Nervous System Functions and Structure

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Questions and Answers

What type of hearing loss is characterized by problems in the outer or middle ear?

Mixed hearing loss

Conductive hearing loss (correct)

Sensorineural hearing loss

Psychogenic hearing loss

Which hormone is commonly prescribed to patients with hypothyroidism?

Adrenaline

Cortisol

Insulin

Levothyroxine (correct)

What is a common condition associated with high levels of cortisol?

Addison's disease

Hyperthyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

Cushing's syndrome (correct)

In blood typing, which blood type can receive blood from any other type?

Type AB Signup and view all the answers

What condition occurs when the heart's electrical conduction system fails, leading to uncoordinated heartbeats?

Fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing information and controlling bodily functions?

Central Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?

Sensory processing and spatial awareness Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter's low levels are primarily associated with depression?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by difficulty seeing far objects?

Myopia Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for the body's 'fight or flight' response?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for regulating heart, lungs, and the digestive tract?

Vagus Nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is a common condition associated with increased intraocular pressure?

Glaucoma Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes a ringing sensation in the ears?

Tinnitus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve?

Sensorineural hearing loss Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by insufficient insulin production or resistance?

Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intervention for managing Cushing's Syndrome?

Monitor for electrolyte imbalances Signup and view all the answers

What medication is commonly used to treat hypothyroidism?

Levothyroxine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia is caused by a lack of iron?

Iron-Deficiency Anemia Signup and view all the answers

What does a complete blood count (CBC) measure?

Oxygen-carrying capacity Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is known as the stress hormone that increases glucose levels and suppresses immune function?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is essential in blood clotting?

Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor) Signup and view all the answers

What is true about blood types in the ABO system?

Type AB blood can receive blood from any group. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for delaying the electrical impulse in the heart?

AV Node Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by narrowing of the aortic valve?

Aortic Stenosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart failure is associated with pulmonary congestion?

Left-sided heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What could result from ischemia?

Oxygen deprivation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which eye condition is described by difficulty seeing objects at a distance?

Myopia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nervous System Branches and Functions

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord - processes information and controls bodily functions
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS, including sensory and motor neurons - transmits signals to and from the CNS

Brain Lobes and Functions

Frontal Lobe: Cognitive functions, decision-making, problem-solving, motor control
Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing, spatial awareness, and proprioception
Temporal Lobe: Auditory processing, memory, language comprehension
Occipital Lobe: Visual processing

Neurotransmitters and Abnormal Conditions

Dopamine: Regulates mood, reward, and movement. Abnormalities linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
Serotonin: Affects mood, appetite, and sleep. Low levels linked to depression.
Acetylcholine: Crucial for muscle movement and memory. Low levels can cause Alzheimer's disease.
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: "Fight-or-flight" response. Imbalances associated with anxiety and stress disorders.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and transports nutrients.

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic: "Fight or flight" response (increases heart rate, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion)
Parasympathetic: "Rest and digest" (decreases heart rate, constricts pupils, stimulates digestion)

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs with mixed functions of sensory, motor, and autonomic control.
Key Nerves:
- I (Olfactory): Smell
- II (Optic): Vision
- X (Vagus): Regulates heart, lungs, digestive tract

Eye Conditions

Myopia (Nearsightedness): Difficulty seeing far objects.
Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Difficulty seeing close objects.
Presbyopia: Age-related loss of near vision.
Astigmatism: Irregular cornea shape, causing blurry vision.
Strabismus: Misalignment of the eyes.
Diplopia: Double vision.
Glaucoma: Increased intraocular pressure, damage to optic nerve.
Cataract: Clouding of the eye lens.

Ear Conditions

Tinnitus: Ringing in the ears.
Ménière's Disease: Inner ear disorder causing vertigo and hearing loss.
Vertigo: Dizziness or spinning sensation.
Otitis Media: Ear infection, often in children.

Types of Hearing Loss

Conductive: Sound can't reach inner ear (due to earwax, fluid, etc.).
Sensorineural: Damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.
Mixed: Combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

Eustachian Tube

Connects the middle ear to the throat and helps equalize pressure.

Hormones and Their Functions

Insulin: Regulates blood glucose levels.
Cortisol: Stress hormone; increases glucose levels and suppresses immune function.
Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4): Regulate metabolism.
Adrenaline: Fight-or-flight response.
Estrogen/Progesterone: Regulate reproductive functions.

Conditions from Hormonal Imbalances

Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Caused by insufficient insulin production or resistance.
Cushing's Syndrome: Overproduction of cortisol (e.g., moon face, weight gain).
Addison's Disease: Underproduction of cortisol (e.g., fatigue, weight loss).
Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid (e.g., weight loss, heat intolerance).
Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid (e.g., fatigue, weight gain).

Nursing Interventions for Hormonal Conditions

DM: Monitor blood sugar, administer insulin, educate on diet/exercise.
Cushing's Syndrome: Monitor for electrolyte imbalances, administer medications to control cortisol.
Addison's Disease: Provide corticosteroids, monitor vital signs.
Hyperthyroidism: Antithyroid drugs, radiation therapy, monitor for signs of thyroid storm.

Levothyroxine

A medication used to treat hypothyroidism by supplementing thyroid hormone levels.

Acromegaly

Caused by excess growth hormone (GH), leading to abnormal growth of bones and tissues.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A serious complication of diabetes where the body produces high levels of ketones, leading to metabolic acidosis.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

CBC Components:
- Red Blood Cells (RBC): Transport oxygen.
- White Blood Cells (WBC): Immune response.
- Platelets: Aid in clotting.
- Hemoglobin (Hb): Oxygen-carrying capacity.
- Hematocrit (Hct): Percentage of RBC in blood.
High and Low Values:
- High RBC/Hemoglobin: Can indicate dehydration or polycythemia.
- Low RBC/Hemoglobin: Can suggest anemia or hemorrhage.
- High WBC: Indicative of infection or inflammation.
- Low WBC: Risk of infection, seen in conditions like leukemia.

Anemia Types

Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Lack of iron.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Reduced RBC production.
Folate Deficiency: Poor DNA synthesis.

Clotting Factors

Important in the coagulation cascade:
- Factor I (Fibrinogen): Forms fibrin mesh in clots.
- Factor II (Prothrombin): Converted to thrombin, aiding clot formation.
- Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor): Essential in blood clotting.

Blood Typing (ABO and Rh)

ABO System: Blood types A, B, AB, and O.
Rh Factor: Positive or negative based on the presence of Rh antigen.
Blood Transfusion: Must match blood type and Rh factor to avoid immune reactions.

Blood Flow & Heart Conduction

Blood flow:
- Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs (pulmonary circulation) → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Rest of the body (systemic circulation)
Conduction of Electrical Impulse:
- SA Node (Sinoatrial Node): Pacemaker of the heart.
- AV Node (Atrioventricular Node): Delays impulse to allow for atrial contraction.
- Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers: Spread impulse through the ventricles.

Cardiovascular Conditions

Aortic Stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve, limiting blood flow from the heart.
Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque in arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.
CHF (Congestive Heart Failure):
- Left-sided: Pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath.
- Right-sided: Edema, jugular venous distension (JVD).
Cardiac Output: Determined by heart rate and stroke volume.
Myocardial Infarction (MI): Heart attack due to lack of blood flow to part of the heart muscle.
Ischemia: Reduced blood flow leading to oxygen deprivation.
Myocarditis/Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart muscle/valves.
Fibrillation: Irregular, uncoordinated heart rhythms (atrial or ventricular).
Cardiac Tamponade: Fluid buildup in the pericardium compressing the heart.

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Description

Explore the branches of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral systems, and their roles in bodily functions. Delve into the various brain lobes and their specific functions, as well as the impact of neurotransmitters on health and behavior. This quiz will enhance your understanding of the complex neural processes.