?) + PP + BY + MMDA apprehended drivers of OBJ unconsolidated vehicles. Past SUBJ + V + OBJ OBJ + WAS/WERE + PP + BY + OBJ STEP TWO: Identify the object/receiver of the Future SUBJ + WILL/SHALL OBJ + WILL/SHALL action. + V + OBJ BE + PP + BY + OBJ MJT, CDP, & DPT || 11  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Example: Example: ACTIVE VOICE: The government ACTIVE VOICE: The healthcare launches a new program to workers are demanding better pay provide aid to small businesses and benefits amid the pandemic. affected by the pandemic. PASSIVE VOICE: Better pay and PASSIVE VOICE: A new program benefits are being demanded by is launched by the government to healthcare workers amid the provide aid to small businesses pandemic. affected by the pandemic. PAST PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PAST TENSE Example: Example: ACTIVE VOICE: The mayor was ACTIVE VOICE: The police urging residents to follow health arrested several suspects in protocols to prevent the spread of connection with the recent spate of the virus. bank robberies. PASSIVE VOICE: Residents were PASSIVE VOICE: Several being urged by the mayor to suspects were arrested by the follow health protocols to prevent police in connection with the recent the spread of the virus. spate of bank robberies. PERFECT TENSES SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE Example: VOICE ACTIVE VOICE: The scientists Present SUBJ + HAVE/HAS + OBJ + will conduct a research on the HAVE/HAS V + OBJ potential use of herbal medicine to BEEN + V + BY + OBJ treat COVID-19. PASSIVE VOICE: Research on the Past SUBJ + HAD + V + OBJ + HAD BEEN + V + BY potential use of herbal medicine to OBJ + OBJ treat COVID-19 will be conducted by scientists. PRESENT PERFECT Example: PROGRESSIVE TENSES ACTIVE VOICE: The government TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE has announced a new policy to VOICE address climate change in the Present SUBJ + AM/IS/ARE + OBJ + country. AM/IS/ARE + PRESENT PARTICPLE BEING + V + BY PASSIVE VOICE: A new policy to + OBJ + OBJ address climate change in the Past SUBJ + WAS/WERE + OBJ + country has been announced by WAS/WERE + PRESENT BEING + V + BY the government. PARTICIPLE + OBJ + OBJ MJT, CDP, & DPT || 12  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ PRESENT PERFECT 3. Use the conjunction ‘that’ after the PAST PERFECT reporting verb. Example: 4. Change the pronouns Since the person who is reporting ACTIVE VOICE: The government is usually different from the person had implemented measures to who made the original statement, address the issue of inflation pronouns in reported speech often before the economy collapsed. change. PASSIVE VOICE: Measures to address the issue of inflation had 5. Change the adverbs of nearness been implemented by the into those distance Time references shift to reflect the government before the economy reported speaker's perspective, collapsed. such as changing "today" to "that day." T4.6: Direct and Reported Speech Similarly, place references may need adjustments based on the reported context, e.g., changing Direct Speech "here" to "there". Simply used to repeat what someone says word-for-word Changes in Verb Tenses We quote the speaker’s exact When converting direct speech to words, using quotation marks. reported speech, we need to shift EXAMPLE: the verb tenses one step back in "Just like what our ancestors did, we time. This process is called should not be subjugated and oppressed, BACKSHIFTING. especially within our own backyard," Most modals do not undergo Marcos said. backshifting in reported speech. There are, however, a few Reported Speech exceptions. Also known as indirect speech Process of paraphrasing or 6. If the reporting verb is in the past reporting someone else’s words tense, change the tense. Allows to relay information from one person to another while making appropriate changes in DIRECT SPEECH tenses, pronouns, and time expressions. Simple Present speak We report what someone said without using quotation marks. Present Progressive is/are/am speaking Present Perfect has spoken EXAMPLE: Marcos stated that, similar to what their Present Perfect has/have been ancestors had done, we should not be Progressive speaking subjugated and oppressed, especially within our own backyard. INDIRECT SEECH GENERAL RULES: 1. Remove the quotation marks from Simple Past spoke the direct speech. 2. Use reporting verbs such as ‘told’, Past Progressive was/were speaking ‘said’, ‘mentioned’ to introduce Past Perfect had spoken the reported speech. MJT, CDP, & DPT || 13  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ Past Perfect Had spoken would would speak Progressive could could speak DIRECT SPEECH might might speak Simple Future will speak Special Rules for IMPERATIVE Future Perfect will have spoken Sentences: Future Perfect will have been 1. Remove the quotation marks. Progressive speaking 2. Use ‘to’ if it is an affirmative sentence. 3. Use ‘not to’ if the sentence begins INDIRECT SPEECH with ‘Don’t’. 4. Don’t use ‘that’ and ‘please’ Would + base form would speak 5. If the direct speech contains a request or a command, the Would + have + past would have spoken reporting verb (say, said) changes participle to tell, request, order, command, Would + have + would have been etc. been + -ing form speaking Special Rules for INTERROGATIVE Sentences: DIRECT SPEECH 1. Use ‘if’ (yes/no questions) and can can speak ‘whether’ (calls for a choice) may may speak 2. Use the given interrogative word (what, when, where, why, who, must must speak whom, whose, which, how, etc.) if it does not begin with a helping verb. INDIRECT SPEECH 3. Don’t use ‘that’. 4. Change the reporting verb (say, could could speak said) into ‘ask’ or ‘inquire’ in its might might speak correct tense. had to had to speak Special Rules for EXCLAMATORY Sentences: NO more changes for the following modals: 1. Change exclamatory sentences into statements. DIRECT SPEECH 2. Remove the quotation marks and would would exclamation marks. 3. Use the conjunction ‘that’ could could speak 4. Omit the interjections such as Oh! might might speak Alas! Wow! Hurrah! 5. Add the word ‘very’ to the adjective or adverb if necessary. INDIRECT SPEECH 6. Change the reporting verb (say, MJT, CDP, & DPT || 14  4TH QUARTER PERIODICAL EXAMINATION ENGLISH REVIEWER 8 ___________________________________________________________________ said) to ‘exclaimed’. by Manasa They agreed to worship Manasa T4.7 Manasa, The Snake the after and converted Chand as Goddess well CHARACTERS MYTH Manasa – ugly goddess with no ➔ Centered around beliefs of cultures followers and depict moral and values Chand – rich & powerful widower ➔ Connects us to our ancestors Shiva – supreme God of Hinduism ➔ Many mythological figures Chand’s new wife – mother of represent qualities to be avoided, their son Lakhinder and their sad tales illustrate the Lakhinder – Chand’s son dangers of bad behavior. Room Designer Lakhinder’s wife MYTHOLOGY ➔ came from the Greek word SUMMARY mythos, meaning a narrative, and Manasa, having no followers, logos, meaning speech or decided to force Chand to argument. worship her ➔ stories that attempt to explain the Chand refused because he was a origins and values of a culture and follower of Shiva the nature of the universe and Manasa fooled Chand into humanity marrying her (disguising as a beautiful temptress); Chand TYPES OF MYTHS refused her Manasa retaliated by killing AETIOLOGICAL (ETIOLOGICAL) Chand’s six sons with ➔ Explains why something is the poisonous snakes way it is today Chand eventually had a new wife ➔ Subtypes: natural, etymological, and was blessed with a new son, and religious Lakhinder Chand started to find a bride for HISTORICAL Lakhinder; Manasa promised to ➔ retell events from the past but kill them on the night of the elevate it with greater meaning wedding with a poisonous than the actual event snakebite Chand attempted to protect PSYCHOLOGICAL MYTHS Lakhinder and his wife by having a metal room designed ➔ explains why we feel and act the This plan failed because Manasa way we do threatened the room designer to leave a hole in the metal room; Lakhinder died from the snakebite Lakhinder was brought back to life MJT, CDP, & DPT || 15