Intellectual Revolution, Nicholas Copernicus, Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud PDF

1 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION Pre - Socratic Non-theological First philosophy  2 NICHOLAS COPERNICUS  3 NICHOLAS COPERNICUS A mathematician and an astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory. Heliocentric theor...

1 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION Pre - Socratic Non-theological First philosophy  2 NICHOLAS COPERNICUS  3 NICHOLAS COPERNICUS A mathematician and an astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory. Heliocentric theory proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it. Before the work of Copernicus, the principles of classical astronomy involving the four elements were followed.  4 Because of this principle, Earth was put at the center of the universe, which is known as geocentric theory. Geocentric Theory, or Earth Theory, was the idea of Ptolemy. Aristotle believed that the Earth is the true center of all the orbs and that all motions are uniform and unchanging.  Between 1508 and 1514, Copernicus adopted the heliocentric model, but this concept was considered a radical idea during that time. The concept was so radical that his essay “On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres” (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium) was only published before his death in 1543 and while he was on his deathbed. 6  7 CHARLES DARWIN Charles Darwin is a British naturalist who is known as the “Father of evolution”. Darwin’s theory of evolution believed that all living organisms are related and have descended from a common ancestor. Complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time and these changes occur because they aid survival, known as “natural selection.”  8 NATURAL SELECTION The theory of natural selection was posited by Charles Darwin who described it as ‘survival of the fittest’. According to this theory, it is not necessarily the strongest or most intelligent that survives, but the ones most responsive to change.  9 Https://www.Khanacademy.Org/science/high-school-biology/hs-evolution/hs-evolution-and-natural-selection/a/hs-evolution-and-natural-selection review#:~:text=for%20example%2c%20a%20rabbit%20can,acts%20on%20existing%20heritable%20variation.  10 Darwin figured out that variations in a population helps in survival. Some variations are better suited for the environment, and they increase the organism’s ability to survive and reproduce. Organisms that survive are better adapted, and the better adapted a species is, the more fitted it is to reproduce. This reproduction rate refers to “survival of the fittest.”.  11 SIGMUND FREUD  12 SIGMUND FREUD One of the 20th century’s most influential thinkers who is known as the “Father of Psychoanalysis’” He believed that when people explain their behavior, they rarely give a true account of their motivation, not because they are deliberately lying but because they are more adept at self-deception.  13 THREE COMPONENT PARTS OF THE MIND ID (pleasure principle): satisfy needs, urges, and desires. It is the only part of the personality that is present at birth. EGO (reality principle): mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It prevents people from acting on their basic urges (Id) and works to achieve a balance between moral and idealistic standards (Superego). SUPEREGO (morality principle): suppress the urges of the id and try to make the ego behave morally rather than realistically. It is composed of people’s internalized ideals acquired from their parents and society.  14 FIVE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES ORAL - mouth ANAL – toilet training PHALLIC – genitals Oedipus Complex Elektra Complex LATENCY– peers, school works Latency and hobbies GENITAL– intimate relationship  15 REFERENCE: Ilagan Y, Balinado L, Digma J. et’al. Science, Technology and Society. Panday-Lahi Publishing Inc. Prepared by: Ms. Ann Kimberly S. Mendoza GENERAL EDUCATION – Natural Science