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Questions and Answers
What type of hearing loss is characterized by problems in the outer or middle ear?
Which hormone is commonly prescribed to patients with hypothyroidism?
What is a common condition associated with high levels of cortisol?
In blood typing, which blood type can receive blood from any other type?
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What condition occurs when the heart's electrical conduction system fails, leading to uncoordinated heartbeats?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing information and controlling bodily functions?
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What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?
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Which neurotransmitter's low levels are primarily associated with depression?
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What condition is characterized by difficulty seeing far objects?
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Which system is responsible for the body's 'fight or flight' response?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for regulating heart, lungs, and the digestive tract?
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What is a common condition associated with increased intraocular pressure?
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Which condition describes a ringing sensation in the ears?
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Which type of hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve?
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What hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?
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Which condition is characterized by insufficient insulin production or resistance?
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What is the primary intervention for managing Cushing's Syndrome?
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What medication is commonly used to treat hypothyroidism?
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Which type of anemia is caused by a lack of iron?
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What does a complete blood count (CBC) measure?
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Which hormone is known as the stress hormone that increases glucose levels and suppresses immune function?
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Which of the following factors is essential in blood clotting?
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What is true about blood types in the ABO system?
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Which structure is responsible for delaying the electrical impulse in the heart?
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What condition is characterized by narrowing of the aortic valve?
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Which type of heart failure is associated with pulmonary congestion?
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What could result from ischemia?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with muscle contraction?
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Which eye condition is described by difficulty seeing objects at a distance?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Branches and Functions
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord - processes information and controls bodily functions
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS, including sensory and motor neurons - transmits signals to and from the CNS
Brain Lobes and Functions
- Frontal Lobe: Cognitive functions, decision-making, problem-solving, motor control
- Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing, spatial awareness, and proprioception
- Temporal Lobe: Auditory processing, memory, language comprehension
- Occipital Lobe: Visual processing
Neurotransmitters and Abnormal Conditions
- Dopamine: Regulates mood, reward, and movement. Abnormalities linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
- Serotonin: Affects mood, appetite, and sleep. Low levels linked to depression.
- Acetylcholine: Crucial for muscle movement and memory. Low levels can cause Alzheimer's disease.
- Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: "Fight-or-flight" response. Imbalances associated with anxiety and stress disorders.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and transports nutrients.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic: "Fight or flight" response (increases heart rate, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion)
- Parasympathetic: "Rest and digest" (decreases heart rate, constricts pupils, stimulates digestion)
Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs with mixed functions of sensory, motor, and autonomic control.
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Key Nerves:
- I (Olfactory): Smell
- II (Optic): Vision
- X (Vagus): Regulates heart, lungs, digestive tract
Eye Conditions
- Myopia (Nearsightedness): Difficulty seeing far objects.
- Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Difficulty seeing close objects.
- Presbyopia: Age-related loss of near vision.
- Astigmatism: Irregular cornea shape, causing blurry vision.
- Strabismus: Misalignment of the eyes.
- Diplopia: Double vision.
- Glaucoma: Increased intraocular pressure, damage to optic nerve.
- Cataract: Clouding of the eye lens.
Ear Conditions
- Tinnitus: Ringing in the ears.
- Ménière's Disease: Inner ear disorder causing vertigo and hearing loss.
- Vertigo: Dizziness or spinning sensation.
- Otitis Media: Ear infection, often in children.
Types of Hearing Loss
- Conductive: Sound can't reach inner ear (due to earwax, fluid, etc.).
- Sensorineural: Damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.
- Mixed: Combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
Eustachian Tube
- Connects the middle ear to the throat and helps equalize pressure.
Hormones and Their Functions
- Insulin: Regulates blood glucose levels.
- Cortisol: Stress hormone; increases glucose levels and suppresses immune function.
- Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4): Regulate metabolism.
- Adrenaline: Fight-or-flight response.
- Estrogen/Progesterone: Regulate reproductive functions.
Conditions from Hormonal Imbalances
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Caused by insufficient insulin production or resistance.
- Cushing's Syndrome: Overproduction of cortisol (e.g., moon face, weight gain).
- Addison's Disease: Underproduction of cortisol (e.g., fatigue, weight loss).
- Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid (e.g., weight loss, heat intolerance).
- Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid (e.g., fatigue, weight gain).
Nursing Interventions for Hormonal Conditions
- DM: Monitor blood sugar, administer insulin, educate on diet/exercise.
- Cushing's Syndrome: Monitor for electrolyte imbalances, administer medications to control cortisol.
- Addison's Disease: Provide corticosteroids, monitor vital signs.
- Hyperthyroidism: Antithyroid drugs, radiation therapy, monitor for signs of thyroid storm.
Levothyroxine
- A medication used to treat hypothyroidism by supplementing thyroid hormone levels.
Acromegaly
- Caused by excess growth hormone (GH), leading to abnormal growth of bones and tissues.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- A serious complication of diabetes where the body produces high levels of ketones, leading to metabolic acidosis.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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CBC Components:
- Red Blood Cells (RBC): Transport oxygen.
- White Blood Cells (WBC): Immune response.
- Platelets: Aid in clotting.
- Hemoglobin (Hb): Oxygen-carrying capacity.
- Hematocrit (Hct): Percentage of RBC in blood.
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High and Low Values:
- High RBC/Hemoglobin: Can indicate dehydration or polycythemia.
- Low RBC/Hemoglobin: Can suggest anemia or hemorrhage.
- High WBC: Indicative of infection or inflammation.
- Low WBC: Risk of infection, seen in conditions like leukemia.
Anemia Types
- Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Lack of iron.
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Reduced RBC production.
- Folate Deficiency: Poor DNA synthesis.
Clotting Factors
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Important in the coagulation cascade:
- Factor I (Fibrinogen): Forms fibrin mesh in clots.
- Factor II (Prothrombin): Converted to thrombin, aiding clot formation.
- Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor): Essential in blood clotting.
Blood Typing (ABO and Rh)
- ABO System: Blood types A, B, AB, and O.
- Rh Factor: Positive or negative based on the presence of Rh antigen.
- Blood Transfusion: Must match blood type and Rh factor to avoid immune reactions.
Blood Flow & Heart Conduction
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Blood flow:
- Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs (pulmonary circulation) → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Rest of the body (systemic circulation)
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Conduction of Electrical Impulse:
- SA Node (Sinoatrial Node): Pacemaker of the heart.
- AV Node (Atrioventricular Node): Delays impulse to allow for atrial contraction.
- Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers: Spread impulse through the ventricles.
Cardiovascular Conditions
- Aortic Stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve, limiting blood flow from the heart.
- Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque in arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.
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CHF (Congestive Heart Failure):
- Left-sided: Pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath.
- Right-sided: Edema, jugular venous distension (JVD).
- Cardiac Output: Determined by heart rate and stroke volume.
- Myocardial Infarction (MI): Heart attack due to lack of blood flow to part of the heart muscle.
- Ischemia: Reduced blood flow leading to oxygen deprivation.
- Myocarditis/Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart muscle/valves.
- Fibrillation: Irregular, uncoordinated heart rhythms (atrial or ventricular).
- Cardiac Tamponade: Fluid buildup in the pericardium compressing the heart.
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Description
Explore the branches of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral systems, and their roles in bodily functions. Delve into the various brain lobes and their specific functions, as well as the impact of neurotransmitters on health and behavior. This quiz will enhance your understanding of the complex neural processes.
