Grade 12 ABM Midterms - Philosophy PDF

PHILOSOPHY Midterms|1st Semester | Grade 12 ABM LESSON 1 A Wise Person is: PHILOSOPHY 1. Aware of (or knows) what he/she knows - an activity that we can do in...

PHILOSOPHY Midterms|1st Semester | Grade 12 ABM LESSON 1 A Wise Person is: PHILOSOPHY 1. Aware of (or knows) what he/she knows - an activity that we can do in various and what he/she does not know aspects of our life 2. Holds beliefs that are not only true but - comes from the greek word “philo”, which he/she can also justify meaning love, and “sophia” meaning 3. Knows a lot about things that are wisdom (“love of wisdom”) valuable in life - defined as the science that by natural 4. Puts his/her knowledge to practical use light of reason studies the first causes or 5. Does not only know what is true, but also highest principles of all things knows what is good or what ought to be done in a given situation and he/she acts Ideas, views, principles, perspectives or beliefs accordingly “Philosophy of Life” = beliefs and principles KINDS OF PHILOSOPHY 1. Metaphysics As the activity of reasoning - “meta” means what is beyond Pilosopo / Philosopher - studies reality; seeks the most - one who likes to reason out or to intimate aspect of every reality engage in the activity of being reasoning - asks “what is real” - the term “philosopher” was coined and first used by 2. Epistemology Pythagoras - “episteme” = knowledge; “logos” = study of/theory of As an academic course of degree - the study/theory of knowledge; Philosophy symbol “Phi” (ɸ) determining the kinds, sources, and condition of knowledge A sense of WONDER Philosophy begins with wonder; 3. Ethics whenever we ponder on these thoughts, - “ethos” = customs ideas, etc., we are doing philosophy - identifying the standard for each one of us has his/her own making moral judgments, and “philosophy” clarifying the meaning of moral judgments KNOWLEDGE VS WISDOM 4. Logic - study of principles by which we Knowledge Being aware of what you can distinguish sound from unsound do. reasoning Ex. Knowing that tomato is a - the formulation of the standards fruit of right thinking Wisdom Knowing when not to do it. 5. Aesthetics Ex. Knowing not to put tomato in a fruit salad PREPARED BY: ANNE MARIE M. BARRIOS 1 MIDTERMS | PHILOSOPHY - “aisthetikos” = one who has perspectives of things through his PLATO sensations, feelings, and intuitions - considered the first to differentiate - study of particular kind of value; knowledge from opinion asks “what is art” - Knowledge according to him, is certain; whereas Opinion is not certain IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY - Knowledge is seeing things as they really 1. Philosophy provides holistic view of life are, appearances on the other hand is 4 Kinds of causes: unreliable and deceptive - learning from his teacher Socrates, Material composition of something; what plato’s dialogues begin with opinions a thing is made up that are agreed to by interlocutors and then use series of questioning and Formal design or form of something answering to discover the truth - an Opinion is used as a starting point Final purpose of something and the discussion progresses due to the cross-examination of the given opinion Efficient the one that initiates a change in an object SYLLOGISM - a tool found by Aristotle 2. Philosophy contributes to the - a deductive argument of a certain form development of some disciplines or where a conclusion is inferred from two areas of knowledge premises - valid arguments are those that begin 3. Philosophy provides ethical guidelines for with premises that are knowable and the use of modern technology guarantee the truth of a conclusion - Ex: “All men are mortal. Socrates is a 4. Philosophy has significantly contributed man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal” to social transformation RENE DESCARTES 5. Philosophy continues to explore what is - considered the Father of Modern possible and consequently expand Philosophy for introducing the notion of boundaries of knowledge or what we can indubitability know - “statement that are false, doubtful, or uncertain, cannot be used as a basis for knowledge” - he concluded that he “he exists” because LESSON 2.1 it is clear and evident that he is doubting, DOXA & EPISTEME and to doubt would be impossible if he - “To know the truth is different from does not exist believing something to be true” - Ex: If you are given a box full of apples, do not assume that all apples in the box DOXA (appearance) are fresh apples. Just like our beliefs and what appears to be; opinion/simply ‘facts’ presented to us. We must first belief suspend our judgment and wear our can be doubted; confuses our thought philosopher’s hat. EPISTEME (reality) what it is; reality/simply knowledge indubitable (cannot be doubted); CERTAIN PREPARED BY: ANNE MARIE M. BARRIOS 2 MIDTERMS | PHILOSOPHY WHAT IS TRUTH? TWO GROUPS OF FALLACIES - Adequatio rei intellectus (the thoughts 1. Psychological Warfare in the mind should conform to the reality targets and seduces emotions and of the world) subconscious drives and motivations of - “what is true to you may not be true for man me” is a dangerous and irresponsible thought Repeated repeats or multiplies the Assertion / same assertion with the aim Ad Nauseam that sooner or later, people LESSON 2.2 will accept it as true ARGUMENTATION & FALLACIES Argument Ex: advertisements with - traditionally defined as a combination of catchy jingles or television propositions wherein a given proposition scenes is used to support the truth of another proposition (conclusion) being asserted Poisoning the happens when one - to persuade others to believe the truth of Well discounts in advance the the proposition being asserted opponent’s evidence, proof, - it is meant to deceive you into accepting or counter argument, a conclusion that does not reflect reality preventing the opponent from employing them Linguistic Manipulation - professional manipulations (ex: lawyers, Ex: when a teacher exhorts doctors, and specialized terminologies) the class that only lazy - the goal is to manipulate people and students asks for open book make them think that you are smarter exam, then asks later on than them who wants an open book - Ex: “Your presence gives me cerebral exam discomfort”, in simple term, “you give me a headache” Rationalizing when one’s ego is placed in (or sour an unpleasant situation, it Fallacy graping) can spin untrue, but - came from the latin word “fallacia”, pleasant reasons to settle meaning deceit or fraud things - are statements or arguments whose intention is to deceive the hearer into Ex: “Don’t tell them we accepting the truth of the conclusion failed. Tell them we despite the lack of logical support temporarily postponed our provided by the premises to the success.” conclusion Ad Baculum when force / threat of force Arguments of Fallacy: (came from is used instead of proper correct arguments the latin word reason obviously incorrect arguments “Baculum” subtly incorrect arguments meaning club Ex: “Follow the rules or I will - technically fallacies that are or staff) beat you to death” effective in convincing the audiences) PREPARED BY: ANNE MARIE M. BARRIOS 3 MIDTERMS | PHILOSOPHY Ad Hominem attacks not the argument, despite me not being but the person of the able to make any sale” opponent himself False Dilemma occurs when a limited However, in court / Black and number of choices, adjudications, this may be White Fallacy outcomes, or views are reasonably used. Lawyers presented as the only may attack the testimony of options when more witnesses by focusing on options exist their character, credibility, and expertise. Ex: “You are either with us, or against us” 2. Logical Maneuvers Straw-Man the arguer attacks a fools the cognitive and intellectual Fallacy strawman (effigy) of the aspect of the human mind enemy instead of the real uses rhetorical skills enemy; “presents a weak argument that can easily Fallacy of claiming that the be refuted just so your Composition conclusions is true on the argument looks better” basis of treating individual characteristics Slippery Slope claiming that the or attributes as applicable conclusions is not true on to the whole group the basis of the universality of the Ex: “Each of the NU conclusion being Bulldogs players is very proposed good at playing basketball. Therefore, the Ex: “If I don’t have a pencil, NU Bulldogs is a very I cannot answer the quiz, good basketball team.” then I will fail, if I fail, I will not have work” Fallacy of if a given group (as a Division whole) has a particular Bandwagon/ all about getting people characteristic feature, Appeal to to do or think something then each of its members common belief because “everyone else is has the same doing it” or “everything characteristic feature else thinks this” Ex: “Our manager said Guilt by occurs when someone that our sales team is Association connects an opponent to outstanding because the a demonized group or to sales we endorsed by the a bad person in order to end of the week made up discredit his/her 80% of this month’s profit. argument Therefore, I am an outstanding sales agent PREPARED BY: ANNE MARIE M. BARRIOS 4 MIDTERMS | PHILOSOPHY RENE DESCARTES Hasty claiming that the - also recognized dualism and expressed Generalization/ conclusion is true on the this in his Meditations; in his second Over-Generaliz basis of evidence that it is meditation, he concludes that he exists ation of insufficient quantity to because doubt requires a doubter logically support the - “Dubito ergo cogito, cogito ergo sum” (I extent of the conclusion; doubt therefore I think, I think therefore I making a claim based on am) evidence that is too small - the qualities of our body are separate and distinct from the qualities of our soul; what happens to our body in life and death, does not translate to the same LESSON 3 occurrence to our soul DISCOVERING THE SELF: WHO AM I? Karl Jaspers UNITY OF BODY AND SOUL - “man is always more than what he knows - Human is an embodied soul; we have a about himself” body, but we are more than our body HUMAN BEING Saint Thomas Aquinas - is the source of many questions about - claimed that body and soul are not two the existence of the world and everything entities that interact with each other, but that exists in it are one being made up of matter and form Human Being’s Encounter with Existential Limit - although the body is the matter and the Situations soul is the form, a being cannot remain a being if matter and form are not united for Jaspers, human beings lead to a deeper consciousness and experience HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND EXISTENCE his limitations and funitude; these - part of the reason why the mind-body boundary situations lead into a deeper problem could not be entirely reflection of his own self being abandoned in philosophy is because humans naturally engaged in thought as DUALITY OF BODY AND SOUL they interact with the world - is the view held by those who believe that our body is separate and distinct from John Locke our soul - theory of the self as tabula rasa - Plato is one of those who argued for the - his notion of inner sense that is better dualism of body and soul; the human understood as reflection or introspection soul he theorized, exists prior to the body - he points out that all thoughts are and even after the body is long gone conscious; moreover, our consciousness is the criterion for personal identity Plato’s Theory of Forms - the material realm (the world we know) Two levels of experience in reflecting on “my is separate from the eternal realm of body” forms or essences (the world of ideas) 1. The body is seen as separate entity from - Knowledge is to be found in the realm of the self ideas or essences which are eternal and 2. When I consider it as a “mystery” true PREPARED BY: ANNE MARIE M. BARRIOS 5 MIDTERMS | PHILOSOPHY him/her to see and I AM MY BODY experience the intrinsic The union between my body and I is not value of the environment. just a mere relationship of two organisms or entities Anthropological The primary concern of For Marcel, this union means existential Approach human beings is to existence to my body and to myself; my unveil his/her being as body cannot exist apart from my body human or what being human ought to be. LESSON 4 Human beings do not HARMONY WITH NATURE recognize that the Human Being’s Perspective on Environment environment has its own the kind of relationship that human consciousness and being established with the environment inherent system; such an depends on how she.he perceives it approach considers the the environment is considered as a environment as an commodity or property to be used and object. disposed for one’s own individual welfare Utilitarianism This focuses on the HUMAN BEING’S APPROACHES ON ENVIRONMENT consequences of human action; whether it is wrong or right. Instrumental Human beings affirm the Approach protection of the Our action is ethically environment as long as it right when it produces possesses values or greatest happiness for a importance for the greater number of human being. people. The problem in this Human beings use such approach is that when a views to utilize and human being can no manipulate the natural longer recognize the environment for human value of the environment, development. it ceases to be of value Natural Law There is goodness in Axiological Human beings recognize Ethics human nature to do Approach the intrinsic value of the good which is rooted in environment. This the goodness of God. approach demands him/her to protect and We respect nature take care of it. because God created it for diving purposes. The This approach needs a environment is created greater use of and continuously being imagination and recreated for human reflection on the part of being’s well-being. the human being for PREPARED BY: ANNE MARIE M. BARRIOS 6 MIDTERMS | PHILOSOPHY - according to St. Augustine, the Virtue Ethics The act of caring and of human being bears and reveals Perspective respecting becomes our the divine image of the creator second nature. This - Emmanuel Levinas believes that extends to non-human a human being’s action is for the especially for the good of “others”, and not for environment where his/her own good. he/she lives and realizes his/her being. Sacredness of The recognition of the Environment sacredness of the environment is based on the creation of all things. The environment as part of creation poses an affirmation of the Creator who is the uncaused and causes everything that exists. (Buenaflor, 2006) LEONARDO MERCADO - “Natural environment symbolizes a possible encounter with the Divine” (Mercado 1974, 161) - asserted that human beings could encounter the divine in the environment THE INFLUENCE AND EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY TOWARD ENVIRONMENT 1. The Spirit of Stewardship - according to Timbreza, human being has the responsibility to take care, protect, and cultivate his/her potentialities, faculties, and functions - what human being does to the environment has a great influence and effect on his/her existence - as a steward, the human being has to take care of the environment, not to destroy it 2. Human Beings as the Summit of Creation - rationality makes human being different from other created beings PREPARED BY: ANNE MARIE M. BARRIOS 7 MIDTERMS | PHILOSOPHY REFERENCES: LESSON 1: https://nationalueduph.sharepoint.com/:b:/s/12 ABM2301-SCPHLMN-IntroductiontoPhilosophyofH umanPerson/EYaqMENqlAVDtoZPTQHbNisBr53tPi ewbrq7yfbHjStyNw LESSON 2.1: https://nationalueduph.sharepoint.com/:b:/s/12 ABM2301-SCPHLMN-IntroductiontoPhilosophyofH umanPerson/Ea8lX6qxz8lGiQlyCZ-AvREBF2Zf8IfU oZGgjUQnE8-G_w LESSON 2.2: https://nationalueduph.sharepoint.com/:b:/s/12 ABM2301-SCPHLMN-IntroductiontoPhilosophyofH umanPerson/EV3wDzgUedBPjp0x29FuilcBCOAUk urVLx4aNA02EwiNYQ LESSON 3: https://nationalueduph.sharepoint.com/:b:/s/12 ABM2301-SCPHLMN-IntroductiontoPhilosophyofH umanPerson/EW4nOgRG0WtIpr4sYkB6OHcBDCu qkrwcNzqmM2-bejecpA LESSON 4: https://nationalueduph.sharepoint.com/:b:/s/12 ABM2301-SCPHLMN-IntroductiontoPhilosophyofH umanPerson/EduB3V4m6TlNhSU_O9JhhqkB7eo2 3T3EGfUvS14lr5YZzQ PREPARED BY: ANNE MARIE M. BARRIOS 8