MIDTERMS pointers PDF

**Nervous System** Yellow-good, Blue-bad, Green-saks-reread, [Branches of the Nervous System:] \- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord. Responsible for processing information and controlling bodily functions. \- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS, including se...

**Nervous System** Yellow-good, Blue-bad, Green-saks-reread, [Branches of the Nervous System:] \- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord. Responsible for processing information and controlling bodily functions. \- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS, including sensory and motor neurons. Transmits signals to and from the CNS. [Functions:] \- Sensory input (receiving stimuli). \- Integration (processing information). \- Motor output (eliciting responses). **Brain Lobes and Functions** \- Frontal Lobe: Cognitive functions, decision-making, problem-solving, motor control. \- Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing, spatial awareness, and proprioception. \- Temporal Lobe: Auditory processing, memory, language comprehension. \- Occipital Lobe: Visual processing. **Neurotransmitters and Abnormal Conditions** \- Dopamine: Regulates mood, reward, and movement. Abnormalities linked to Parkinson's, schizophrenia. \- Serotonin: Affects mood, appetite, and sleep. Low levels linked to depression. \- Acetylcholine: Crucial for muscle movement and memory. Low levels can cause Alzheimer's. \- Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Fight-or-flight response. Imbalances associated with anxiety and stress disorders. **Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)** \- Acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and transports nutrients. [Autonomic Nervous System:] Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic \- Sympathetic: \"Fight or flight\" response (increases heart rate, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion). \- Parasympathetic: \"Rest and digest\" (decreases heart rate, constricts pupils, stimulates digestion). **Cranial Nerves: Sensory and Motor Functions** \- Cranial Nerves: [There are 12 pairs], with mixed functions of sensory, motor, and autonomic control. Key nerves: \- I (Olfactory): Smell. \- \*\*II (Optic):\*\* Vision. \- \*\*X (Vagus):\*\* Regulates heart, lungs, digestive tract. **Eye Conditions** \- Myopia (Nearsightedness): Difficulty seeing far objects. \- Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Difficulty seeing close objects. \- Presbyopia: Age-related loss of near vision. \- Astigmatism: Irregular cornea shape, causing blurry vision. \- Strabismus: Misalignment of the eyes. \- Diplopia: Double vision. \- Glaucoma: Increased intraocular pressure, damage to optic nerve. \- Cataract: Clouding of the eye lens. **Ear Conditions** \- Tinnitus: Ringing in the ears. \- Ménière\'s Disease: Inner ear disorder causing vertigo and hearing loss. \- Vertigo: Dizziness or spinning sensation. \- Otitis Media: Ear infection, often in children. **Types of Hearing Loss** \- Conductive: Sound can\'t reach inner ear (due to earwax, fluid, etc.). \- Sensorineural: Damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. \- Mixed: Combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. **Eustachian Tube** \- Connects the middle ear to the throat and helps equalize pressure. **Hormones and Their Functions** \- Insulin: Regulates blood glucose levels. \- Cortisol: Stress hormone; increases glucose levels and suppresses immune function. \- Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4): Regulate metabolism. \- Adrenaline: Fight-or-flight response. \- Estrogen/Progesterone: Regulate reproductive functions. Conditions from Hormonal Imbalances \- Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Caused by insufficient insulin production or resistance. \- Cushing's Syndrome: Overproduction of cortisol (e.g., moon face, weight gain). \- Addison's Disease: Underproduction of cortisol (e.g., fatigue, weight loss). \- Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid (e.g., weight loss, heat intolerance). \- Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid (e.g., fatigue, weight gain). **Nursing Interventions for Hormonal Conditions** \- DM: Monitor blood sugar, administer insulin, educate on diet/exercise. \- Cushing's Syndrome: Monitor for electrolyte imbalances, administer medications to control cortisol. \- Addison's Disease: Provide corticosteroids, monitor vital signs. \- Hyperthyroidism: Antithyroid drugs, radiation therapy, monitor for signs of thyroid storm. **Levothyroxine** \- A medication used to treat hypothyroidism by supplementing thyroid hormone levels. **Acromegaly** \- Caused by excess growth hormone (GH), leading to abnormal growth of bones and tissues. **Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)** \- A serious complication of diabetes where the body produces high levels of ketones, leading to metabolic acidosis. **Complete Blood Count (CBC)** \- CBC Components: \- Red Blood Cells (RBC): Transport oxygen. \- White Blood Cells (WBC): Immune response. \- Platelets: Aid in clotting. \- Hemoglobin (Hb): Oxygen-carrying capacity. \- Hematocrit (Hct): Percentage of RBC in blood. \- High and Low Values: \- High RBC/Hemoglobin: Can indicate dehydration or polycythemia. \- Low RBC/Hemoglobin: Can suggest anemia or hemorrhage. \- High WBC: Indicative of infection or inflammation. \- Low WBC: Risk of infection, seen in conditions like leukemia. **Anemia Types** \- Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Lack of iron. \- Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Reduced RBC production. \- Folate Deficiency: Poor DNA synthesis. **Clotting Factors** \- Important in the coagulation cascade: \- Factor I (Fibrinogen): Forms fibrin mesh in clots. \- Factor II (Prothrombin): Converted to thrombin, aiding clot formation. \- Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor): Essential in blood clotting. **Blood Typing (ABO and Rh)** \- ABO System: Blood types A, B, AB, and O. \- Rh Factor: Positive or negative based on the presence of Rh antigen. \- Blood Transfusion: Must match blood type and Rh factor to avoid immune reactions. **Blood Flow & Heart Conduction** \- Blood flows from the \*\*right atrium\*\* to the \*\*right ventricle\*\*, then to the lungs (pulmonary circulation). From the lungs, it returns to the \*\*left atrium\*\*, passes into the \*\*left ventricle\*\*, and is pumped to the rest of the body (systemic circulation). \- Conduction of Electrical Impulse: \- SA Node (Sinoatrial Node): Pacemaker of the heart. \- AV Node (Atrioventricular Node): Delays impulse to allow for atrial contraction. \- Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers: Spread impulse through the ventricles. **Cardiovascular Conditions** \- Aortic Stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve, limiting blood flow from the heart. \- Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque in arteries, leading to reduced blood flow. \- CHF (Congestive Heart Failure): \- Left-sided: Pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath. \- Right-sided: Edema, jugular venous distension (JVD). \- Cardiac Output: Determined by heart rate and stroke volume. \- Myocardial Infarction (MI): Heart attack due to lack of blood flow to part of the heart muscle. \- Ischemia: Reduced blood flow leading to oxygen deprivation. \- Myocarditis/Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart muscle/valves. \- Fibrillation: Irregular, uncoordinated heart rhythms (atrial or ventricular). \- Cardiac Tamponade: Fluid buildup in the pericardium compressing the heart. **NERVOUS** \- Branches of Nervous System and its functions \- Lobes of the brain and its functions \- Neurotransmitters: functions and abnormal conditions. (Dopamine, Serotonin, Acetylcholine, Epi and Norepi, etc) \- CSF \- Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic \- Cranial Nerves: Sensory and Motor functions **SPECIAL SENSES** \- Conditions on eyesight: Myopia, Presbyopia, Hyperopia, Astigmatism, Strabismus, Diplopia, glaucoma, cataract, etc. \- Conditions of the ears: tinnitus, Ménière\'s disease, vertigo, otitis media, etc. \- Types of hearing loss: Conductive, Sensorineural, and mixed \- Eustachian tube **ENDOCRINE** \- Hormones and its functions \- Conditions caused by abnormalities of hormone levels \- Causes of these conditions \- Common interventions for these hormonal conditions. Ex. Nsg interventions for DM, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, hyperthyroidism, etc. \- Levothyroxine \- Acromegaly **BLOOD** \- Diabetic Ketoacidosis \- CBC and indications of high and low levels of the CBC components \- Normal values of Blood components and conditions from high and low levels. Interventions for these conditions \- Types of anemia \- Clotting factors: Factor I (fibrinogen), Factor II (prothrombin), Factor III (tissue thromboplastin or tissue factor), Factor IV (ionized calcium), Factor V (labile factor or proaccelerin), Factor VII (stable factor or proconvertin), and Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor). \- IMPORTANT!- Blood Typing (ABO and RH) and Blood Transfusion \- IMPORTANT! - Blood Flow **CARDIO** \- Conduction of Heart's electrical impulse \- Basic ECG principles: Ventricular depolarization V depolarization and others \- LUB DUB, S1 S2, Systole and Diastole \- Normal Vital signs and terms for low and high values \- Aortic Stenosis \- Atherosclerosis \- CHF (Left vs Right sided failure) \- Cardiac output and its factors \- MI \- Ischemia \- Myocarditis, Endocarditis \- Fibrillation \- Cardiac Tamponade \- OTHERS!!!!