Media And Mass Communications PDF

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERATURE XyrishKit l Mrs. Mylen Babierra l 1st Semester(1st Quarter) l s.y 2024-2025 MEDIA AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS: Appearance audiences through various forms of media. It is typically DEFINITI...

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERATURE XyrishKit l Mrs. Mylen Babierra l 1st Semester(1st Quarter) l s.y 2024-2025 MEDIA AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS: Appearance audiences through various forms of media. It is typically DEFINITIONS, HISTORIES, AND DIRECTIONS Paralanguage (tone) one-to-many communication. Communication refers to people or groups of people Turow (2009) defined messages as “a collection of Mass communication "comprises the institutions imparting or exchanging messages through speaking, symbols that appear purposefully organized to those and techniques by which specialized groups employ writing, gestures, or even using symbolic forms. It passes sending or receiving them.” technological devices to disseminate symbolic content to through various channels for sending and receiving. Communication Process The term communication large, heterogeneous, and widely dispersed audiences. Communication plays an essential role in our lives; it is in process refers to the exchange of information between use of technological devices fact, the driver of human interaction. two or more people. For communication to succeed, both -Relationships parties must be able to exchange information and scope of their audiences -Workplace success understand each other. -Learning and education BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION Text can influence media and societal dynamics. It begins -Problem-solving Sender with the basic process of sending a text message, -Mental health Message which is a form of mediated interpersonal communication -Cultural understanding Channel facilitated by cellphone technology. Broad Types of Communication Receiver -Mass communication involves one-way communication 1. Verbal Communication: In this type of communication, Feedback between a source—like a television station—and a words are employed to transmit ideas or information. This Turow (2009) outlined the eight elements that constitute receiving audience, interpersonalcommunication involves can be done in the form of verbal interactions or through the creation of a message such as the a two-way exchange of information. written or text messages such as letters, e-mails, Source- The originator of the message or information. Mediated Interpersonal Communication refers to the telegrams, SMS and other contemporary modes of encoding - The process of converting the message into a interaction of people using technologies or platforms. It transmission. format suitable for transmission. includes phone calls, emails, text or any form of social 2. Nonverbal Communication: This type of Transmitting- Sending the encoded message through a media.In mediated interpersonal communication, communication takes place through a medium other than communication channel. technology is used as a medium between interpersonal words. Channels-The medium through which the message travels communication. 3. Visual Communication: This is yet another type of (e.g., air, cable, etc.). -C an appear like messages created by individuals or communication that adopts visual graphics to convey the Decoding-The process by which the receiver interprets the perhaps teams, while mass communication is created by desired message. encoded message back into understandable form. huge, mostly powerful and extensive organizations with a 4. Listening: This is more than simply hearing words; it Receiver- The individual or device that receives the complex network of infrastructures. involves actively engaging with the speaker to thoroughly transmitted message. sending messages through emails, typing text messages, grasp the meaning of their message. Feedback- The response from the receiver back to the and making a making a phone call while making a live Types of Nonverbal Communication source, indicating whether the message was understood. interview, appearing on a television program, and Body Language (gesture) noise interference- disrupts or distorts the message guesting on a talk show as an example of mass Facial Expressions during transmission communication. Eye Contact Mass communication involves the process of creating, Proxemics (Space) sending, receiving, and analyzing messages to large Haptics (touch) [Type here] The Changing Contexts of Mass Communications -In conclusion, "The Changing Contexts of Mass consciousness of members of society. It posits that the Communication" refers to how the environment, contents of media and the messages they carry are The term “mass” communication refers to the large, conditions, and influences surrounding mass determined by the economic base of the organizations in diverse, heterogeneous audiences that it can command. communication have evolved over time. This phrase which they are produced (Curran, 1982). Mass communications is characterized as large because it suggests that the ways in which people create, share, and Functionalist Approach is a sociological perspective that covers a wide range of information, and it is diverse consume information through mass media (like television, interprets each part of society in terms of how it because it has broad access to information that spreads newspapers, the internet, etc.) are not static but are contributes to the stability and functioning of the whole quickly to entertain, persuade, and inform people. Lastly, constantly influenced by technological advancements, system. In the context of media and social integration, the it is for heterogeneous audiences since it is used by many cultural shifts, political changes, and economic factors. functionalist perspective would focus on how these different people with different perspectives and interests. "The Changing Contexts of Mass Communication" elements work together to maintain social order and The Three traditional definition of mass communication: highlights that mass communication is dynamic, with its cohesion. a. Senders who transmit messages through mass media nature and impact continually being reshaped by various Social Constructivism is a theory that emphasizes how channels ex: journalist external factors. social phenomena are created and maintained through b. A large group of receivers Ex: the people itself Media and society: framing relationship human interactions and shared understandings. It c. Gatekeepers who have filtered the contents MEDIA- It refers to the technical means of suggests that our perceptions of reality, including Ex: editors communication that carries the advertiser's message to concepts like media and social networks, are constructed -Good Gatekeepers: They provide valuable filtering, target audience.The media influences almost every through social processes rather than being objective ensuring that only relevant, accurate, or high-quality aspects of our lives; in politics, social and cultural truths. information reaches the audience. Example: skilled or economic welfares. Mediated Interpersonal Communication refers to editors, producers, journalists - Sharing of Ideas, Informations and Intents the interaction of people using technologies or -Bad Gatekeepers: They might withhold important to the general public platforms. It includes phone calls, emails, text or information, bias the content, or filter out diverse any form of social media. MEDIA AND SOCIAL CONTROL perspectives, potentially leading to misinformation or a The MASS SOCIETY APPROACH evokes a vision of society The nature of information and the rise of lack of transparency. Examples: biased news editor, characterized by absence of individuality, lack of religion, the information society sensationalist producer, influencers promoting false INFORMATION assumes many dictionary definitions. weak relationships and political apathy. The emergence of information Most commonly, it is a set of facts, news, or units of mass during the 19th century was instrumental in building -Mass communication happens in the public sphere, and knowledge obtained from learning or reading and social relations that go beyond the family, clan, tribe, or messages are publicly transmitted. It is also a mediated investigation or was passed on through channels. the local community. process, which means communication happens in McCreadie and Rice (2002) attempted to present to us Marxist Approach (Base-Superstructure Model)was channels rather than face-to-face. Also for Berger (1995), how information comes to us in this modern age, and they initially articulated in The German ideology (Marx and mass communication means that "the sender is often a are as follows: Engels, 1846) and the preface of Contribution to the person in some large media organization, the messages 1. Information as stored knowledge, with books as the Critique of Political Economy (Marx, 1859). The base are public, and the audience tends to be large and traditional storage medium in as much as today's consists of economic institutions and the economic diverse." In simple terms, it means that mass electronic media, is becoming increasingly important; relationships created by the interaction of economic communication has a sender, messages, and lastly, the 2. Information as data from the environment; actors; the superstructure, on the other hand, is made up audience. of cultural and political institutions, including the media, as well as the social, political, and intellectual [Type here] 3. Information is part of the communication process 3. INFORMATION AS PART OF THE COMMUNICATION Information Explosion between individuals and groups, and the meaning is PROCESS derived from the data or words that are conveyed; and Richard Paul Wurman(1989) called this information All forms of human interaction bear bits of information. anxiety or the "ever-widening gap between what we 4. Iinformation as a resource for making decisions People bear meaning in their verbal and nonverbal understand and whaf we think should understand" Information is sometimes regarded as interchangeable actions. Timing and sociocultural factors play a significant - In 1898, the first patent for the earliest form of magnetic with data. However, there are subtle distinction between role in the reception, processing, and interpretation of wire recorder was filed in Denmark by Valdemar Poulsen. the two. Put simply, once data is analyzed, it is considered information. The telegraph was invented. Photography and film were as information. invented next, and radio and television came after. Soon, 4.INFORMATION AS A RESOURCE FOR ACTION OR the service industry was created when more hotels, Data COMMODITY schools, and restaurants emerged, creating a sizeable -Data is used as input for the computer system. service industry workforce who would run these the receiver interprets the message as it is intended. A -Data is unprocessed facts and figures map, a road sign, and medical advice are some examples establishments -Data does not depend on information. of these types of information. -The invention of the computer heralded tge most -Data does not depend on information. compelling development for information storage and -Data is like the raw material Factual Information can be verified or proven through retrieval: from accessing information stored locally in a some procedures, like mathematical computation. Information device—mostly stand-alone units, but sometimes -Information is the output of data. connected to othee devices—to retrieving information Analytical Information is derived from interpreting and using disk drives with enormous capacity. More recently, -Information is processed data analyzing factual information the invention of cloud storage, which stores data in -Information depends on data - A set of facts is gathered and used to arrive at a remote servers accessed through the internet, provided - Information is the product. conclusion. It is often found in written materials, like more possibilities, expanding the respositories to almost 1.INFORMATION AS REPRESENTATIVE OF KNOWLEDGE inestimable amounts. resources for learning and information Information was traditionally stored in books, but with Information explosion describes the rapidly increasing the changing landscapes generated by digital Subject Information is generated from a single point of amounts of published and disseminated information and technologies, electronic media is gaining prominence and view. Most of the time, it is biased and favor only one the implications of this abundance importance even if books have traditionally been the side. A personal opinion about your favorite television source of our knowledge. station is subjective, while information about is market Information overload is defined as the state of having too standing and profit shares is objective much information that no longer helps in the decision- 2.INFORMATION AS DATA IN THE ENVIRONMENT making and learning processes. There is an information 3 CATEGORY OF INFORMATION explosion because throughout the globe, more and more Information comes as stimuli and phenomena, not necessarily meant to send a message but comes out as information is being published on a daily basis and across Primary Information-This is an information drawn from informative as well. For instance, the gray skies speak of all platforms, creating problerns for both information direct experience eg. e-mails, letters, journal entries, an impending downpour. The unusual length of the queue managers and producers. interview transcripts, or photographs at the mall entrance sends a message that there must be Infodemic, as defined by the World Health Organization a special event happening at the moment. Secondary Information- This is an information can be (2020), is an overabundance of information, some collected, analyzed, synthesized, clustered, categorized, accurate while some are not, that makes it difficult for the and even edited and then dissiminated. general public to find trustworthy sources and Tertiary Information- Is compiled, indexed, and digested dependable guidance when it is most needed from secondary sources [Type here] -Rathore and Farouq (2020) asserted that the worst side History of Computer Data Storage THE RISE OF CLOUD STORAGE of an infodemic is the unabated proliferation of fake Early Data Storage Methods: news, miracle cures, conspiracy theories, and racist Allows data to be stored and accessed remotely through Punch Cards One of the earliest data storage methods, assumptions. The phenomenon is amplified through the internet. Cloud storage offers unlimited capacity, easy initially developed in the 18th century, represented data social networks, spreading as fast and virulent as the virus accessibility from anywhere, and the ability to scale through punched patterns. It was commonly used in early -Kadiri and Odetoro (2012), citing Wilson (2001), storage needs based on demand. It has eliminated the computers and data-processing machines to input and identified two kinds of information overload: personal need for enterprises to purchase and manage storage store data, providing a convenient and reliable method overload and organizational overload. hardware, leading to cost savings and increased for storing and retrieving data at the time. Personal overload is when an individual receives so much efficiency. information associated with tasks that he/she needs to Magnetic Drum In the 1950s and 1960s, magnetic drums MODERN ADVANCES perform but his/her processing tools and mental abilities became a popular form of data storage in computers, it may be insufficient, so the situation calls for coping consists of a rotating cylinder coated with a ferromagnetic -The introduction of non-volatile memory express (NVMe) strategies material. Serves as the main working memory for storage has further enhanced data access speeds, Organizational overload happens when the amount of computers during this era. It allowed for the storage and particularly in high performance computing information an organization receives is way beyond what retrieval of data, as well as the execution of instructions. environments. it can process, and the situation reduces the capacity of ADVANCEMENTS IN STORAGE -3D NAND technology has allowed for the stacking of the organization to fulfill its tasks and diminishes the effectiveness of management and organizational memory cells, resulting in higher-capacity SSDs. Hard Drives Also known as Hard Disk Drive, became leadership widely adopted as the primary storage medium for -Research is exploring innovative storage solutions such Cloud computing is using the internet to store and computers during this time. Provides larger capacities as DNA based storage and quantum storage, which could retrieve data and access software and other applications, compared to previous storage methods, allowing for the store unprecedented amounts of data in extremely small all from wherever you are because it is being hosted by a storage of vast amounts of data, they also offer faster physical spaces, offering new possibilities for data third party in a space called "the cloud" access times, enabling quicker retrieval of information. preservation. -computer users stored data in the hard drives of stand- alone computers, magnetic disks and, later on, the Floppy Disks IBM introduced the floppy disk as a portable The digital divide refers to the gap between those with Universal Serial Bus, most popularly known as USB. While and convenient data storage solution. Came in several access to computers and the internet and those without, external hard drives and USBs have proven themselves as sizes, starting with the 8-inch floppy, followed by the 5.25- dividing societies and the globe into those who benefit reliable devices for storage, the capacity is always finite. inch and the most famous 3.5-inch version. Were widely from digital technology and those who are neglected. - service provider allows you to use its infrastructure for adopted for storing and transferring software, documents, and files - disparity in access to and use of information and storage and retrieval. It works like a utility: you pay a communication technologies (ICT) between different standard subscription fee, but you are eligible for an Optical discs provided a portable and easily distributable groups. Sociologist Jan van Dijk defined it as the gap upgrade, and moving up and down between tiers of medium, making them popular for data backup, software between those who have access to computers and the services is possible and easy to do. With a cloud-based distribution, and multimedia content. CD (Compact Disc), internet and those who do not. This gap can exist between service, you may open a browser and enter the service primarily used for audio recordings. DVD (Digital Versatile households, communities, regions, and nations, and it provider's website by using your login credentials. After Disc), expanded its storage options to include video and encompasses not just access to technology but also the that, you can now access the services you need and larger amounts of data. skills, services, and facilities needed to use it effectively. customize them according to your preferences. The digital divide also encompasses the amount of information accessed by those with and without internet access [Type here] Understanding the Digital Divide These skills help in fostering learning, building confidence, importance of wise and ethical use of information in and contributing to society. society. The digital divide isn't simply about the physical presence This definition is preferred because it places importance of computers and internet access. It encompasses a -Information literacy is essential to their learning, as it on the value of "wise and ethical use of information." complex interplay of factors that determine a person's involves the ability to find, evaluate, summarize, and Information has always assumed a dual nature it could be ability to fully participate in the digital world. These apply information. The text also stresses the value of self- good or bad, useful or useless, beneficial or harmful, factors include: managed learning, suggesting that students should not objective or subjective. Its sources can be verifiable or solely rely on teachers but learn to navigate the resources dubious, and its accuracy may be intact or questionable. Access and information available to them in various forms, The use and dissemination of information are also guided Skills including digital tools and libraries. These skills are crucial by the protocol of seeking permission to owners of for research and lifelong learning. information and not claiming credit for work done by Relevance others. It can be harnessed for growth and progress, but -involves activities that influence how information is Affordability shared, processed, and used for social interaction among it could also be a tool for chaos and disunity. The wise and individuals and groups. Some examples of how ethical use of information is premised on an awareness of Consequences of Digital Divide information literate skills that go beyond the classroom how its misuse and abuse can harm individuals and are the following: communities or how it can compromise democratic ways Social Exclusion of life. Educational Barriers Knowing where to access information about An information-literate person is able to: relevant social services that are being provided determine the information needed for a specific Economic Disparity by the government undertaking; Discerning political advertisements of electoral know where the information can be accessed Health Disparities aspirants and fact-checking their claims, as well effectively and efficiently; Bridging the Digital Divide as evaluating their political platforms know the various ways and channels of accessing Updating information on how to avail the information; Affordable Technology electronic services of both government and the evaluate the validity of information; Digital Literacy Programs private sectors discern the sources of information; Utilizing the Internet as one of the most integrate information effectively to the task at Policy Support important resources for information wisely, hand or to one's existing body of knowledge; ethically, and legally understand the wise and ethical implications of Infrastructure Development Discerning fake news accessing and disseminating information; and Information Literacy: A Systematic Response Using the right information when buying exercise wise and ethical access and use of Importance of Information Literacy as a response to the consumer items information at all times. challenges of the modern world, particularly the rise of the digital revolution, information explosion, and Webber and Johnson (2001) proposed a broad definition Seven Pillars of Information Literacy misinformation. It notes that both organizations and as: To identify means to know what is the individuals face difficulties without the skills to handle and Information literacy is the adoption of appropriate information needed. navigate vast amounts of information. Two crucial skills information behaviour to obtain, through whatever To distinguish means to know what is already problem-solving and critical thinking are highlighted as channel or medium, information well fitted to known and what still needs to be known and thus necessary for managing and evaluating information. information needs, together with critical awareness of the build information gaps. [Type here] To strategize is to plan where and how the emotionally, culturally, physically, and politically. Are we and folktales taught in our literature classes. The words in information will be accessed. entertained? Are we educated? Are we informed? Do we these literary texts construct the reality of uncharted To gather is to locate and access the information. get stimulated? Do we get enraged? lands, heroic pursuits, and the battles that had to be To evaluate is to determine the usability of the fought Constructions and Representations information gathered, including its credibility -Today, the capacities of the human mind aided by and reliability. -The invention of the telegraph in 1794 and the telephone technology enable the process called the construction of To manage is to systematize the evaluated in 1876 signaled the start of mediated communication, media and information messages. The media employ information as one set, including storage. which means technology assisted in carrying out more than words to construct a more complex reality. To present is to transform the information communication between two parties It was during this Film and broadcast communication use the language of gathered based on one's understanding, using a time that newspapers were also mass-produced. the camera, the tools of video-editing software, and the form or a channel suited to the information - The emergence of film technology in 1890 coincided power of word, as dialogue and narration, to capture the gathered. with the developments during the Industrial Revolution, world of a story, deliberately making choices on what and Making Meaning what not to include, what to foreground, and what should when mass-scale production of commodities became possible because of machines and the rise of factories. serve as the backdrop. A media text is any media product we wish to examine, whether it is a banner article in a Materials, very much like the tools of the trade of a - Cinema as a medium emerged. While the first films that broadsheet, a television program, a poster, a music carpenter, are used to construct the reality that we see in were produced were a minute long, by 1920, the video, a documentary, etc. All media texts carry a film, a soap opera series, a print advertisement, or even technology became more enabling for longer productions meanings, and those meanings affect our the world that we see in a video game. The process of and the inclusion of sound. Radio and television share a consciousness in various ways. construction requires the exercise of deliberate choice. parallel history. What tools to use, what to include and what not to FEATURES OF MEDIA TEXTS -By 1919, the short wave radio was invented, following include, what structure to create, as well as how to Media texts have a physical form the successful transmittal in 1909 of radio distress signals harness creativity and combine design elements to make Good examples are broadsheets, tabloids, that saved 1700 lives when ships collided in the Atlantic. the work more appealing to its audiences. comics, movies in DVD, posters, and books. Some services By 1928, television sets started to be put to domestic use, also come in physical forms-a ticket to the movie theater, and regular programming by nascent television firms Representations are the construction of certain aspects a receipt from your monthly subscription to cable began. By 1929, a television studio was established in of reality and the elements that make up reality-people, television or video streaming on the Internet, and Netflix, London. places, time or historical period, objects, ways of life, and etc. even identities. Representations can be read as "re- Media texts have economic value - These developments occurred before World War II. By presentations," with the prefix re-to mean doing it again. There are a cost and a price invested in that the time the war ended, seminal work on computer Representation is a way of presenting reality again. Media product, and most of the time, it carries a price tag. This technology started, with the advent of the first-ever real- texts present reality again as it intentionally chooses, could be a cable television subscription, an online time computer at the Massachusetts Institute of writes, composes, frames, edits, lights, crops, filters, subscription to a movie portal like Netflix, a comic book, Technology. From this time onward, unprecedented scores through music, and engineers the sound so that etc. developments in computer technology changed the what we see are entirely constructed and artificial Media texts are a site for the creation and production of landscape of media technology in very dramatic ways. versions of the reality we perceive. meaning. We have tackled how from the earliest days of Keep in mind every media message, every media form, or Meaning here is what it conveys, how is the interpersonal communication, words passing through media text-whether it is a printed advertisement audience affected intellectually, psychologically, mouths were the main "ingredients" of tales about prominently lining the highways that we pass through or heroism and the virtues of the people. These are the epics a television show you watch every day-are [Type here] representations of how reality is perceived by its creator meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited Full Shot: A view of a figure’s entire body in order to show or producer, rendered into codes and conventions conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of action readable to the audience who, in turn, read or consume which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their Medium Shot, Mild Shot and Medium Close that version of reality. It is very apparent that our knowledge about and attitudes toward life " (1973, 89). Shot: Shows a subject down to his/her chest or waist. perception of reality is drawn mostly from the Close-up: A full-screen shot of a subject’s face, showing representations that the media provide us. THREE TYPES OF CODES: the finest nuances of expression All media aim to represent reality. Symbolic They are well-established ways of interpreting a Extreme Close-up(shot) or Detail (shot) code, as its origin and meaning exist outside of the media for Object: A shot of a hand, eye, mouth, or object in To fully appreciate the constructed nature of media and text. detail information messages, we take the route of Establishing Shot: Often used at the beginning of a scene disassembling, otherwise known as deconstructing. As Technical It lives inside the media text. Most of the time technical codes are generated from the equipment used to indicate the location or setting. It is usually a long shot both words suggest, we disassemble what has been to produce a media text. taken from a neutral position. assembled, or we deconstruct what has been constructed. It means taking it apart so that its Point-of-view Shot or POV Shot: Shows a scene from the Written It is about the written language used in media constitutive elements can be seen and analyzed. perspective of a character or one person. Most newsreel text. It can be spoken or written in the text itself. footages are shown from the perspective of the CODES & CONVENTIONS CONVENTIONS These are expected ways of using codes. newscaster. These are the established ways of organizing these codes POINT OF VIEW (VIEWPOINTS) Codes and conventions are one of the sets of tools from in media. It can be classified as form conventions, genre (Point of view is the position from where the camera is which media texts are constructed. conventions, and story conventions. filming.) Codes are systems of signs that make up meaning while Form It consist of established ways of arranging media conventions are established principles of doing text Over-the-shoulder Shot: Often used in dialogue scenes, a something. Genre It is about the common use of tropes, characters, frontal view of a dialogue partner from the perspective of Semiotics is the study of signs and their meanings in themes, situations, and structure. Most often, the someone standing behind and slightly to the side of the society. Sebeok (1991) asserted that it was Hippocrates audience dictates the genre conventions and media other partner, so that parts of both can be seen (460-377 BCE), the founder of Western medicine, who producers are known to veer closely to the market tested Reverse-angle Shot: A shot from the opposite perspective planted the seeds of semiotics when he identified genres. (e.g., after an over-the-shoulder shot) symptoms as the body's way of communicating a deeper Story These are the devices used by storytellers to tell a Insert (Shot): A detail shot that quickly gives visual ailment. The investigation of symptoms is critical in fully story and create meaning. information necessary to understand the meaning of a knowing the inner state of the body so that medical GRAMMAR OF THE CAMERA scene. For example, a newspaper page or a intervention will be appropriate. Semiotics was developed CAMERA RANGE physical detail by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857- 1913) Extreme Long Shots: Shot of a large crowd scene or a view as the study of life signs within society. Reaction Shot: Short shot of a character's response to an of scenery as far as the horizon action Saussure identified the two components of a sign: first, Long Shot: A view of a situation or setting from distance Hand-held Camera: The camera is not mounted on a the physical form (sounds, letters, gestures), which he Medium Long Shots: Shows a group of people interacting tripod and instead is held by the cameraperson, resulting termed the signifier; and second, the image or concept to with each other (ex. a fight scene, with part of their in less stable shots which the signifier refers, which he termed as signified. surroundings) Anthropologist Clifford Geertz (1926-2001) regarded culture as a"... a historically transmitted pattern of [Type here] CAMERA ANGLE News is information about current events SOFT NEWS story tries to entertain or advise the reader. - News are stories that have critical It may be about certain gossip about celebrities of Aerial Shot or High Angle or Overhead: importance to community and national interest, fashion tips, travel news, lifestyle news, new Long or extreme long shot of the ground from the air life. Like the storytelling of fictional releases of technology, etc. High-angle Shot: Shows people or objects from above, dramas, news stories are also told Soft news is usually called human interest stories higher than eye level following the basic structure of FEATURES It is extension of soft news in the sense that the Low-angle shot or Below shot: beginning, middle, and end. human interest angle is played up and presented in a Shows people or object from below (i.e, lower from the longer and more elaborate format. Most feature stories eye) The journalists people trained to report news to an follow the beginning-middle-end structure but allow for Eye-level Shot or Straight-on Angle: audience are expected to be objective, comprehensive, creative liberties. This focus on in-depth exploration and Views a subject from the level of a person’s eye and bias-free. They work for newspapers, radio stations, engagement through colorful language and style. They Pan(ning shot) (horizontaler Schwenk): The televisions, and, lately, online or web-based news incorporate literary conventions and devices to enhance camera pans (moves horizontally) from left to right or vice services. narrative flair. versa across the picture. FIVE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF NEWS STORIES In the United State, the genre called literary journalism. It "The camera pans across the picture." Hard news is what is usually found in the first page of a merges journalism’s commitment to accuracy with Tilt (shot) (vertikaler Schwenk): The camera tilts up newspaper or what makes up the headline of a regular literary style. Uses detailed research and reflective insight (moves upwards) or tilts down (moves downwards) episode of prime time television news. to explore pressing issue. This aim to uncover around a vertical line. Generally refers to "up-to-the-minute" news and events complexities in subject affecting people’s lives. CAMERA MOVEMENT that are reported immediately after it takes place. In a newspaper, opinion articles are usually found close to Movement of the camera during a shot Economics, politics, war and crime are all considered as the editorial. Opinion hard news articles and editorials express an individual or Tracking Shot or Trucking Shot: The camera Because hard news is considered critical to the life of a organizational point of view. In the follows along next to or behind a moving object or community or to the national interest, journalists usually case of editorials, it expresses the editorial committee's person. invoke the notion of objectivity as one of the guiding stand on a very specific Zoom: The stationary camera appears to approach a principles in covering and presenting news stories. issue or a specific person or entity. subject by "zooming in" or to move farther away by Objectivity is usually considered a fair, balanced, and EDITORIALS AND OPINION An editorial can argue and "zooming out." impartial stance when retelling the events, free of enlist for a certain person or entity (sometimes, the state) Genres & Forms judgment and interpretation. to act on the issue or respond to the clamor of the citizens. Sometimes, it is also meant to throw adulation to an The French word genre means "kind" or "class." The The inverted pyramid is a metaphor that best individual, an organization, a policy, or an act exercised by original Latin word is "genus" and means a class of things describes how information should be prioritized the government and cites why such should be the norm that can be broken down into subcategories. in news articles. This style of news writing is also for others to follow. Genre is a system of classification of works of art, based called front-loading because the most important Sometimes, it is simply meant to entertain, so it employs on established conventions and attention-grabbing facts are placed in the the tone of parody to underscore the misdemeanor of The primary genres that media creators and producers first part, front-loaded as it is called, followed by individuals or the bankruptcy of some institutions. invoke are the following: entertainment, news, supporting and enhancing elements in order of Opinion articles, however, reflect the views of the writer, information, education, and advertising. diminishing importance. or the stand of one organization other than the mitten [Type here] institution that disseminates it. They are both opinion -Soft-sell Advertisements These are associative in nature. pieces, one conceptualized and perhaps written A major soda company associates its product with the collectively, and the other written by an individual. happiness derived from family togetherness. A global Investigative Reporting It has a very specific relation to sports brand of shoes, apparel and other sports products power structures because it focuses on finding, reporting, invoke a motivational tagline that signifies courage and and presenting news that the authorities try to conceal. audacity in the face of the unknown. Its tools are similar to standard news reporting; however, -Infomercials It is derived from the words "information" often though not all the time, it is out to expose and "commercials" , combine the need to inform or wrongdoing, questionable transactions, or shady deals educate and the intent to sell a product, a personality, or brokered by those in power. an opinion. Advocacy groups use infomercials to send messages campaigning in behalf of a stand, a position Television programming has grown to be so diverse that - There is a more compelling need to be regarding an issue that affects community or the nation. new genres emerge every now and then. Some of these more in-depth and analytical with the What is being sold is the advocacy, and what is asked from genres in television originated from foreign franchises, facts that are uncovered in a process the audience is support or a kind of buy-in to a program, while others have been resilient genres since the time the that usually takes longer than even a movement for long-term reform. first television set in the Philippines was turned on. conventional news reporting. In ENTERTAINMENT programs doesn’t necessarily has an contrast to reporting about standard intention to give information to audience. It supposed to news, which usually takes about a day be favorable or agreeable to people’s feelings. or two, investigative journalists devote The target of entertainment practitioners (or to those a great amount of time on researchand who are in the business of entertainment) is to make interviewing in-depth their resources. money by making audience steady, busy, and amused. ADVERTISEMENTS Traditionally, news has always been viewed as belonging These are messages that are created to sell a product or a to the realm of public service and is certainly not a priority service. Advertising messages can either be commercial in area for generating profits through sales and advertising. nature, or information-laden, usually advancing a cause or Conversely, the entertainment programs are the area advocacy or disseminating valuable information to the where they generate the profits that should sustain public public. service programs. THREE SUB-GENRES OF ADVERTISING Today, entertainment covers roughly 80% of programs on -Hard-sell Advertisements These are mostly commercial television and around 15% of space in a broadsheet. in nature and utilize explicit messages to get the Broadcasting networks are organized according to two consumers to purchase a product or patronize a service. traditional television genres-- entertainment and news For example: A celebrity mother who talks about the and public affairs. latest laundry detergent as the only solution to the Genres can be subdivided into sub-genres and further stain-soaked school uniforms his sons bring home broken down into second-level sub-genres and third- after an intense workout at the football field is using level sub-genres: a hard-sell approach.