Midterm Exam - Week 3 Cellular Respiration PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by LowCostAntigorite888
University of Saint Louis
Vic Valiant O. Laureta
Tags
Summary
This document provides a lecture covering cellular respiration, with an emphasis on the relevant botanical and pharmacological aspects. The content outlines the process, different types of cellular respiration and redox reactions, as well as notable figures such as Robert Hooke and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek involved in early cell discovery. It includes diagrams and summaries for student comprehension. This material covers topics relevant to an undergraduate pharmacy program.
Full Transcript
CELLULAR RESPIRATION -------------------------------- PHAR 1042 Course Instructor Vic Valiant O. Laureta, RPh, ClinPharm, Pharmaceutical Botany MSPharm(candidate) with Taxonomy...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION -------------------------------- PHAR 1042 Course Instructor Vic Valiant O. Laureta, RPh, ClinPharm, Pharmaceutical Botany MSPharm(candidate) with Taxonomy MIDTERM Lecaros Extension, Ugac Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines 3500 www.usl.edu.ph Objectives: At the end of the session, you should be able to: Discuss energy metabolism in plants Cellular Respiration Process that releases energy from organic compounds (food), gradually converting it into energy that is stored in ATP molecules. Catabolic reaction/process (energy released from glucose will ultimately be used to support anabolic pathways) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Usable energy for cells/cellular energy currency. The energy currency of the cell. Catabolic Large molecules are broken into smaller units. Anabolic Build-up of larger molecules. Proteins DNA Cellular Respiration vs. Photosynthesis Process that releases energy from organic compounds (food), gradually converting it into energy that is stored in ATP molecules. Catabolic reaction/process (energy released from glucose will ultimately be used to support anabolic pathways) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Usable energy for cells/cellular energy currency. The energy currency of the cell. Catabolic Large molecules are broken into smaller units. Anabolic Build-up of larger molecules. Proteins DNA Cellular Respiration vs. Photosynthesis Chemical Reaction A process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. Reactants Substances that start a chemical reaction (ingredients). Products Substances that are produced in the reaction (finished results). 2 Types of Cellular Respiration A process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. Reactants Substances that start a chemical reaction (ingredients). Products Substances that are produced in the reaction (finished results). In the generalized reaction, substance Xe-, the electron donor, is called the reducing agent; it reduces Y, which accepts the donated electron. Substance Y, the electron acceptor, is the oxidizing agent; it oxidizes Xe- by removing its electron. Because an electron transfer requires both an electron donor and an acceptor, oxidation and reduction always go hand in hand. NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Coenzyme for redox txn NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + Hydrogen(H)) Used during oxidation FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) Redox cofactor Created during krebs Utilized during ETC 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1. Glycolysis 1665 Gr. Glykos, sweet +lysis, splitting English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of a cork. Described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. Can occur aerobically or anaerobically 1673 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single celled organisms. Converts glucose to two 3-carbon He called them “animalcules.” He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. 150-200 Year Gap pyruvate molecules Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. Due to the widely accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Example: Occurs in the cytosol Mice from dirty clothes/ cornhusks. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION PREPARATORY STAGE STAGE 1: Phosphorylation 1665 Glucose, English a Hooke Scientist Robert 6-carbon discoveredmolecule, is atfirst cells while looking phosphorylated a thin slice of a cork. to Described He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi.ADP and glucose-6-phosphate produce glucose-6-phosphate. the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. 1673 areVan Anton produced Leeuwenhoekwhen used a the enzyme handmade HEXOKINASE microscope to observe pond scum removes a high and discovered single He energy celled organisms.phosphate group from an ATP and attaches it to a called them “animalcules.” glucose He also observedmolecule. blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. 150-200 Year Gap STAGE 2: Isomerase Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. toThe Due Example: molecule the widely acceptedis made belief traditional intoinan isomerGeneration. Spontaneous by PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE, Mice from dirty clothes/turning cornhusks. G6P into fructose-6-phosphate. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION STAGE 3: 2nd Phosphorylation F6P is phosphorylated. The enzyme 1665 PHOSPHOGLUCOSE English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered ISOMERASE removes cells while looking a of a cork. at a thin slice Described He thought that cells only existed inATP phosphorus from an andfungi. places it on F6P, which results in the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. plants and 1673 an Van Anton ADP and fructose-1,6- Leeuwenhoek used a handmade biphosphate. microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single STAGE celled organisms.4: Cleavage He called them “animalcules.” also He F6P is converted observed blood cells frombyfish,the enzyme birds, frogs, dogs,ALDOLASE and humans. to G3P and DHAP 150-200 Year Gap (dihydroxyacetone Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and phosphate). the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. DueSTAGE to the widely5: Conversion accepted ofinDHAP traditional belief Spontaneous Generation. Example: DHAP Mice is clothes/ from dirty converted into G3P by triose phosphate isomerase. cornhusks. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION PAYOFF STAGE STAGE 6: Oxidation 1665 The English enzyme Scientist Robert Hooke G3P-DEHYDROGENASE discovered cells while looking at a thin removes slice of a cork. hydrogens Described from each the cells asG3P tiny boxesand phosphorylates or honeycombs. the molecules. In doing He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. 1673 this, Anton Vanit convertsused Leeuwenhoek two NAD+ microscope a handmade into twoto molecules observe pond scum of NADH. This and discovered single He step creates two molecules of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate. celled organisms. called them “animalcules.” STAGE He also observed 7: Dephosphorylation blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. 150-200 Year Gap The enzyme Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE were made. the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements Dueremoves to the widelyaaccepted phosphorus fromin Spontaneous traditional belief the 1,3- biphosphoglycerates. Generation. This Example: converts Mice from dirtytwo ADP clothes/ into two molecules of ATP. This step creates cornhusks. two molecules of phosphoglycerate. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION STAGE 8: Phosphate dehydration The phosphorus is moved into the middle of the molecule by the enzyme 1665PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE. English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of a cork. STAGE 9: Dehydration Described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. thought He 1673 The enzyme ENOLASE that cells only changes existed in plants the orientation of the molecule. This and fungi. stepVancreates Anton molecule Leeuwenhoek used a of phosphoenolpyruvate. handmade microscope to observe The pond enzyme removessingle scum and discovered a celled organisms. He water group/dehydration. called them “animalcules.” He STAGE also observed 10: Pyruvate blood kinase cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. 150-200 The Year lastGap phosphorus molecules are eliminated by PYRUVATE KINASE, Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. Duecreating ATP to the widely molecules. accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Example: Twofrom Mice molecules ofcornhusks. dirty clothes/ pyruvate are produced during this process, and these molecules can be utilized in subsequent processes like the Krebs cycle. Note: Glycolysis will yield a byproduct of 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1665 English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of a cork. Described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. 1673 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single celled organisms. He called them “animalcules.” He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. 150-200 Year Gap Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. Due to the widely accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Example: Mice from dirty clothes/ cornhusks. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1.1. Pyruvate (after glycolysis) 1665 If O2Robertis not English Scientist Hooke available discovered cells towhilethe lookingcell, at a thinfermentation, slice of a cork. an Describedanaerobic the cells as tinyprocess (see fermentation), occurs in the boxes or honeycombs. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. 1673 cytoplasm. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single If O2 is available to the cell, pyruvate enters celled organisms. He called them “animalcules.” mitochondria He also observed blood cells from by aerobic fish, birds, frogs, dogs,process and humans. (In eukaryotes, 150-200 Year Gap Betweenpyruvate Hooke/Leeuwenhoekentersandthe the mitochondrion mid-19th century, veryand is advancements little cell oxidized were to made. a compound Due to the Example: widely accepted called acetyl traditional CoA, belief in which Spontaneous enters the citric acid Generation. cycle.). Mice from dirty clothes/ cornhusks. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1.2 Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA 1665 If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation, an English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of a cork. anaerobic process (see fermentation), occurs in the Described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. 1673 cytoplasm. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single celled organisms. He called them “animalcules.” He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. 150-200 Year Gap Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. Due to the widely accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Example: Mice from dirty clothes/ cornhusks. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1665 STAGE 1 English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of a cork. Pyruvate dehydrogenase pulls CO Described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. 2 1673 molecule off the pyruvate. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single STAGE 2 celled organisms. He called them “animalcules.” He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. NAD is reduced to NADH 150-200 Year Gap + Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. STAGE 3 Due to the widely accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Example: Acetyl group is transferred to Coenzyme Mice from dirty clothes/ cornhusks. A producing Acetyl Coenzyme A 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION 2. Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle (Hans Adolf Krebs)/Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle 1665 Citric Acid/Citrate English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of a cork. First product of the cycle Described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. HeTricarboxylic thought that cellsAcid only existed in plants and fungi. 1673 Cycle Anton begins withused Van Leeuwenhoek theaformation of citric to handmade microscope acid which observe pondcontains scum and3discovered (COOH)single celled organisms. groups carboxylic He called them “animalcules.” HeOxidation also observed of the blood 2-carbon cells acetyl from fish, birds, group frogs, of humans. dogs, and acetyl-CoA occurs within the 150-200 Year Gap matrix in a cyclic sequence. mitochondrial Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. DueThrough a cyclic to the widely series accepted of reactions traditional in the Krebs belief in Spontaneous cycle, the two carbons Generation. Example: from acetyl-CoA are released as carbon dioxide, and oxaloacetic acid is Mice from dirty clothes/ cornhusks. regenerated. The overall products of the Krebs cycle are CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2: 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Acetyl CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + ADP + PI → 2 CO2 + 3 ADH + FADH2 + ATP (per pyruvate) 1665 English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of a cork. Described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. 1673 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single celled organisms. He called them “animalcules.” He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. 150-200 Year Gap Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. Due to the widely accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Example: Mice from dirty clothes/ cornhusks. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION STAGE 1 Pyruvate derived from glycolysis, is firstly converted into acetyl-CoA which is subsequently condensed with oxaloacetate to form the compound citrate. 1665 STAGE 2 English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of a cork. Citratetheiscells Described converted to its as tiny boxes isomer, isocitrate. The enzyme aconitase catalyzes this or honeycombs. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. 1673reaction. STAGE Anton Van 3 Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single organisms. celled Isocitrate undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to form 𝝰- He called them “animalcules.” ketoglutarate. A molecular form of CO2 is released. Isocitrate dehydrogenase He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. catalyses 150-200 the reaction. It is an NAD+ dependent enzyme. NAD+ is converted to Year Gap NADH. Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. Due STAGE 4 to the widely accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Example: Mice 𝝰-ketoglutarate undergoes from dirty clothes/ oxidative decarboxylation to form succinyl CoA. The cornhusks. reaction is catalyzed by the 𝝰-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme complex. One molecule of CO2 is released and NAD+ is converted to NADH. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION STAGE 5 Succinyl CoA forms succinate. The enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase catalyses the 1665 reaction. This is coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of GDP to get GTP. GTP transfers English its Robert Scientist phosphate to discovered Hooke ADP forming cellsATP. while looking at a thin slice of a cork. STAGEthe Described 6 cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. 1673 Succinate is oxidized by the enzyme succinic dehydrogenase to fumarate. In the Antonprocess, FAD is converted Van Leeuwenhoek used atohandmade FADH2. microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single STAGE celled 7 organisms. He called them “animalcules.” Fumarate gets converted to malate by the addition of one H2O (water). The enzyme He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. catalyzing this reaction is fumarase. 150-200 Year Gap STAGE Between 8 Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. Due toMalate is dehydrogenated the widely to belief accepted traditional forminoxaloacetate, which combines with another Spontaneous Generation. Example: molecule of acetyl CoA and starts the new cycle. Hydrogens removed, get transferred Mice from dirty clothes/ cornhusks. to NAD+ forming NADH. Malate dehydrogenase catalyses the reaction. Note: Krebs Cycle will yield a byproduct of 2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis) Transfer of hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 to the final electron 1665 acceptor, English molecular Scientist oxygen, Robert Hooke is accomplished discovered in an atelaborate cells while looking a thin sliceelectron of a cork. transport chain embedded Described theincells the as inner tinymembrane of mitochondria. boxes or honeycombs. He thought Oxygen is that cells only the final existed electron in plantscombining acceptor, and fungi. with them and protons to produce water. 1673 Electron Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Transport Chain used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single celled organisms. Series He calledof four them protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical “animalcules.” Hegradient that blood also observed leadscells tofrom thefish, creation of ATP birds, frogs, in ahumans. dogs, and complete system named oxidative phosphorylation. 150-200 Year Gap Occurs Hooke/Leeuwenhoek Between in mitochondria in both and cellular respiration the mid-19th andvery century, photosynthesis. little cell advancements were made. Collection Due of proteins to the widely accepted bound to thebelief traditional innerin mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, Spontaneous Generation. Example: which electrons Mice from pass through dirty clothes/ in a series of redox reactions, and release energy. The energy cornhusks. released forms a proton gradient, which is used in chemiosmosis to make a large amount of ATP by the protein ATP-synthase. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1665 English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of a cork. Described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. 1673 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single celled organisms. He called them “animalcules.” He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. 150-200 Year Gap Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. Due to the widely accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Example: Mice from dirty clothes/ cornhusks. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Complex 1 - NADH-Q Oxidoreductase: 1665 Enzymes contain iron-sulfur and FMN. Receives English two electrons Scientist Robert from cells Hooke discovered NADH.while looking at a thin slice of a cork. Described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. Hethought FMNthat is derived from in cells only existed vitamin plants and B2. fungi. 1673 Complex 2 - Succinate-Q Reductase Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single organisms. celled Receives FADH2 not passed through complex 1. He called them “animalcules.” He Connects also complex observed blood 1 and cells from 2 to the fish, birds, frogs,third complex dogs, and humans.via ubiquinone (Q). Q Year 150-200 molecule Gap is water-soluble and moves in the membrane's Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek hydrophobic core. and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. Due to the widely accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Electron is delivered directly to the electron transport chain. Example: Mice ATP fromyield dirty clothes/ cornhusks. to pumped protons across the is proportional mitochondrial inner membrane. 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Complex 3 - Cytochrome C Reductase 1665 Comprised of Fe-S protein, Cytochrome b, and Cytochrome c. Cytochrome English Scientist Robert proteins containcells Hooke discovered thewhile heme group. looking at a thin slice of a cork. Described the cells as tiny boxes Responsible for or honeycombs. proton pumping across the membrane. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. 1673 Passes electrons to cytochrome c, which is transported to Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single celledthe 4th complex. organisms. He called them “animalcules.” Complex 4 - Cytochrome C Oxidase He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. Comprised 150-200 Year Gap of cytochrome c, a, and a3. Contains Between two hemeand Hooke/Leeuwenhoek groupstheinmid-19th cytochromes c and century, very little a3. cell advancements were made. Due to the widely accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Holds oxygen between copper and iron until fully reduced. Example: Reduced Mice from dirtyoxygen clothes/ cornhusks. combines with hydrogen ions to form water. Note: Electron transport chain will yield a byproduct of about 32 ATPs 3 MAJOR PHASES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1665 English Scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of a cork. Described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs. He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. 1673 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum and discovered single celled organisms. He called them “animalcules.” He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. 150-200 Year Gap Between Hooke/Leeuwenhoek and the mid-19th century, very little cell advancements were made. Due to the widely accepted traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Example: Mice from dirty clothes/ cornhusks.
