Plagiarism in Media and Information Literacy PDF

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM? When we do the research and we seek information to various sources and media, any idea we get should be acknowledge appropriately. The Dictionary.com defines plagiarism as “a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work.” It is a...

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM? When we do the research and we seek information to various sources and media, any idea we get should be acknowledge appropriately. The Dictionary.com defines plagiarism as “a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work.” It is also “the act of plagiarizing; taking someone’s words or ideas as if they were your own.” Any written work, published or unpublished, can be plagiarized. The act can be intentional or unintentional (University of Oxford, 2018). Violating a copyright is illegal. Don’t use information from the Internet without citing who the author is. Don’t download songs, games and movies that are copyrighted. TYPES OF PLAGIARISM Anyone who has written or graded a paper knows that plagiarism is not always a black-and-white issue. The boundary between plagiarism and research is often unclear. Learning to recognize the various forms of plagiarism, especially the more ambiguous ones, is an important step in the fight to prevent it. Plagiarism comes in various forms. SOURCES NOT CITED: 1. “The Ghost Writer” The writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own. 2. “The Photocopy” The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration. 3. “The Potluck Paper” The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing. Source: 4. “The Poor Disguise” Although the writer has retained the essential content of the source, he or she has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases. 5. “The Labor of Laziness” The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of spending the same effort on original work. 6. “The Self-Stealer” The writer “borrows” generously from his or her previous work, violating policies concerning the expectation of originality adopted by most academic institutions. SOURCES CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIRISM): 1. “The Forgotten Footnote” The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. This often masks other forms of plagiarism by obscuring source locations. 2. “The Misinformer” The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them. 3. “The Too-Perfect Paraphrase” The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it. Although attributing the basic ideas to the source, the writer is falsely claiming original presentation and interpretation of the information. 4. “The Resourceful Citer” The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work! It is sometimes difficult to spot this form of plagiarism because it looks like any other well-researched document. 5. “The Perfect Crime” Well, we all know it doesn’t exist. In this case, the writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation. This way, the writer tries to pass off the paraphrased material as his or her own analysis of the cited material. WHAT ABOUT IMAGES, VIDEOS, AND MUSIC? Plagiarism does not solely apply to written work. Words, ideas, images, sounds, videos, and other media can be plagiarized (Affordable Colleges Online, 2018). Using an image, video or piece of music in a work you have produced without receiving proper permission or providing appropriate citation is plagiarism. The following activities are very common in today’s society. Despite their popularity, they still count as plagiarism. ▪ Copying media (especially images) from other websites to paste them into your own papers or websites. ▪ Making a video using footage from others’ videos or using copyrighted music as part of the soundtrack. ▪ Performing another person’s copyrighted music (i.e., playing a cover). ▪ Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition. Certainly, these media pose situations in which it can be challenging to determine whether or not the copyrights of a work are being violated. For example: ▪ A photograph or scan of a copyrighted image (for example: using a photograph of a book cover to represent that book on one’s website) ▪ Recording audio or video in which copyrighted music or video is playing in the background. ▪ Re-creating a visual work in the same medium. (for example: shooting a photograph that uses the same composition and subject matter as someone else’s photograph) ▪ Re-creating a visual work in a different medium (for example: making a painting that closely resembles another person’s photograph). ▪ Re-mixing or altering copyrighted images, video or audio, even if done so in an original way. (Source: http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism/) How can you avoid committing plagiarism? Citing published work to support your ideas and statements when writing is necessary; it adds credibility to your work. There is, however, a proper way to do that so you will not be accused of plagiarizing someone’s work. Here are six ways to avoid committing plagiarism (Turnitin, 2017): ✓ Paraphrase: If you find information that fits your written work, read it carefully then rewrite it using your own words. Do not exactly copy more than two consecutive words from it. If you do, use quotation marks and properly cite their source. ✓ Cite: Follow the prescribed document formatting guidelines (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). A source citation usually includes the author’s name and publication date. ✓ Quote: When quoting directly, copy the exact word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph the author wrote, then enclose in quotation marks. You do not want to misquote anyone. Use block quotes, but only if really needed. Any student should be able to properly paraphrase most materials, so whenever possible, avoid entire blocks of quote. ✓ Cite quotes: When citing a quote’s source, include the page (for a book) or paragraph (for web content) number. ✓ Cite your own work: If you used information from previous personal work, cite it. Treat it the same way you would treat someone else’s work. This will help you avoid committing self-plagiarism. ✓ Reference: Cite all of your references. This is a way to acknowledge the hard work of the people whose work helped you complete yours. DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP, DIGITAL DIVIDE AND DIGITAL FOOTPRINTS For all its wonders, the digital age has also introduced its fair share of challenges. From social media and cyberbullying to cybercrime, internet addiction and online privacy concerns. Today’s generation face a wide range of difficult issues that previous generations never had to think about. DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP ✓ Is the norms of appropriate, responsible technology use. (http://www.digitalcitizenship.net/) ✓ a holistic and positive approach to helping children learn how to be safe and secure, as well as smart and effective participants in a digital world. NINE ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP The elements (9 elements of digital citizenship) have also been organized under the principles of respect, educate and protect. These principles include elements to help us to discuss the issues and ideas that are happening with respect to technology. WHAT IS DIGITAL DIVIDE? When we talk about a gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communication technology, and those don’t or have restricted access is called Digital Divide. It is the inequality between groups to ACCESS, KNOWLEDGE and USE of Information and Communication Technologies. This Digital within countries (such as the digital divide in the United States) can refer to inequalities between individuals, households, businesses, and geographic areas at different socioeconomic (and other demographic) levels. The Global digital divide designates countries as the units of analysis, and examines the divide between developing and developed countries on an international scale. There are six factors that contributes to the Digital Divide which includes Economic, Social, Geographical, Fear of Technology, Lack of Motivation and Cultural. THE DIGITAL FOOTPRINT Does what you do online always stay online? Today, even the youngest learners are savvy (and often insatiable) consumers of technology. The reality of life in this data- heavy, digital age is that leaving a “trail” is unavoidable. This is what you call the Digital Footprint. It is a trail of data you create while using the Internet. In includes the websites you visit, emails you send, and information you submit to online services. Our digital footprints can have a powerful impact on our future. This can be a scary thought, given that what's in our digital footprint isn't always in our control. Depending on how they manage it, this trail can be big or small, and harmful or helpful. Leaving an online record is nearly impossible to avoid; having that record be a positive one is entirely possible. WE DEFINE WHO WE ARE How can my digital footprint affect my future opportunities? Although you just looked at a very public example of how your digital footprint can work against you, it can also work for you, and can help you get admitted to a school or hired by an employer. Although not everything in our footprint is under our control, there are steps you can take to make your footprint a help rather than a hindrance. A common strategy for creating a positive footprint is called personal branding, which is the practice of marketing yourself to the public using social media, a personal website, advertisements, or other non-digital tools. NETIQUETTE, INTERNET ADDICTION AND CYBERBULLYING “How many of you have ever received an email or a text message that offended you in some way only to find out later that it was due to a misunderstanding as a result of poor communication? Or, have you ever sent a message in haste that you later regretted sending and wished that you could take back?” NETIQUETTE When you enter any new culture -- and cyberspace has its own culture -- you're liable to commit a few social blunders. You might offend people without meaning to. Or you might misunderstand what others say and take offense when it's not intended. To make matters worse, something about cyberspace makes it easy to forget that you're interacting with other real people -- not just characters on a screen, but live human characters. So What is Netiquette? According to Virginia Shea, she Simply stated, it's network etiquette -- that is, the etiquette of cyberspace. And "etiquette" means "the forms required by good breeding or prescribed by authority to be required in social or official life." In other words, Netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly online. Core Rules of Netiquette Rule 1: Remember the Human Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace Rule 4: Respect other people's time and bandwidth Rule 5: Make yourself look good online Rule 6: Share expert knowledge Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control Flaming / Flame Wars The act of posting or sending offensive messages over the internet. It is also the act of posting or sending offensive messages over the Internet is flaming. These messages can be posted in an online discussion, forums, newsgroup or sent via email or instant messaging applications. Rule 8: Respect other people's privacy Rule 9: Don't abuse your power Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes Unfortunately, there will always be people out there who forget that on the other side of the computer screen or smart phone, there is a human being with feelings and emotions. But, now that you know the rules of proper netiquette, you’re well on your way to making the internet a friendlier place. INTERNET ADDICTION With the internet becoming increasingly important in everyday life, more and more people are accessing different online resources everyday. The world wide web for the internet addiction is informative, convenient, resourceful, fun but also potentially a way to. The term addiction is also sometimes applied to a non-substance-related compulsions such as gambling and Internet addiction. Internet addiction is a growing epidemic characterized by a compulsive desire to interact online through internet gaming, gambling, cyber activities, social networking or compulsive surfing of the web. According to Dr. Kimberly Young, the first psychologist to document internet addiction, these disorders are similar to impulse-control disorders. It can take the form of any of the following in the graph. BULLYING AND CYBER BULLYING It's a popular belief that Filipinos are one of the happiest people on earth. We like to have fun and make fun of things around us. If we look at into our local sitcoms, online memes, newspaper comics, we can surmise the things that we Filipinos find funny. These are jokes about physical characteristics (color, height, smell, etc.), language and speech (Bisaya, bulol), and intellectual ability. OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND POWER OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION (PART 1) A. Economic, Educational, Social, and Political B. Threats, Risks, Abuse, and Misuse What is the difference between media and social media? We have learnt that newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, and Internet reach or influence people widely. These communication channels are also known as media. Through these means, news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated. On the other hand, social media consists of web-based tools, platforms which main focus is for the users to engage, collaborate, create and share contents over the Internet. Kaplan and Haenlein classify social media into three dimensions: social presence, media richness and self-presentation/self-disclosure. social presence – the type of sensorial interaction media richness – amount of data transmitted in a time interval self-presentation/self-disclosure – the degree of freedom and control in creating one’s personal cyber-identity The degree of social presence, media richness and self-presentation/self-disclosure depends on the kind of web-based tools and platforms used. Please see below summary. Opportunity is connected to advancement, progress whereas challenges is associated to difficulty, problems. Below are the challenges and opportunities of social media. Threats, Risks, Abuse, and Misuse The use of media has been significant in our daily life from communicating with loved ones, checking the news to the fight to COVID-19, the pandemic which continuously affect millions of people globally. The pandemic has made most of the people immobile— relying only to Internet and their mobile phones in the case of most Filipinos. However, the proliferation of unverified information in the virtual world, which Filipinos tagged as “fake news”, make people question the power of media in different aspects such as economic, educational, social and political. Therefore, the surging number of Internet and mobile users as well as “fake news” in the country pose threats, risks, abuse and misuse of media and information. Cybercrime is one of the challenges people face nowadays. It is the use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends. Here are other challenges and risks seen when people rely only in the virtual world when looking for information. Adapted from Youth Protection Roundtable Tool Kit – Stiftung Digitale Chancen 2009 1. Age-inappropriate content Adults should make sure that children only access age-appropriate contents. Children must be under the supervision of their parents, adults, guardians when they access information using their gadget/s. Particularly, children should not access websites, pages containing adult pornography. 2. Illegal content (i.e. racism and child pornography) Any contents deemed as illegal by national laws should not be accessed by children and young people. Critical thinking skill should be applied by young adults when visiting websites and checking information. Adults should keep in mind that children and young adults are targets of illegal content such as taking and publishing pictures or videos of child abuse. 3. Lack of verification of content Not everything people read online is true. People have to keep an eagle eye when checking information online. A critical eye should be applied by online users at all times and they should always bear in mind that user-generated contents can be inaccurate and pose dangers such as identity theft, money theft/phishing, commercial fraud, etc. 4. Incitement of harm There are websites promoting harms such as bullying, anorexia, suicide, etc. The freedom of online users to publish and post almost anything may promote harm to children and young people. 5. Infringement of human rights / defamation Due to lack of face-to-face interaction people online act differently. Some of their irresponsible actions may lead to infringement of human rights and defamation. These actions are harmful to children and young people which may arise to misleading information. 6. Inappropriate advertisement and marketing to children Most of the children and young people own mobile phones and they are not aware with the danger when they fill out private information (i.e. name, age, gender, email address, etc.) when accessing different websites. Since they are unaware of the consequences of their actions, they are most likely to receive inappropriate advertisement and marketing such as cosmetic surgery, etc. 7. Privacy Online users should be aware that information stored in a server or platform remain in existence indefinitely. Awareness is vital so that they exercise proper judgment when posting, sharing and publishing information publicly. 8. Copyright infringement Copyright infringement refers to copying of one's work without the permission of the owner. Proper citation of the sources should be exercised to avoid this kind of fraud. CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION (PART 1) a. Massive Open Online Content (MOOC) b. Ubiquitous Learning c. Wearable technology (i.e. Google glass, Apple watch, etc.) d. 3D Environment (i.e. 3D printer, 3D films, holograms, etc.) “Necessity is the mother of invention.” Most the developments and trends in media and information are rooted from the needs of the people. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak invented Apple-1 in 1976 recognizing the need for a modern computer—with a typewriter-like keyboard and an output device which is a TV set. To put it simply, Apple- 1 was able to address the need for inexpensive computer at that time. Another notable example is Facebook, the brainchild of Mark Zuckerberg. The social network was taken from the online program Facemash which he created to build connection among Harvard University students. Today, Facebook continuous to create connections not only among students but also across communities. The social networking site has also evolved in becoming an online marketplace and an arm of the education sector. Indeed, technological innovations keep up with the need of the current time. MOOC MOOCs offer free online courses to a massive number of people worldwide. The courses it offers are designed after college and university courses. However, not all MOOCs accounted for a college credit unless it has partnered with more traditional online programs. It is designed for diverse learners—from regular students down to professionals. In the Philippines, according to Edukasyon.ph, “Many Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) providers offer online tutorials to supplement a student’s K-12 education.” Reasons why do people take MOOC classes as presented by e-Learning Infographics.com Because they are free of charge by nature It’s just like traditional learning in terms of edu content quality MOOC brings together millions of people from different cultures People are curious if they can really learn stuff when there are no strings attached It’s flexible, everyone is free to choose a comfortable time and pace (50 percent of MOOC learners are full-time employees and they can still handle it!) Ubiquitous Learning Ubiquitous learning is defined as learning at any time, at any place using computer or desktop and Internet. In this era, the combination of social media and mobile technologies make ubiquitous learning possible. As stated in the article Social Media for Ubiquitous Learning and Adaptive Tutoring, “The combination of mobile devices and social media in education is bridging formal and informal, as well as individual and collaborative learning contexts, leading toward seamless learning.” The main characteristics of ubiquitous learning are (Chen et al., 2002; Curtis et al., 2002): Permanency: Learning materials are always available unless purposely deleted. Accessibility: Access from everywhere as personally required Immediacy: Wherever a student is, he/she can immediately access learning materials. Interactivity: Online collaboration with teachers and/or peers (chat/blogs/forums) Situated instructional Activities: Learning in context (on-site). Adaptability: Getting the right information at the right place for the right student. Wearable Technology Wearable technologies also known as wearables connect people to their devices. This type of technology produces a human-computer interaction which facilitates mobility and connectivity for users (Burmaoglu, et al., 2018). Users can conveniently access information and communicate with other people while they are moving from one place to another. Therefore, this technology offers a one-step higher multi-tasking ability. The earliest reported wearable technology was abacus ring embedded with a silver abacus, a relic from the Qing Dynasty in China (1644-1912). In today’s generation, wearable technologies consist of Google Glass Enterprise Edition 2, Apple Watch, etc. The table shows the IDTechEx analysis and forecasting across 39 categories of wearable technology device, segmented by product type, industry and location on the body. 3D Environment 3D environment is also known as interactive 3D or real-time 3D. This technology provides an environment wherein the user can explore and interact with the digital world the same way he or she explores and interacts in the digital world. 3D environment is widely used in entertainment, retail, healthcare, manufacturing, design, and even in education. ‘Holodeck‘ is the heart of the ClassVR interface. It showcases a futuristic room. The virtual room has icons depicting classroom experiences and activities both useful for teachers and students. In general, literacy is defined as the ability to read and write and develop numeracy skills. However, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization popularly known as UNESCO established that literacy has evolved beyond reading, writing, and counting. Aside from these skills, an individual should have broader skills such as functional literacy and a foundation for lifelong learning. According to UNESCO, “Beyond its conventional concept as a set of reading, writing and counting skills, literacy is now understood as a means of identification, understanding, interpretation, creation, and communication in an increasingly digital, text-mediated, information-rich and fast- changing world.” To keep up with the fast-changing world, students are expected to acquire the skills presented on the following infographics. This module focuses on important literacies: media, information and technology literacies and its implication to the individual and the society. People should acquire such literacies to become media and information literate and to survive in a world full of alternative or misleading facts and fake news. To successfully complete our mission to become a media and information literate individual, we should be able to develop in a multi-sensory level—improving the way we think, feel and behave as purported by The National Association for Media Literacy Education. Therefore, “We need to develop a wider set of literacy skills helping us to both comprehend the messages we receive and effectively utilize these tools to design and distribute our own messages. Being literate in a media age requires critical thinking skills that empower us as we make decisions, whether in the classroom, the living room, the workplace, the boardroom, or the voting booth.” Implication of Media and Information Aufderheide (1992 as cited in Koltay, 2011) describes a media literate individual as a “person who can decode, evaluate, analyze and produce both print and electronic media. The fundamental objective of media literacy is critical autonomy relationship to all media. Emphases in media literacy training range widely, including informed citizenship, aesthetic appreciation and expression, social advocacy, self-esteem, and consumer competence.” It is not enough that we know how to use the media, we should also understand and evaluate the information it contains and the implication or the effects of being a media and information literate. Improved Quality of Life People who are media, information and technology literate are believed to experience an improved quality of life. Those who are computer literate, have the skills to use different kinds of technology, have the knowledge to identify the veracity of information given to them and able to create an output based on the 21st century skills are more likely to experience better opportunities. Greater Political Participation As a citizen living in a democratic country, one is expected to participate responsibly in the affairs of the state. This entails Filipinos should enjoy the freedom to speak out with vigilance or awareness, take part in the political and electoral process and participate fully in all aspects of the government affairs. Filipinos who consume information responsibly through various media platforms are more politically and civically engaged which may result to better laws and governance. Some of the most common forms of political participation: signing a petition, blogging about a political issue, volunteering for a campaign, donating money to a cause. Better Economic Opportunities An economy composed of media and information literate citizens is more likely to flourish compared to an economy infested by uninformed citizens when it comes to information and technology. We must remember that innovation is dependent on skilled, knowledgeable and productive citizenry. For e-commerce to flourish, people need to adapt on the present technology. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed from traditional marketing of products to online processing of orders. Improved Learning Environment Media, information, and technology savvy citizens are the ones capable of accessing, evaluating and creating messages in various ways. Media literacy education promotes learning beyond the books, the use of senses and application of critical thinking skills. More than knowing, the aim of a media and information literate society is to create and develop lifelong skills to achieve a good quality of life. More Cohesive Social Units Active and productive citizens who are media and information literate make up a more cohesive social unit. A thriving democracy is possible if the government supports ICT integration and responsible creation and dissemination of information. With our previous topics, you already understand that when we talk about media, this is the plural form of the word "medium" which means it is “the way to communicate information.” It is also the channel through which the message is coursed. Most of the time when you hear the word media, you still think of technology itself, forgetting that the "humans" itself are the ones behind the innovations of these technologies. In addition, any human being capable of relying a message can also be a medium or bridge to allow the exchange of information. Have you ever thought of people functioning as mediums itself? WHAT IS PEOPLE MEDIA? People Media refers to persons that are involved in the use, analysis, evaluation and production of media and information. (Source: MIL Curriculum Guide by DepEd) They are the sources of information and responsible in disseminating that information. People media may also be defined as the utilization of people credible in their respective fields to talk about their expertise and help the students learn from people with firsthand experiences on a field or topic. People media considered as facilitator of all media considering its advantages and disadvantages is the most powerful of all media. People media who manipulates other media is the most powerful facilitator to combine all media and make a useful dissemination of information. People media is considered as the most important media therefore, it is very important to learn and understand it. People media considered as facilitator of all media considering its advantages and disadvantages is the most powerful of all media. What is the commonality?  Both are people media which means they are involved in the use, analysis, evaluation and production of media and information.  Both are people who provide information. What are the differences?  People in Media are media practitioners which means they are media related professionals while people as media are not media practitioners but rather media users. PEOPLE AS MEDIA Anyone who is exposed to media messages may also act as a source of information and an influencer of ideas. Based from our Venn Diagram, people who are well-oriented to media sources and messages and able to provide an accurate information and reliable as possible is considered as people as media. A clear example of People as Media is that, for example, during uncertain events or incidents, we can report directly to the various news programs such as ABS CBN's "Bayan mo, Ipatrol mo" and the GMA’s “Sumbungan ng Bayan”. The netizens serve as a credible source of information and news. The netizens will send the various news scoops that they know directly to these media companies. PEOPLE AS MEDIA 1. Opinion Leaders – They are highly exposed to and actively using media. The source of viable interpretation of messages for lower-end media users and opinions are accepted by a group. 2. Citizen Journalism - People without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and internet to create, augment or fact- check media on their own or in collaboration with others. 3. Social Journalism - Journalists are using social media to make their content available to more people. Social media is speedy and empowering, yet journalists are still needed to help make sense of it all. 4. Crowdsourcing - the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community. (Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crowdsourcing) Crowdsourcing is the process of getting work or funding, usually online, from a crowd of people. The word is a combination of the words 'crowd' and 'outsourcing'. The idea is to take work and outsource it to a crowd of workers. One of the most successful crowd-powered start-ups is Waze. Waze crowd sources information by measuring drivers speed to determine traffic jams and by asking users to report road closures. PEOPLE IN MEDIA They are actually “media practitioners.” They provide facts through their expertise or first-hand experience of events. People in the media are those engaged in media forms that are mainly involved in print, broadcast, film, new media and gaming. TYPES OF JOURNALIST BY MEDIUM  Print Journalists - These are the people behind print media. They are the ones who utilize knowledge, facts and other information through text, specifically like books, newspapers and magazines. They are the Publishers, Authors, Editors, Journalists, Columnists, Short Story Writers, Poets and Visual artists.  Photojournalists - Photojournalists are different from traditional photographers in that they are more interested in capturing images that tell a story than ones that just look nice.  Broadcast Journalists - Broadcast journalism encompasses both television and radio news. These are people we often see on our TV screens disseminating information such as news, current events, advertisements, etc. They are the News anchors, Reporters, Hosts, Performers and Video Jocks.  Multimedia Journalist - This is the newest field of journalism and the fastest-growing. Multimedia journalism can encompass all the fields listed above because a web page can have a written story, still photos, video, and audio. It may be via blog, a website, or the social media. They are the Bloggers, Online newspaper writers, Facebook Like Page Administrators, Twitter Users and YouTube Uploaders. In the field of education, teachers best represent people media, teachers should have a wholistic personality that could best fit, diverse learners. People and media should be considered as equally important because people create media and whatever information we have depends on the kind of expertise a person have. On the other hand, the information we get from media must be filtered and checked. WHAT IS A TEXT?  a simple and flexible format of presenting information or conveying ideas whether hand- written, printed or displayed on-screen. (Source: MIL TG by CHED)  any “human-readable sequence of characters’’ that can form intelligible words. (Rouse, 2015) Text is very powerful as well in disseminating information, providing direction and giving suggestions. How is text used in the following media? How will you understand the texts in each platform with their style and legibility? Text is the most common medium where information is presented. It is also used to communicate a concept or an idea. Text is available in different sources whether it is formal (news articles, published books, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, research works, etc.) or informal (blogs, personal e-mails, SMS or text messages, online messengers, social media platforms, etc).  Formal text – based materials are created and distributed by established institutions (such as publishing companies, news agencies, etc.) and go through a rigorous process of editing or evaluation and are usually governed by censorship of the state.  Informal text – based materials, on the other hand, come from personal opinions or views on different issues, processes, etc. TYPES OF TEXT AND COMMON FILE FORMATS WHAT IS A TYPEFACE? In the formatted text, we control the general appearance of the characters, from the changing of typeface or fonts such as bold, italics, underline, font sizes and colors. Typeface is also called as font, front style or type. It refers to the digital format representation or style of a document. A typeface is usually comprised of alphabets, numbers, punctuation marks, symbols and other special characters. TYPES OF TYPEFACES (Source: p. 120, MIL TG by CHED) 1. SERIF - connotes formality and readability in large amount of texts. This font is usually used for the body text of books, newspapers, magazines and research publication. Also, serif fonts give a classic or elegant look when used for title or heading. Examples: Times New Roman, Garamond, Baskerville 2. SANS SERIF - brings a clean or minimalist look to the text. This font is used for clear and direct meaning of text such as road signage, building directory or nutrition facts in food packages. Also, sans serif fonts give a modern look and is used primarily in webpage design. Examples: Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma, Verdana, Calibri 3. SLAB SERIF - carries a solid or heavy look to text. This font can be used for large advertising sign on billboards. Examples: Rockwell, Playbill , Blackoak 4. Script - draws much attention to itself because of its brush-like strokes. This must be used sparingly and not to be used in large body text. This font is usually used in wedding invitation cards or other formal events. Examples: Edwardian, Vladimir, Kunstler 5. Decorative- caters to a wide variety of emotions such as celebration, fear, horror, etc. or themes such as cowboys, circus, holidays, summer, kiddie, etc. Examples: Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz MT DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS Design is not about the pictures that are placed together and arranged in a way that you want it to be. It can be made more attractive and pleasing to the eye by choosing the combination of each element. 1. Emphasis - refers to the importance or value given to a part of the text-based content. 2. Appropriateness - refers to how fitting or suitable the text is used for a specific audience, purpose or event. 3. Proximity - refers to how near or how far are the text elements from each other. 4. Alignment - refers to how the text is positioned in the page. This can be left, right, center or justified. 5. Organization - refers to a conscious effort to organize the different text elements in a page. Organization ensures that while some text elements are separated from each other (based on the principle of proximity), they are still somehow connected with the rest of the elements in the page. 6. Repetition- concerns consistency of elements and the unity of the entire design. Repetition encourages the use of repeating some typefaces within the page. 7. Contrast- creates visual interest to text elements. Contrast is achieved when two elements are different from each other. THE COMMON FILE FORMATS Because of technology, texts can be generated with the use of any device that uses word processing applications. Text can be kept in different file formats. Here are the most common file formats: Text can be as short such as a single sentence or phrase, or they can be as lengthy as news articles or investigative reporting. No matter how brief or lengthy, however, a text is always carefully written with the intent of sending a very specific message to the target audience. Text is very effective in disseminating information, providing guidance and putting forward suggestions. It may be as brief as a single word or paragraph, or as lengthy as a news article or research paper. Furthermore, no matter how short or lengthy a text is, still it is carefully written with the intention of giving the target audience a very clear message. Text is accessible in various outlets, whether formal (news stories, books written, newspapers, magazines, advertising, research works, etc.) or informal (blogs, personal emails, SMS or text messages, online messengers, social media sites, etc.) Formal text-based materials - produced and published by existing organizations (such as publishing firms, news agencies, etc.) and are subject to stringent editing or assessment processes and are typically regulated by state censorship. Informal text-based materials - come from personal thoughts or views on different topics, processes, etc. We can be either a consumer or a content producer in accessing text media and information. These are the questions you need to ask, as a consumer, about the quality of text media and information: Who sends the post, or which institution? What language does the author use? Source: https://detailed.com/food-blogs/ What are the strategies used to attract and retain attention? Which message is missing, slurred or added? What are your views? Are they in equilibrium? How do you view the message in various ways? As an information and text media user, we need to study the media and framework for information design: target audience, author or sender, main content, meaning, form / style and format. VISUAL MEDIA AND INFORMATION Visual Media and Information are materials, program, applications and the like that teachers and students use to formulate new information to aid learning through the use, analysis, evaluation, and production of visual images. Types of Visual Media - photography, video, screenshots, infographics, data visualization (charts and graphs), comic strips/cartoons, memes, visual note taking, etc. Purpose of visual Information – the primary purpose of visual information is to gain attention, create meaning and facilitate retention. There are lot of format and types that can be considered but the following are the common: Common Visual Media Formats Formally and Informally Produced Visual Media Visual media created by formal organizations including colleges, government, and existing media / publishing firms are considered to be formally created. Other visual media are regarded as being generated informally. Visual Message Design Refers to design principles and elements in the production of visual media and information that take into consideration the visual perception of the audience in regards with their prior knowledge, culture, etc. A picture indeed speaks a thousand words, that’s how powerful the visual information is. Selection Criteria Refers to the set of standards for the analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation of media and information for effective and efficient integration to the learning process. Pettersson (2016) enumerated functional design principles: 1) Defining the problem, 2) Providing structure, 3) Providing clarity, 4) Providing simplicity, 5) Providing emphasis, and 6) Providing unity. Analysis in Visual Information and Media It involves keen observation that leads to deeper understanding and art appreciation. You may consider these questions in analysing visual information and media: What is the purpose? What is the message? Is it informational? Does it contain only essential information? Who is the target audience? How did it influence the target audience? What are the contents? What design elements are present? What design principles are present? What media or form? How it was distributed or presented? Audio Media Audio - sound, especially when recorded, transmitted, or reproduced. Audio Media - media communication that uses audio or recordings to deliver and transfer information through the means of sound. Sources and Types Radio Broadcast - live or recorded audio sent through radio waves to reach a wide audience. Audio Book – an audiocassette or CD recording of a reading of a book Music - Vocal or instrumental sounds combined in a way as to create beauty of form, harmony, and emotional expression. Sound Recording - recording of an interview, meeting, or any sound from the environment. Sound Clips / Effects - any sound artificially reproduced to create an effect in an audio presentation (e.g. sound of a storm, knocking of door, or wind). Audio Podcast - a digital audio or video file or recording, usually part of a themed series that can be downloaded from a website to a media player or a computer. Formats You can store audio in tape cassettes and CDs but here are the most common formats (in digital): MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) - a common format for consumer audio, as well as a standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players. M4A / AAC (MPEG4 Audio / Advanced Audio Coding) - an audio coding standard for lousy digital audio compression. Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally achieves better sound quality than MP3 at similar bit rate WAV - is a Microsoft audio file format standard for storing an audio bit stream on PCs. It has become a standard file format for game sounds, among others WMA (Windows Media Audio) - is an audio data compression technology developed by Microsoft and used with Windows Media Player. Elements of Sound Design – the objects or things that we must work with: Dialogue - speech, conversation, voice-over. Sound Effects - any sound other than music or dialogue. Music - vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion. Silence - absence of audio or sound. Principles of Sound Design – the techniques for combining the different elements or objects. Mixing - the combination, balance and control of multiple sound elements. Pace - time control; editing; order of events: linear, non-linear, or multi-linear. Transitions - How you get from one segment or element to another. Types of transitions: - - Segue - one element stops, the next begins ("cut" in film). - Cross-fade - one element fades out, the next fades in, and they overlap on the way. - V-Fade - First element fades to inaudible before the second element begins. - Fade to Black - V-Fade with some silence between elements. - Waterfall - As first element fades out, the second element begins at full volume. Better for voice transitions, than for effects. - Stereo Imaging - Using left and right channel for depth. Selection Criteria, Formally and Informally Produced Audio Media Audio information offers a lot of information of different kinds. When choosing audio- based media, we should consider the audience, the information of what they need to hear, the format that will be used for the audio media and the preparation of media. Audio information and media is another way to give instruction or information and provide feedbacks, but sometimes it is bias. Audio media created by formal organizations including broadcasting companies/news media, colleges, government, etc. are considered to be formally produced, other audio media are regarded as being generated informally.