Media Information and Literacy Reviewer PDF

MEDIA INFORMATION AND LITERACY REVIEWER 1st Semester - 1st Quarter GOOD LUCK! ➔ Happens through symbols, signs, colors, COMMUNICATION AND THE MEDIA gestures, body langua...

MEDIA INFORMATION AND LITERACY REVIEWER 1st Semester - 1st Quarter GOOD LUCK! ➔ Happens through symbols, signs, colors, COMMUNICATION AND THE MEDIA gestures, body language, or facial expressions. COMMUNICATION PARTS OF COMMUNICATION ➔ “Communicare” - “to share” or “to divide out” ★ Source or Sender - one who sends the message or ➔ A process of sharing ideas, and opinions about delivers a message and initiates. issues, people, events, and places. ★ Message - information (verbal & nonverbal message) ➔ Two main actors work together: sender and conveyed to another person or group. receiver. ★ Medium - ways to communicate information. ➔ Effective communication takes place when the Conveyed through verbal and nonverbal sender receives a feedback or response. communication ★ Receiver - one who receives that message TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ★ Effect - response of the receiver after getting the message ★ Feedback - product of the communication. It also VERBAL COMMUNICATION tells the source how effectively the selected message is channeled to the receiver. ➔ It happens verbally, vocally, or through written ★ Noise/Barrier - disruptions in the communication words when expressing a message. process. A. ORAL COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION PROCESSES - This happens through word of mouth, spoken words, 1. LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL conversations, and also any messages that are shared between one another. - Examples: public speech, news, reading, television, radio, and mobile conversations. B. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION - Fairly simple - Expressed through written - One-way or linear word or often written sign - Informs you that information originates from which refers to the language someone the message flows through a medium, and that the message is received by someone at the used in any medium. other end with a corresponding effect. - Examples: hand-written, typed, printed newspapers, 2. SHANNON AND WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION documents, letters, and books. MODEL NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION ➔ Conversations without the use of mouth (voice) and written languages. MIL REVIEWER (AMRIE) 1 MEDIA INFORMATION AND LITERACY REVIEWER 1st Semester - 1st Quarter GOOD LUCK! - Two-way communication - a circular model so communication is circular. - designed to develop effective communication - vice-versa between sender and receiver. - Message is sent only after encoding - Also, they found factors affecting the - The encoded message is decoded by the receiver communication process called “Noise” under receipt, making him also the decoder. - At first, the model was developed to improve technical communication. 5. DAVID BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (SMCR) 3. WESTLEY AND MacLean’s MODEL OF COMMUNICATION - The highest level of communication because of the factor that needs to be considered before communicating. - Communication skills: individual skills to communicate. - Knowledge: the subject or topic to communicate - Attitudes: The attitude towards the audience, subject, and oneself (e.g. for the student the - communication does not start when a person begins attitude is to learn more) to speak, but when a person selectively responds to - Social System: It is where the communication takes his or her physical environment. place. It is the general understanding of society. - a strong relationship between surroundings' - Culture: The beliefs and practices responses and the communication process. - Each receiver answers the message they have received based on their orientation object. THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 4. OSGOOD - SCHRAMM MODEL AND AMONG MEDIA, INFORMATION, AND TECHNOLOGY LITERACY MIL REVIEWER (AMRIE) 2  MEDIA INFORMATION AND LITERACY REVIEWER 1st Semester - 1st Quarter GOOD LUCK! LITERACY efficient and effective way across all domains, occupations and professions. ➔ The person's ability to define, recognize, perceive, ★ It refers to the ability to recognize when information construct, interact and compute with various is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and structures, using printed and written materials. communicate information in its various formats.” MEDIA LITERACY To become information literate, we must go through the - “accessibility, review, assessment and media following stages: development.” - Media literacy is the method by which media 1. Identifying/recognizing information needs content is dissected for critical analysis. 2. Determining sources of information - It is important to look at the underlying meanings of 3. Citing or searching for information media content, its ownership and control, as well as 4. Analyzing and evaluating the quality of information how they are portrayed. 5. Organizing, storing or archiving information - Understanding, using, and producing messages from 6. Using information in an ethical, efficient and different media, effective way 7. Creating and communicating new knowledge INFORMATION LITERACY - is a collection of skills requiring individuals to Purpose of the questions that help in gathering identify when knowledge is needed and have the information: ability to efficiently find, assess and use the necessary information. Who - To identify the person - It aims at encouraging individuals to efficiently What - To know about something search, analyze and use information. Where - To locate a place - The ability to effectively and sensibly find, evaluate, When - To know specific time and date and utilize information. Why - To state the reason How - The way or manner in which things are done TECHNOLOGY LITERACY - "the ability to use effective technology to interact, HOW CAN WE BE A RESPONSIBLE MEDIA solve problems, navigate, handle, incorporate, INFORMATION USER? analyze, develop and generate information to improve learning in all subject areas, and to gain lifelong knowledge and skills in the 21st century." 1. Be aware of emotions - Once you have sent it, there - responsible and effective use of tools or networks to is no way to get the message back. Take time to access, evaluate and generate the message. reflect on your feelings before anything that you may regret; after all, no one wants to be “Internet famous” for the wrong thing. INFORMATION LITERACY 2. Don’t Plagiarize - Taking writing from an outside source without giving proper credit is a form of plagiarism even if you found it on Facebook. It’s a INFORMATION crime! ★ Data that has been collected, processed, and 3. Know your sources - The use of sources in your work interpreted in order to be presented in a useable is one way of supporting your arguments. This form. means that the sources you use as part of your list of INFORMATION LITERACY references needs to be reliable and accurate. ★ “A set of individual competencies needed to identify, 4. Avoid sharing personal details - There are people evaluate and use information in the most ethical, online who would like to take advantage of your MIL REVIEWER (AMRIE) 3  MEDIA INFORMATION AND LITERACY REVIEWER 1st Semester - 1st Quarter GOOD LUCK! trust. Do not publish personal information. Social Do not send official school or company email media posts cannot be completely deleted, and all addresses to send messages that would compromise information posted has its unintended the name of the school or the company. consequences. Be responsible of what you share, Do not send very large unsolicited files via email, post and like on social media. - Never share your unless necessary. phone number, address or even your whereabouts. Put brief and descriptive words on the subject field (Better to be safe than sorry). of an email to help the recipient identity the 5. Be mindful of the rules - Whenever you are using importance of the message. Facebook, YouTube, and other social media sites, Write at least a short note on the body of the email, know their rules. Each of them has its rules for the even when sending official letters as attachments. users to follow. Be professional and personable in your CMCs, especially if they are work –or school related. COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION THE EVOLUTION OF MEDIA FROM CMC is a paraglider term referring to human TRADIOTIONAL TO NEW MEDIA communication through computers. Asynchronous CMC - where participants are not Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700) actually simultaneously online. Synchronous CMC - where contact takes place in People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, real time. and forged equipment or weapon through stone, bronze, copper and iron. In dealing with computer-mediated communication always - Example forms of media: Cave Painting remember the following: (35,000BC), Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400BC), Papyrus in Egypt (2,500BC) Some contexts of computer-mediated communication, like comments on blogs or social Industrial Age (17005 to 19305) media, wikis, electronic discussion groups, and instant are public. You should, therefore, conduct People used the power of steam, developed yourself as you would in public. machine tools, established iron production, and Do not type in all capital letters, unless the emphasis manufacturing of various products (including books is called for, as in emergencies. All-caps messages through the use of printing press). are considered rude. - Example forms of media: Telegraph (1830), Do not spam or send annoying emails or messages. Typewriter (1800), Telephone (1876), Do not flame or send offensive emails and Printing Press for Mass Production (1900s), messages. Motion Pictures (1890) Do not gossip or spread negative messages about others. These malicious messages can easily be Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) forwarded to the persons being maligned. Do not send attachments if you are not sure what People harnessed the power of electricity that led to they contain; they might contain viruses or electrical telegraph, electrical circuits and the early malwares. large scale computers. In this age, long distance Do not forward messages that you have not read, communication became more efficient. unless indicated so. - Example forms of media: Transistor Radio (1947), Television (1941), Mainframe Computer (1960), OHP and LCD Projectors. MIL REVIEWER (AMRIE) 4  MEDIA INFORMATION AND LITERACY REVIEWER 1st Semester - 1st Quarter GOOD LUCK! ➔ Media inform and alert people with news and New (Digital) Age (1900s-2000s) information to help them form their opinions about political issues and candidates. The use of microelectronics in the development of personal computers, handheld devices, and TYPES OF MEDIA wearable technology advanced. In this era, the Internet paved the way for quicker communication PRINT MEDIA and social network development. Furthermore, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. This is the printed version of news, primarily from - Example forms of media: Portable Laptop newspaper and magazine and other publications. (1980), Friendster (2002), Internet Explorer, considered tangible information structured to be Skype (2003), Google 1997, Smart Phones, reread. Digital Technologies. provides a level of depth, context and information that television and radio cannot supply. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA Written for the eyes. - Ex. newspaper, newsletters, magazines, Inform Citizens of what is happening (Monitoring Function) banners, books, billboards and brochures. ➔ mainstream media options such as newspapers and television stations distribute news stories to us. BROADCAST MEDIA ➔ we can watch updates on news through our television but today, we can also have the same It is the most convenient means to transmit broadcast on social media platforms such as information to the vast audience. Facebook and Twitter. Is brief. Broadcast journalists measure stories in minutes and Educate the audience (meaning and significance of facts) seconds. ➔ Media offer awareness and information. Broadcast news is written for the eyes and ears ➔ They try to educate people directly or indirectly - Ex. radio, film/movie, Television through different forms of content. NEW (ONLINE) MEDIA Provide a platform for public discourse (public opinion and expression of dissent) These are forms of electronic communication made ➔ Mass media and other forms of information have a through the use of computer technology such as huge impact in influencing public sentiments and Internet. underlying feelings. is more flexible than in print and broadcast media. Through the Internet, news media transformed “Watchdog” role of journalism because students are relying on online sources of ➔ The watchdog is designed to prevent government news instead of traditional print and broadcast from taking too much control from the people and media. violating their limits. - Ex. website and blogs, streaming audio and ➔ The media also specializes in investigative reporting, video, email and social media which can reveal the risks of wrongdoings that the media may then disclose in order for the public to MEDIA CONVERGENCE demand reform. Channel for advocacy for political viewpoints MIL REVIEWER (AMRIE) 5  MEDIA INFORMATION AND LITERACY REVIEWER 1st Semester - 1st Quarter GOOD LUCK! According to Chakavaneh and Bogen (2007), “Media RELIABILITY - relevance and reliable convergence is a theory in communications where every mass medium eventually merges to the point ➔ LIBRARY - a place containing collections of books, where they become one medium due to the advent periodicals, and sometimes films and recorded of new communication technologies." music for people to read, borrow, or refer to. ★ the co-existence of traditional and new media; INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND INDIGENOUS MEDIA ★ the co-existence of print media, broadcast media (radio and television), the Internet, ★ INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE mobile phones, as well as others, allowing - Local knowledge media content to flow across various - knowledge that is unique to a given platforms; culture or society. ★ the ability to transform different kinds of - culturally appropriate information in media into digital code, which is then the languages understood by the accessible by a range of devices (e.g. from the personal computer to the mobile community phone), thus creating a digital - independent from vested interest communication environment groups. ★ Can be seen through communication (social network), education (LMS), Advertisement ★ INDIGENOUS MEDIA (product ad), news (news agency), and - any type of media that is produced and entertainment (multimedia personality). operated by the government and the community and separate from commercial, state-run or public INFORMATION NEEDS broadcasting media. - Oral tradition of communication refers to what an individual recognizes as the - Store information in memories information needs, whether personal or - Information exchange is face-to-face professional, that will serve as the basis for making - Information are contained within the decisions to survive. border of the community When locating information, we must first ask ourselves what we already know about the situation. EVALUATING YOUR INFORMATION SOURCES DIFFERENT SOURCES OF INFORMATION ★ Fairness - content is balanced and presents multiple POVs. ★ Media ★ Accuracy - Content is grammatically correct and ★ Internet ★ Library can be cited. ★ Archives ★ Relevance - relevant to the topic or research ★ Museums ★ Author - who created the content ★ Own experiences ★ Currency - current and updated frequently AUTHENTICITY - refers to the information’s originality or legitimacy SKILLS IN DETERMINING ACCURATE INFORMATION VALIDITY - accuracy and precision of information (factual and less biased, error free) ★ Look for facts. MIL REVIEWER (AMRIE) 6  MEDIA INFORMATION AND LITERACY REVIEWER 1st Semester - 1st Quarter GOOD LUCK! ★ Cross-reference with other sources to check for ❖ TECHNICAL - ways in which equipment is used consistency. to tell the story (camera Techniques, framing, ★ Determine the reason for writing and depth of fields, lighting and exposure, etc.) publishing the information. Check if the author ❖ SYMBOLIC - codes that are embeded in the is objective or leaning heavily on a certain point technical codes such as objects, settings, body of view. language, clothing and color. ★ Check for advertising. Advertisers may use ❖ WRITTEN - use of language style and textual related information to market their product. layout also expresses meaning. THE MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES: REMEMBER CODES, CONVENTIONS AND MESSAGES Messages - the information sent from a source LANGUAGE to a receiver. ★ pertains to the technical and symbolic ingredients, Audience - the group of consumers for whom a or codes and conventions that media and media message is constructed as well information professionals may select and use in an as anyone else who is exposed to the message. effort to communicate ideas, information and Producers - People engaged in the process of knowledge. creating and putting together media content MEDIA LANGUAGES to make a finished media product. ★ refer to codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative structures that indicate the meaning of FAKE NEWS media messages to an audience. ★ junk news, pseudo-news, or hoax news. ★ It is a form of news consisting of deliberate “The medium is the message" is a phrase coined by disinformation or hoaxes spread. Marshall McLuhan which means the form of a ★ Fake news is a neologism often used to refer to medium embeds itself in the message, creating a fabricated news. symbiotic relationship by which the medium influences how the message is perceived. EXAMPLES OF FAKE NEWS DIFFERENTIATING MEDIA MESSAGES THROUGH GENRE a. Clickbait - a form of false advertisement, uses hyperlink text or a thumbnail link that is ❖ CODES - are known as a system or collection of designed to attract attention and to entice signs which when put together creates a users to follow the link then read, view, or listen meaning. to its contents. ❖ GENRE - 'type', 'class’ or ‘kind.’ Important b. Propaganda - Stories that are created to component for understanding literature, film, deliberately mislead audiences, promote a television and other form of art media. biased point of view or particular political cause ➔ Conventions - standard or norm or agenda. ➔ Stakeholders - libraries, archives, c. Satire/parody - is a type of parody presented in museums, Internet and other relevant a format typical of mainstream journalism, and information providers. is called a satire because of its content. d. Sloppy journalism - Sometimes reporters or TYPES OF CODES journalists may publish a Story with unreliable MIL REVIEWER (AMRIE) 7  MEDIA INFORMATION AND LITERACY REVIEWER 1st Semester - 1st Quarter GOOD LUCK! information or without checking all of the facts which can mislead audiences. e. Misleading headings - Stories that are not Palette: completely false can be distorted using https://colorhunt.co/palette/a02334ffad60ffeead96ceb4 misleading or sensationalist headlines. f. Biased or Slanted News - news producers within the mass media in the selection of many events and stories that are reported and how they are covered. HOW IS FAKE NEWS SPREAD? ★ Bots - They reside on social media platforms, created by someone with computer programming skills, comprised of nothing but code, that is, lines of computer instructions. ★ People like You, Trolls - “When a post is accompanied by many likes, shares, or comments, it is more likely to receive attention by others, and therefore more likely to be further liked, shared, or commented on” (Tandoc, Lim, and Ling, 2018). ★ Microtargeting - To understand how analytics work, we need to explain how cookies work, then show how interest groups can use information provided by cookies to find a receptive audience for their messages. ★ Circular reporting or false confirmation – This is a situation in source criticism where a piece of information appears to come from multiple independent sources, but in reality comes from only one source. MIL REVIEWER (AMRIE) 8