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TRAVEL WRITING AND PHOTOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTAL CAMERA SETTINGS TWO PURSUITS OF PHOTOGRAPHY A. Shutter speed - The amount of time your camera sensor...

TRAVEL WRITING AND PHOTOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTAL CAMERA SETTINGS TWO PURSUITS OF PHOTOGRAPHY A. Shutter speed - The amount of time your camera sensor is exposed to the outside world while taking a picture. Technical – the science of setting up the camera and the Shutter speed is the length of time the camera shutter recording medium to take images in a controlled way. is open, exposing light onto the camera sensor. Creative – the art of composing good images to capture. Essentially, it's how long your camera spends taking a photo. This has a few important effects on how your Photography – the art of capturing light with a camera, usually images will appear. When you use a long shutter speed via a digital sensor or film, to create an image. (also known as a "slow" shutter speed), you end up exposing your sensor for a significant period of time. The HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY first big effect of it is motion blur. If your shutter speed is long, moving subjects in your photo will appear blurred Color photography started to become popular and accessible along the direction of motion. This effect is used quite with the release of Eastman Kodak’s “Kodachrome” film in often in advertisements of cars and motorbikes, where a the 1930s, before that almost all photos are monochromatic. sense of speed and motion is communicated to the viewer BARE MINIMUM GEAR NEEDED FOR PHOTOGRAPHY by intentionally blurring the moving wheels. B. Aperture - Represents a "pupil" in your lens that can open 1. Camera – pick one with interchangeable lenses so that and close to let in different amounts of light. Aperture can you can ty out different types of photography more easily. be defined as the opening in a lens through which 2. Lenses – lenses matter more than any other piece of light passes to enter the camera. It is an easy concept equipment because they determine what photos you can to understand if you just think about how your eyes work. take in the first place. Portrait pick a prime lens, sports go As you move between bright and dark environments, the with a telephoto lens, and macro photography get a iris in your eyes either expands or shrinks, controlling the dedicated macro lens. size of your pupil in photography, the "pupil of your lens is 3. Post-processing software – one way or another, you called aperture. You can shrink or enlarge the size of the need to edit your photos, it is okay to start with software aperture to allow more or less light to reach your camera already on your computer, or software that comes with the sensor. The image below shows on aperture in a lens. camera. But, in the long run a dedicated program will do a Aperture is like the "pupil for your camera system, which can better job. open and dose to change the amount of light that passes through. Note the nine blades in this lens, which form a EVERYTHING ELSE IS OPTIONAL, BUT CAN BE VERY diaphragm to block any light that tries to pass, except through USEFUL: the center. 1. Tripod – A landscape photographer’s best friend. C. ISO - Technically a bit more complex behind the scenes, 2. Bags – get a shoulder bag for street photography, a rolling but similar to the sensitivity of film for taking pictures in bag for studio photography, and a technical hiking different lighting conditions. Also similar to brightening or backpack for landscape photography. darkening a photo in post-processing. In very basic 3. Memory Cards – Choose something in the 64-128 GB terms, ISO is simply a camera setting that will range to start. Get a fast card (measured in MB/second) if brighten by darken a photo. As you increase your ISO you shoot bursts of photos, since your camera's memory number, your photos will grow progressively brighter. will clear faster. For that reason, ISO can help you capture images in 4. Extra batteries – Get at least one spare battery to start, darker environments, or be more flexible about your preferably two. Off-brand batteries are usually cheaper, aperture and shutter speed settings. However, raising your although they may not last as long or maintain ISO has consequences. A photo taken at too high of an compatibility with future cameras. ISO will show a lot of grain, also known as noise, and 5. Polarizing Filter – This is a big one, especially for might not be usable So, brightening a photo via 150 is landscape photographers. Don't get a cheap polarizer or it always a trade-off You should only raise your ISO when will harm your image quality. We recommend the B+W you are unable to brighten the photo via shutter speed or Kaesemann filter (of the same thread size as your lens). aperture. 6. Flash – Flashes can be expensive, and you might need to PARTS OF A CAMERA (ANALOG) buy a separate transmitter and receiver if you want to use your flash off-camera. But for genres like portrait photography or macro photography, they're indispensable. 7. Better computer monitor – Ideally, you'd get an IPS monitor for editing photos. A color calibration device as really helpful, so you know you're editing the correct colors. 8. Cleaning Kit – The top item is a microfiber cloth to keep the front of your lens clean. Also get a rocket blower to remove dust from your camera sensor more easily. 9. Other Equipment – There are countless other photography accessories available, from remote shutter releases to GPS attachments, printers, and more.  Depth-of-field preview lever  Flash: A flash is a device used in photography that  Self-timer produces an instantaneous flash of artificial light.  Built-in auto winder Most cameras now include a built-in flash.  Frame counter  Hot Shoe Mount. The hot shoe mount is a point on  On-off switch/Battery check the top of most SLR cameras where an external flash  Shutter release can be connected.  Auto exposure lock  Lens Ring Mount. On cameras that allow  Shutter-speed dial/Mode selector interchangeable lenses, there is a metal ring on the  Flash hot shoe front of the camera where the lens will attach.  Exposure compensation dial  Rewind crunk  Film-speed dial  Flash synch terminal  Lens release  Aperture ring  Depth-of-field scale  Focusing ring PARTS OF A CAMERA (DIGITAL)  Flash synch contacts and hot shoe  Main Dial  Shutter Button  Remote Control Sensor  Red eye Reduction/ Self-timer Lamp  Grip TRAVEL PHOTOGRAPHY – Travel photography transcends  Lens mount just "landscape" or "portrait" photography. It's about capturing  Built-in Flash and documenting that distant place in a single frame, pulling  EF Lens Mount Index the viewer into the shot and making them wish that they were  Mode dial there. A good travel photo will be more than just a slice of time  Flash button captured in a rectangle. It will tell a story and convey emotion  Lens Release Button Travel photography is a source of inspiration and driver in see  Mirror and experience the best our world has to offer.  Contacts THE PHOTOGRAPHER – Anyone can do a bit of travel photography, just as anyone can do landscape or portrait  Lens: The lens a part of the camera (or an photography, regardless of what the definition of "professional attachment for the camera) that focuses light into the is There are essentially two main groups of people engaging in body and onto the film. The aperture is also contained travel photography One group consists of those who travel for within the lens the purpose of photography, and the other group consists of  Film Compartment: In film cameras, there a people who travel for the sake of travel and take photos to compartment is the back of the camera to hold the complement their travels While there is no reason to promote film. This compartment has a space for the film one group over another it is still a good idea to priorities your canister, sprockets to guide the film across the intended scope prior to planning your trip, as the experience exposure area, a pressure plate to tighten the film, will be somewhat different. and a take up real to wend the film.  Viewfinder: The viewfinder is the hole in the back of 1. JOSEPH NICEPHORE NIEPCE the camera that a photographer looks through to aim  The first permanent photograph (France 1826) the camera. 2. LOUIS DAGUERRE  Shutter: A solid piece of plastic or metal inside the  The Daguerreotype (first commercial photographic camera that prevents light from reaching the film or material) France 1830 digital sensor  Daguerreoception today.  Shutter Release: The shutter release is a button that 3. ALFRED STIEGLITZ raises a shutter inside the camera for a specified  Portraiture and documentary (United States, late 1800s amount of time to allow light to expose the film. through mid-1900s  Shutter Speed Control: It is the point on the camera 4. DOROTHEA LANGE where anybody can set the amount of time the shutter  Portrait photography (United States 1930s) will remain open 5. ANSEL ADAMS  Film Speed Control: The film speed control allows to  Landscape photography (1920s to 1960s, United States) calibrate the camera's meter to the film speed for an accurate exposure reading.  F-Stop Control: The F-Stop controls allow to set the size of the aperture within the lens.  In the tourism and hospitality industry, the desired culture is TIPS FOR TRAVEL PHOTOGRAPHY known as a service culture 1. Travel Light – travel with a minimum load or luggage 2. Use a Flexible zoom lens – the ability to capture our Cultural Categories vision w/out the constraints of fixed focal lengths. According to the study of a Dutch organizational theories Fonz 3. Use the right shooting modes and settings – camera Trompenaars, he perceived culture as to how an organization controls that photographers have to choose before or a company resolved a variety of organizational problems shooting a subject. that typically could be determined into three (3) possible 4. Take nightly notes – take time to jot down a few notes in categories: a journal about the days event. Challenges that Arises from Relationship with other People: 5. Scout locations in advance – the process in which a  Nature/Concept of self: Individualism versus photographer visits different locations to find the best Collectivism place to set his photo-shoot. ✓ Individualistic culture – an individual prioritizes their own 6. Ask for portraits – excuse yourself and ask kindly can needs over those of the group. For someone with an they take a picture. individualistic mindset, the best way to ensure the well-being of 7. Take proper precautions – an action taken to prevent the group is by encouraging each member to become self- something unpleasant or dangerous from happening. reliant. 8. Think outside the box – to think differently, ✓ Collectivist culture – A person's identity is shaped by their unconventionally, or from a new perspective. role within the group, whether it be family, a team, or work. The 9. Research your location - to help you capture a particular well-being and success of the group ensure the welfare of its emotion or atmosphere, but it doesn't have to serve as the individual members. main focus. You might also use it as an element to help you create a more dramatic shot with a beautiful Nature/Concept of obligations: Universalism versus perspective. Particularism 10. Once your trip is over, do something with the images - ✓ Universalist culture – Universalist cultures employ absolute once you’ve arrived back home after a trip, go through concepts, regardless of specific conditions or situations, in your images. Organize them carefully, find the best shots, some contexts. Applying the same principles to comparable and enhance them with editing. situations is always a good idea. MUST-HAVE GEAR ✓ Particularist culture – possess no absolute concepts, and  Camera people's behavior varies according on the situation. Everyone  Lenses will act in the best possible way toward their family and friends  Lightweight Laptop or Tablet because they think that other people in their group will also  Spare Camera batteries + Charger defend them.  Memory Cards SD memory card case Challenges that Arises from Passing of Time or Passage of  Travel Camera backpack Time  Watch with GPS Capabilities  Concept of time can be associated with either MUST-HAVE ACCESSORIES/ALWAYS IN BAG Monochronic or Polychronic  USB car charger ✓ Monochronic – Individuals who have a monochronic  Battery Pack conception of time perceive it as nearly substantial; they refer  Nikon EN-EL 15 Dual Battery Micro USB Charger to it as something that may be “found,” “saved,” “frittered away,” or “lost.”  Portable SSD Drive  Compact LED Flashlight ✓ Polychronic – These the people who perceived time as if it  LED Headlight is tangible and often pays attention to human interaction or movements rather than calendars or dates.  Rain sleeve Challenges that are related to the Environment  Universal Travel Adapter Control of the environment in Cultural Diversity  Travel Tripod  Concept of control: Activism contrasted to Fatalism  AA Rechargeable Batteries ✓ Activist culture – control is in the power of an individuals. MULTICULTURAL Life's constraints are relatively few, and the majority of them Defining Culture (Module 5) are hence modifiable. As long as someone is sincere and puts Culture – refers to the collective, social structures, and in the required work, there are no limits to what they can material characteristics that define a racial, religious, or social accomplish. group. It also encompasses the shared attitudes, values, goals, ✓ Fatalist culture – an individual does not have control in a and practices that distinguish an institution or organization. fatalist society. Certain facets of existence are innate and Service Culture - Organizations can have either strong or programmed. There are certain boundaries that no one can weak cultures. A strong culture is evident when the majority of cross as well as certain situations that are unchangeable and employees share similar views regarding the organization’s should thus be accepted. mission and values. In such a culture, core values are deeply held and widely embraced by employees. The more employees who align with these values and show commitment to them, the stronger the culture and its impact on behavior. In contrast, a weak culture is characterized by diverse and inconsistent opinions among employees. Organizational Culture and promoting individuals who align with the company's  Refers to the system of an organization that represents new values. the assumption, shared values, and beliefs which allow 6. Creating new symbols and stories – creating new the individual to acquire sense of understanding to rituals, symbols, and narratives could improve the distinguish which behavior are acceptable and which are endeavor to transform culture's effectiveness. not appropriate within an organization. Leadership – Leaders who possess a values-based approach Levels of Organizational Culture of leadership ensure to align his/her personal values with those 1. Assumptions – this includes beliefs about human nature of their organization. Leaders should never compromise their and reality. essential beliefs or core values, even while it's appropriate to 2. Values – these are shared principles, ethical practices, modify a basic plan or tactics in order to accomplish a standards, and goals. corporate goal. Leaders who are built on values are altruistic 3. Artifacts – tangible aspects of an organizational culture and focused on meeting the needs of others; they are not that are usually on the surface and visible. swayed by celebrity, wealth, power, or prestige. Self-reflection, balance, self-confidence, and humility are the four essential Dimensions of Culture characteristics of a values-based leader. - Distinguishing a specific set of values that creates description towards the organizations culture is beneficial as it help the Characteristics of Values-based Leader organization to be identified, measured, and to effectively 1. Self-reflection – The process of assessing, thinking over, manage cultural differences. Culture is represented by seven and evaluating what or how you think, feel, or act is known distinct values which are all evident within an Organizational as self-reflection. Culture Profile or OCP. Below are the seven values of 2. Balance – With a well-balanced leadership style, leaders Organizational Culture Profile: can motivate their staff, stimulate creativity, and create an 1. Innovative cultures – adaptable, flexible, and openly atmosphere that supports the development of individuals willing to explore new ideas as well as the company. 2. Aggressive cultures – patronizing competitiveness and 3. Self-confidence – A capacity for confidence in one's surpassing rivals, often neglect the organizations knowledge and abilities. It encompasses a feeling of corporate social responsibilities. confidence and self-worth as well as the conviction that 3. Outcome-oriented cultures – recognized achievements, one can change the world. results, and action as important values in the organization. 4. Humility – In the context of leadership, humility is the 4. Stable cultures – are bureaucratic, rule-driven, and capacity of a leader to own their shortcomings, own their predictable. These cultures may contribute to the mistakes, and remain receptive to criticism. effectiveness of the organization by ensuring steady and consistent output levels in an environment that is predictable and stable. TOURISM POLICY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 5. People-oriented cultures – honoring each person's right, Tourism Platforms - A platform is a common theme shared by being fair, and being helpful. Treating people with decency each batch of studies on tourism. A platform is very similar to and respect is expected in these organizations and is the concept of paradigm (perspective or set of ideas), which is given more weight. a way of looking at the nature of something, identifying the 6. Team-oriented cultures – value collaboration among issues which are most important to consider, and thinking of employees. ways to solve those issues. 7. Detail-oriented cultures – emphasizing precision and  Advocacy Platform - Sees tourism as a good thing and actively paying attention to details. celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, the environment, and society. “Tourism is an instrument for Process of Culture Change achieving national development” is a policy statement that 1. Creating a sense of urgency – In an organization that reflects this platform. has an effectively practices culture change efforts, leaders  Tourism can be used to generate foreign exchange, create often display proper communication towards the employee employment, modernize a country, and uplift the and discusses areas for culture change as an essential conditions of the poor. component that will lead to the overall company success.  Tourism is a “clean industry” because it does not produce 2. Changing Leaders and Other Key Players – in order to smoke that pollutes the environment. execute the change, the need for an efficient effort is necessary, the company may also consider to remove  Tourism also revitalizes cultural traditions managers and other employees that act as a barrier in  The world is able to maintain peace through mutual achieving a change. understanding that is created by tourism. 3. Role Modeling – role modeling is how the workers are willing to changer their own thoughts and practices to  The end result of this advocacy is mass tourism. Theories match those of the leader. that are related to this platform are modernization theory 4. Training – incorporating well-rounded training programs is and trickle-down theory. beneficial to bring out the culture change through the  Cautionary Platform - Views tourism as a bad thing and means of teaching the employees with regard to the set decries the negative effects of mass tourism that the new norm and behavioral styles. advocacy platform has engendered. Critics of mass 5. Changing the reward system – organizations can ensure tourism view tourism as creating dependency and that cultural changes have a lasting impact by rewarding leakages the sap the wealth of the country.  Views tourism as a bad thing and decries the negative effects of mass tourism that the advocacy platform has engendered. Critics of mass tourism view tourism as TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORIES creating dependency and leakages the sap the wealth of the country.  Laissez Faire theory – (French for “leave it be”) theory assumes that an industry, such as tourism, will function  Tourism jobs are low-paying and very seasonal. best when it is left solely to market forces. This is also  It results in loss of cultural traditions through known as liberal economic theory, this means that the demonstration effect, a “phenomenon of local residents government does not intervene in terms of policy, plans adopting the styles and manners they have observed in regulation, guidelines, codes, or standards. visiting tourists” (The Travel Dictionary).  Tourism results in exploitation of vulnerable groups such  Modernization Theory – as applied to tourism assumes as the poor, women, children, and minorities. that tourism contributes to the economic progress and  Interactions between tourists and residents can lead to transformation of “traditional” societies in modern one. feelings resentment and even xenophobia, which is the Tourism improves the standard of living of the residents “excessive and irrational fear of (or anger toward) anything through transfer of technology, improvement of t knowledge foreign” (The Psychology Dictionary). and skills, and the adoption of “Western culture”.  Tourism pollutes and contributes to the loss biodiversity.  Trickle-down theory – Related to modernization theory is  Given these assumptions, tourism should not be pursued the trickle-down theory. This theory assumes that any form at all. Examples of theories related to cautionary platform of economic growth will lead to the improvement of the living are dependency theory and Irritation Index model. conditions of all. Everyone benefits from tourism growth from the hotel manager to the cigarette vendor. Related to  Adaptancy Platform - Acknowledges that mass tourism this theory is the concept of multiplier effect, where the has negative impacts but these can be minimized or value of the original tourist expenditure seems to become avoided with “alternative tourism” (Jafari 1999), which greater as the money passes hands among the different refers to low-volume low impact form of tourism-antithesis sectors of the economy. of mass tourism.  There are two sets of what may constitute alternative  Neoliberal Theory – Neoliberal theory of development tourism. One is oriented to the environment, and the other posits that the economy functions best when there is one to society. minimal government intervention. Unlike laissez faire  Environmentally oriented tourism includes ecotourism, soft where there is virtually no control from government, tourism, and green tourism. neoliberalism accepts the idea of government regulation  Socially oriented forms of tourism, ethnic tourism, but rejects government competing with the private sector community-based tourism, volunteer tourism, just tourism, by being a business operator itself. accessible tourism, responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, and fair trade tourism (Getz 1986; Scheyvens 2007).  Dependency Theory - states that tourism can actually  Knowledge-Based Platform - Views tourism from holistic worsen the plight of “Third World” countries because the perspective; not just from the impacts and forms but in “First World” countries exploit and siphon off the resources terms of the underlying structures and functions. This of the latter. Tourism is seen as creating dependencies by platform supports a critical analysis of tourism and is not the “periphery” (developing nations) on the “core” (developed countries). To some extent, dependency inclined to labeling certain forms of tourism. theorists regard international tourism as a form of modern-  Under this platform, mass tourism, when managed day colonialism and should not be pursued as a pathway properly, may be sustainable, while ecotourism, when for development. mismanaged form of tourism is neither innately bad nor good, may be unsustainable. In other words, any  Sustainable tourism development concept, whose  Irridex Model - Doxey’s Irritation Index model (Irridex principles include the need for education and research, model) is a theory about the social impacts of tourism. It conforms to the knowledge-based platform. states that resident’s attitudes toward tourism will deteriorate over the destination life cycle as the negative consequences of tourism intensify. Doxey predicts that  Social Justice Platform - Embraces “participatory resident’s feelings will change from euphoria, apathy, process involving open dialogue; inclusivity, resource annoyance, and finally antagonism as tourism moves from distribution, equity, equality, pro-poor planning; gender introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages. sensitivity; responsiveness to diversity” (Todes 2011). SPATIAL UNITS IN TOURISM  Tourism planners must be conscious of their roles as Site scale – refers to planning at the level of individual tourism “agents of social change” (Lew 2007). The main purpose property like hotel, resort, or restaurant. of tourism is to be an agent of positive change and to defend the weak. Forms of tourism that exhibit these Destination scale – is the planning of tourism in a community principles are accessible tourism (tourism for person with and its surrounding areas. disabilities), aboriginal tourism, pro-poor tourism, responsible tourism, gender-sensitive tourism, and fair Regional scale – is planning at the level of province, region, or trade tourism. country.  Community approach as described by Murphy (1983 in Getz 1986)-tourism that not only exploits community GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM resources but also tries to “put back” into the community- 1. Economic viability – the long-term viability and will also fall under this platform. competitiveness of tourism destinations and enterprises. 2. Local prosperity – the maximization of the economic  REPUBLIC ACT 9003 – PHILIPPINE ECOLOGICAL contribution of tourism, particularly the proportion of SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNET ACT OF 2000 spending retained locally.  REPUBLIC ACT 9710 – THE MAGNA CARTA FOR 3. Employment quality – the level of pay, working WOMEN conditions, and availability of work opportunities to all without discrimination.  REPUBLIC ACT 8371 – THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS ACT OF 1997 4. Social equity – the widespread and fair distribution of economic and social benefits, and opportunities available  REPUBLIC ACT 7277 – MAGNA CARTA FOR to the poor. DISABLED PERSONS 5. Visitor fulfillment – the provision of safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience to visitors, available to all without discrimination. HERITAGE TOURISM 6. Local control – the engagement and empowerment of Tourism promotion – is a marketing characterized by a set of local communities in planning and decision-making of activities designed to create awareness of a specific heritage tourism development in consultation with other tourism product or destination. stakeholders.  One Day Promotions – these are promotions limited to 7. Community well-being – the enhancement of the quality one day only. of life in local communities, as indicated by social structures and access to resources, amenities, and life  Limited Period Promotions – are deemed valid for short support systems, and the absence of social degradation or period. exploitation.  Whole Year Round Promotions – available and honored 8. Cultural richness – the respect for and enhancement of from January to December. the historic heritage, authentic culture, traditions, and PROCEDURE IN ITINERARY PLANNING AND distinctiveness of host communities. PREPARATION FOR A HERITAGE TOUR 9. Physical integrity – the maintenance and enhancement Step 1: Assess the tourist’s needs – find the needs, of quality of landscapes, and avoiding the physical and requirements, likes and dislikes of the tourist. visual degradation of the environment. Step 2: Research options – checkout all feasible options 10. Biological diversity – the support for the conservation of based on information derived from the client-tourist. natural areas, habitats, and wildlife and minimizing damage to them. Step 3: Check out the constraints and availability of essentials – make sure all limitations are noted in the tentative 11. Resource efficiency – the minimization of use of scarce list of sites, hotels, flights, and visas. and non-renewable resources. 12. Environmental purity – the minimization of all forms of Step 4: Cluster activities by day – Consider the proximity of pollution and waste generation by tourism enterprise and sites, open days and business hours, travel days between visitors. sites, and meal breaks. LAWS RELEVANT TO TOURISM PLANNING Step 5: Incorporate logistics and other essentials per stop – Consider the duration of each stop, transportation, and travel  REPUBLIC ACT 9593 – TOURISM ACT OF 2009 documents needed, entrance fees (If not part of the tour  REPUBLIC ACT 7586 – NATIONAL INTEGRATED package). PROTECTED AREAS ACT 1992 Step 6: Present tentative itinerary to client-tourist – Allow  PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1151 – PHILIPPINE the tourist to review the proposed itinerary, but this should not ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY take long as it is important to make the reservations as soon as possible.  PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 - ESTABLISHING AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SYSTEM, Step 7: Cost the tour package based on the itinerary – INCLUDING OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Once the price of the entire tour package is approved by the RELATED MEASURES AND OTHER PURPOSES tourist, then one may proceed with making reservations.  REPUBLIC ACT 9729 – CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF Step 8: Make adjustments and finalize the itinerary -- 2009 Assuming there are changes required by tourists, then one  REPUBLIC ACT 7611 – STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL must effect such modifications at once. PLAN (SEP) FOR PALAWAN ACT Step 9: Make reservations – The flight reservations, hotel,  REPUBLIC ACT 8749 – THE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 restaurant, and airport transfer bookings, and, if possible, entrance fees or tickets to the sites and attractions may be  REPUBLIC ACT 9275 – PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER purchased online to ensure the availability of slots or seats. ACT 2004 Step 10: Produce travel documents – One must produce for medium-haul (3-6 hours) and long-haul (6-24 hours) either printed or electronic format proof of confirmation or flights; and baggage allowance. guarantee of booking or reservations.  Land or airport transfers – Upon arrival at the port of entry, transportation from the airport of the seaport to the hotel is ideally arranged. Travel time must also be indicated.  Tourist accommodation – The tourist accommodation CHALLENGES IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT must have a guaranteed booking to ensure that the hotel 1. Marketing and Competitiveness of New Heritage room is already paid for, reserved, and cannot be sold or Tourism Products – value creation is a marketing given up for another tourist. strategy that essentially highlights how a particular  Travel documents and legal requirements – The heritage site or attraction is unique, special, or authentic. itinerary should also list down all the travel documents 2. Sustainability and Maintenance of Heritage Tourism needed by the tourist when leaving the hotel fora day tour. Products – Prolonging the useful life of a heritage site or  Sites and attractions – The heritage sites to visit are the attraction is challenging due to primarily external elements most important stops in the itinerary. Ample time is given such as environmental factors (exposure to dust) and by the tour guide for tourists to enjoy each site. human factors (vandalism, poor waste management).  Meals and dining options – These are indicated in 3. Accessibility and Connectivity – Consider how visitors the itinerary to signal meal breaks at specific times, i.e., will access heritage sites and attractions, particularly in usually lunch and dinner, and for early morning trips, even risky and challenging environments like caverns, ruins, breakfast. This is a great opportunity for tourists to enjoy jungles, mountain peaks, and areas requiring long- the local cuisine of a country or region. distance travel.  Safety and security reminders – A complete itinerary  Considering the needs of persons with disabilities and contains a variety of critical safety and security senior citizens is also part of product development. reminders (e.g., safekeeping and double-checking of 4. Obsolescence and Decline in the Public Interest – valuables, not talking to strangers, not accommodating Some heritage sites and attractions are forgotten because parcels of other people at the airports who could be drug they have not been properly or actively advertised or the mules, taking medications for tourists on maintenance majority of the target market segments have already meds, and dress code). experienced them, hence they have nothing new to offer.  Free time – The itinerary usually has ample free time Innovations in the delivery or interpretation may be for tourists to use for personal shopping, meditation, introduced as well as frequently targeted advertising to reading, listening to music, and availing of hotel facilities renew public interest. like a gym, swimming pool, bar, grooming salon, and spa. 5. Fortuitous Events and Force Majeure - Calamities like earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes, snowstorms, ATTRIBUTES OF A GOOD ITINERARY tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and the like, as well as man-  Accuracy of information – All items on the itinerary made incidents like fire, accidents, etc. make product should be precise and correct without typos or development tough and taxing. grammatical errors. Having erroneous time schedules or Since these events are anticipated to occur with a high lists of sites or flight details could lead to serious problems degree of probability within the period, eg. 10 yrs, then the and stress to the tourist. management of sites and attractions should install or inject  Clarity and comprehensiveness of instructions – mitigating control mechanism There is no room for ambiguity in terms of instructions to 5P’s OF DESTINATION MARKETING FRAMEWORK the client-tourist.  Product – Brand message  Adherence to client-tourist's interests – Some client-  Promotion – Awareness tourists prefer a diverse set of sites and attractions to visit,  Price – Value for money while some prefer a common thread, i.e., thematic. The  Place – Distribution money itinerary must capture the preference of the client-tourist  People – Service  Good value for money – The cost of the tour package based on the itinerary should be fair and not too HALLMARK CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL exorbitant. HERITAGE TOURS AND CULTURAL EVENTS  Flexibility – The itinerary should not be too tight in terms  Authenticity of time duration per stop or site to visit. There must be  Sustainability ample time to move from one place to another and also  Quality of Interpretation time for rest and meal breaks.  Visitor Engagement  Balanced time management – There must be a good  Strategic Planning balance between sightseeing tours and the personal time  Effective Planning of the client-tourist, allowing them to explore and enjoy  Flexibility their hotel. COMPONENTS OF ITINERARY PLANNING  Good presentation – The itinerary must be presented to  Schedule and Recommended Lead Times – The the client-tourist in a legible, cohesive, orderly, and itinerary indicates a precise time and duration per activity professional format. inclusive of an allowance for waiting time (e.g., assembly time at the lobby of the hotel). Requesting hotel staff for a AIRPORT MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS wake-up call or setting one's cellphone alarm is advised. FAR 139 – applies to land airports that serve any scheduled or  Flight Details - An itinerary should indicate the complete unscheduled passenger air carrier operation that is conducted details of the tourist's flight from point of origin to with aircraft having a seating capacity of more than 30 destination and vice-versa), flight number, airline, and seat passengers. number (if available); the check-in time, boarding time, and time of departure and arrival; meals served onboard PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT  For most aircraft, the presence of strong, level, dry, and  Vibratory or dynamic testing as pavement responds or well-maintained pavement surfaces are required for safe deflects on its own load, using a Road rater. Accurate test movement to, from, and around an airport’s airfield. in as little as 12 seconds.  FAR Part 139, Section 139.305, covers some specific  Vibratory equipment: Dynaflect and Road rater characteristics that define the minimum quality standards for airfield pavements, including:  Pavement edges shall not exceed 3 inches difference in elevation be- tween abutting pavement sections and RUNWAY SURFACE FRICTION between full-strength pavement and abutting shoulders.  Surface friction allows aircraft to safely accelerate for  Pavement surfaces shall have no hole exceeding 3 inches takeoff, and to decelerate after landing. Lack of sufficient in depth or any hole the slope of which from any point in surface friction will result in aircraft skidding, slipping, and the hole to the nearest point at the lip of the hole is 45 general loss of control on the runway surface. degrees or greater as measured from the pavement  Runway threats: Dynamic and Viscous hydroplaning surface plane, unless, in either case, the entire area of the hole can be covered by a 5-inch diameter circle. RUNWAY CLEANING/REMOVAL PROCEDURES  Pavement shall be free of cracks and surface variations  High-pressure water method which could impair directional control of air carrier aircraft.  Chemical solvents – Acid base (acetic or cresylic) and  Mud, dirt, sand, loose aggregate, debris, foreign objects, alkaline base (electro less nickel stripper a and b) rubber deposits, and other contaminants shall be removed  High-velocity impact method promptly and as completely as practicable, with exceptions for snow and ice removal operations. AIRCRAFT RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING  Any chemical solvent that is used to clean any pavement  Although the incidents of fires and emergencies occurring area shall be removed as soon as possible, with at an airport are rare, when they do occur, especially on exceptions for snow and ice removal operations. an aircraft, the firefighting and rescue capabilities at the airport may mean the difference between life and death for  The pavement shall be sufficiently drained and free of pilots, passengers, and other airport personnel. Because depressions to prevent ponding that obscures markings or of this, aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) services are impairs safe aircraft operations. strongly recommended at all airports and are required to be present at all airports operating under FAR Part 139. PAVEMENT MATERIALS  ARFF uses a combination of water, dry chemicals, and  Concrete – 20-40 years usability, rigid, found in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) commercial airports & military airbases.  Durable in destructible weathers AIRPORT ARRF INDEX  Resists deterioration caused by oil and fuel spills  Need concrete binder  Index A: Aircraft less than 90 feet in length  When penetrated by incompressible materials, joints may  Index B: Aircraft more than 90 feet but less than 126 feet crack called “Spalling” in length  Joints pops-out due to incompressible materials  Index C: Aircraft more than 126 feet but less than 159 feet  Asphalt – 15-20 years of usability, flexible, found in in length smaller airports, less expensive.  Index D: Aircraft more than 159 feet but less than 200 feet  Repairs can be made on cracks or holes in length  Highly dependent on subgrade  Affected by atmospheric condition reducing elasticity  Index E: Aircraft greater than 200 feet in length SPECIFIC RUNWAY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS RAPID INTERVENTION VEHICLES – RIVs are fast trucks that carry foam, water, medical and rescue equipment, and lights  Potholes for use in fog and darkness. Their crews begin holding  Raveling operations to contain the fire and clear escape routes. Heavy-  Rutting duty foam tenders follow. They are large, but fast and  Alligatoring or asphalt surface maneuverable, and carry about 10 times more foam than the  Pavement cracking RIV. Turret-mounted foam guns swivel to project the foam up  Ponding of water on or near pavement to 300 feet.  Building up of soil or heavy turf at pavement edges, preventing water runoff SNOW AND ICE CONTROL  Clogged or overgrown ditches  Erosion of soil at pavement edges  In many areas in the northern and mountainous regions of  Open or silted-in joints the United States, the removal of snow and ice from  Surface cracking or crumbling airfield pavements represents a significant portion of an  Undulating or bumpy surfaces airport’s overall operations budget. How effective this expenditure is depends on the ability of management to ACTIONS REQUIRED DEFINED BY FAA plan and execute an efficient snow and ice control  PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE program.  PAVEMENT REHABILITATION  PAVEMENT RECONSTRUCTION AIRCRAFT DEICING & ANTI-ICING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT)  The presence of ice or significant snow accumulation on an aircraft’s wings or fuselage has potential significant  adverse effects on the performance of aircraft in flight. FAR Part 139.337 directs airports to conduct a study and Because of this, the removal of such accumulations is provide a wildlife management program for airports when required prior to flight. This removal process is known as any of the following events has occurred on or near the aircraft deicing. airport: 1. An air carrier aircraft experiences a multiple-bird strike or engine ingestion. 2. An air carrier aircraft experiences a damaging collision with wildlife other than birds. TWO MOST COMMON ANTI ICING FLUIDS: 3. Wildlife of a size or in numbers capable of causing either Non-Newtonian Anti-Icing Fluid Type I of the above events is observed to have access to any Propylene Glycol Based (with a mixture of water) airport flight pattern or movement area. 15 mins Holdover Time – Snow 3-5 mins HOT – Freezing Rain BIRD HAZARD – A flock of birds ingested into a jet engine at Non-Newtonian Anti-Icing Fluid Type II takeoff can cause a dangerous stall, and a single large bird Propylene Glycol Based (mixture of water & hitting an engine with the force of a bullet might smash a fan polymer) blade that can cost thousands of dollars to replace. Airport 45 mins HOT – Heavy Snow managers, as well as all other members of the aviation Non-Newtonian Anti-Icing Fluid Type III community, are aware of the hazards that can be caused by Same in between properties as Type I and II/IV, but is birds. FAR Part 139 requires that airport operators must show more HOT than I that they have established instructions and procedures for the Non-Newtonian Anti-Icing Fluid Type IV prevention or removal of factors at the airport that attract, or Propylene with 50% Glycol (with pseudo plastic might attract, bird activity. thickener) In the movie “Sully”, the type of migratory birds that strike Longer HOT than type II their aircraft are Canadian Geese. THE TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SAFETY INSPECTION PROGRAMS  As a result of the events of September 11, 2001, and the  The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 and the requirements subsequent signing of the Aviation and Transportation surrounding FAR 139 were primarily established in the Security Act (ATSA), the practice of airport security began interest of promoting safety. To ensure that these to undergo radical changes, beginning with the creation of regulations are continuously met, airport management the Transportation Security Administration. should carry out a comprehensive safety inspection program. The frequency of overall inspections varies by  As of March 31, 2003, the TSA employed a workforce of airport, but certain facilities and equipment must be over 55,200 passenger and baggage screeners at 429 inspected as often as daily, if not hourly. Some of these commercial service airports in the United States, facilities include runways, taxiways, and navigational aids. supervised by a team of 155 federal security directors (FSD) each assigned to one or more airports, along with The FAA’s Airport Certification Program Handbook an administrative staff of over 600 regional and national suggests the following general categories in which managers. emphasis on elimination, improvement, or education  The mission of the Transportation Security Administration should be placed: (TSA) is to safeguard the nation’s transportation systems, ensuring that people and goods can move freely. 1. Hazards created by weather conditions such as snow, ice, Established in 2001, the TSA primarily focuses on and slush on or adjacent to runways, taxiways, and aprons securing passenger travel on commercial airlines by 2. Obstacles on and around airfield surfaces implementing passenger and baggage screening protocols 3. Hazards that threaten the safety of the public as mandated by the Aviation and Transportation Security 4. Hazards created by erosion, or broken or damaged Act (ATSA). facilities in the approach, takeoff, taxi, and apron areas 5. Hazards occurring on airports during construction activity, Under the Transportation Security Regulations, each such as holes, ditches, obstacles, and so forth airport operating under Federal Aviation Regulations Part 6. Bird hazards adjacent to the airport 139—Airports Serving Certain Air Carrier Operations, must 7. Inadequate maintenance personnel or equipment have an airport security plan (ASP) which, in part, defines the following areas on its property. BIRD AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (A web application  AIR OPERATIONS AREA (AOA) – is defined as a portion designed for discovering the world of fantasy) of an airport, specified in the airport security program, in which security measures are carried out. This area  Birds and other wildlife striking aircraft in operation in the includes aircraft movement areas, aircraft parking areas, vicinity of an airport has the potential to cause serious loading ramps, safety areas for use by aircraft, and any damage to aircraft and loss of human life. adjacent areas (such as general aviation areas) that are  Because most strikes occur on or near airports, emphasis not separated by adequate security systems, measures, or on bird and wildlife management is mandated procedures.  Airport/Facility Directory  This is the part of the airport used for the takeoff, landing, and taxiing of aircraft. It includes runways, taxiways, and  ramps. Access to the AOA is controlled to ensure that only SECURITY AT COMMERCIAL SERVICE AIRPORTS authorized personnel and vehicles can enter.  SECURE AREA - This area is where aircraft operators  PASSENGER SCREENING - Passenger screening and foreign air carriers that have a security program under facilities utilize automated screening processes primarily 49CFR Part 1544—Aircraft Operator Security: Air Carriers through magnetometers to detect metallic weapons that and Commercial Operators or 49CFR Part 1546—Foreign passengers might carry. Air Carrier Security enplane and deplane passengers and  Automated screening sort and load baggage and any adjacent areas that are not  The magnetometer, when passed through, detects the separated by adequate security measures. presence of metal  Specifically, the secured area is the area at the airport  When a certain threshold of metal was detected, it sets off where commercial air carriers conduct the loading and an alarm unloading of passengers and baggage between their  Passengers who trigger the alarm undergo a manual aircraft and the terminal building. search by TSA screeners, which can include:  The secure area is where passengers and crew have  Checking for metal using a handheld wand. access to boarding areas after screening. It includes areas  Conducting a manual pat-down. beyond the security checkpoints, where additional security  Inspecting the passenger’s shoes. measures are in place to prevent unauthorized access.  CHECKED-BAGGAGE SCREENING – As of January 1,  STERILE AREA – Is defined as a portion of an airport 2003, the TSA mandated that all checked baggage must defined in the airport security program that provides be screened for explosives before being loaded onto passengers access to boarding aircraft and to which the aircraft. This requirement is commonly referred to as the access generally is controlled by TSA, or by an aircraft "100 percent EDS rule. “ operator under 49CFR Part 1544 or a foreign air carrier  TSA's requirement for the 100 percent screening of under 49CFR Part 1546 through the screening of persons checked baggage since 2003 aims to improve aviation and property. security. The use of sophisticated EDS technology  Specifically, the sterile area is that part of the airport to enables effective detection of potential threats, thereby which passenger access must be gained through TSA enhancing the safety of passengers and air travel. passenger screening checkpoints.  EMPLOYEE IDENTIFICATION - TSA regulations stipulate  Sterile area is located usually after the screening that anyone who wants to enter a SIDA must present valid procedures (lounge located before entering the assigned identification. This is a security measure aimed at boarding gates) only passengers who went through controlling who can access sensitive areas of the airport. screening procedures and validation of flight details and - TSA regulations require any person who wishes to access identification are allowed. any portion of an airport’s security identification display  SECURITY IDENTIFICATION DISPLAY AREA (SIDA) – area (SIDA) must display appropriate identification. This is defined as a portion of an airport, specified in the airport identification, known typically as a SIDA badge, is usually security program, in which security measures specified in in the form of a laminated credit card–sized identification the TSRs are carried out. This area includes the secured badge with a photograph and name of the badge holder. area and may include other areas of the airport. Within the - Persons typically requiring a SIDA badge include airport SIDA, all persons must display proper identification or be employees, air carrier employees, concessionaires, accompanied by an authorized escort. contractors, and government employees such as air  SIDA is a designated area within the airport where security traffic controllers and airport security staff. measures are heightened, and access is restricted to  CONTROLLED ACCESS – Access control measures are individuals with appropriate identification. This includes essential for maintaining airport security. By implementing employees and authorized personnel who require access a range of systems—from simple locks to advanced smart for work-related activities. technologies—airports ensure that only authorized  In NAIA, access pass issued to visitors and employees personnel can enter sensitive areas, thereby protecting contains a specific color that signifies which area they are against potential security threats. allowed to enter. - A variety of measures are used around airports to prevent,  EXCLUSIVE AREA – is defined as any portion of a or more appropriately, control the movement of persons secured area, AOA, or SIDA, including individual access and vehicles to and from security-sensitive areas of the points, for which an aircraft operator or foreign air carrier airport property. that has a security program under 49 CFR Part 1544 or 49 - At most commercial service airports, controlled access CFR Part 1546 has assumed responsibility for the security through doors that provide access to the Airport of its area. Operations Area (AOA), secure areas, sterile areas, and  Examples of exclusive areas include aircraft storage and other areas within the SIDA, as well as many employee- maintenance hangars, air cargo facilities, and fixed-base only restricted areas, is enforced by the use of control operators (FBOs) serving general aviation and charter systems. These systems range from simple key locks to aircraft. smart-access technologies, such as keypad entry systems requiring proper pass code. In many cases, pass codes  The exclusive area typically refers to zones within the are calibrated with a person’s SIDA badge, requiring both airport that are restricted to specific users, such as airline a presentation of the person’s badge and proper pass personnel or certain operational staff. Access is closely code entry to gain access. controlled to enhance security and operational integrity.  CONTROLLED ACCESS WEAKNESS – Piggybacking occurs when an unauthorized person takes advantage of the access granted to an authorized individual,  essentially "sneaking in" behind them. This practice well as other operations and maintenance undermines security protocols and is typically against areas. security policies.  Protective lighting provides a means of - Turnstiles have a feature that limits entry to one person continuing, during the hours of darkness, a per rotation, preventing multiple individuals from accessing degree of protection approaching that which is the area simultaneously. maintained during daylight hours.  BIOMETRICS – Biometric technologies have initially been  Various lighting systems include: found to be most applicable when controlling the access of  Continuous lighting – This is the those with SIDA badges at the airport. Controlling the most common protective lighting access of the general public using biometrics proves more system. It consists of a series of fixed difficult, because previously recorded data are required to lights arranged to flood a given area authenticate the identification of the person. If anything, with overlapping cores on a continuous however, biometrics provides another technology to basis during the hours of darkness. prevent unauthorized access to security-sensitive areas  Standby lighting – Lights in this - Biometrics refers to technologies that measure and system are either automatically or analyze human body characteristics such as: manually turned on when an  Fingerprints interruption of power occurs or when  Eye retinas and irises suspicious activity is detected.  Voice patterns  Movable lighting – This type of  Facial patterns lighting consists of manually operated  Hand measurements movable floodlights.  PERIMETER SECURITY – An important part of an  Emergency lighting – This system airport’s security plan is its strategy for protecting the may duplicate any one of the areas that serve as the border between secured and aforementioned systems. Its use is unsecured areas of the airport, known as the airport limited to periods of power failure or perimeter. other emergencies and is dependent  Four of the most common methods for securing the upon an alternate power source. airport’s perimeter are:  Patrolling of the secured area.  Perimeter fencing – It is one of the most common methods of creating a barrier in  SECURITY AT GENERAL AVIATION AIRPORTS – The otherwise easily accessible areas of an airport’s majority of general aviation activity, on the other hand, is secured area boundary. Fencing can vary in performed by private pilots, using their own aircraft for the design, height, and type, depending on local purposes of personal travel or recreation. security needs. - - Since there are less people operating at a general  Controlled Access Gates - Controlled access aviation airport compared to commercial airports, this type gates allow authorized individuals and vehicles of airport is labeled as “low security threats”. to enter the secured areas of the airport. These - - Most general aviation airports are relatively small and gates are crucial for managing access and serve a limited number of frequent users. Because of this, maintaining security. the pilots and personnel at these airports often know each - Simple Key Entry or Combination other, fostering a sense of community. This familiarity can Locks: Basic locking mechanisms that contribute to an informal but effective security require a physical key or a combination environment, as regular users are more likely to notice to unlock. unusual activities or unfamiliar individuals. - Advanced Identification Systems: - General aviation airports often allow aircraft owners, pilots, More sophisticated technologies that and passengers to access the airfield with minimal outside may involve entering a personal supervision. access code or using biometric - Many of the security measures in place at general aviation verification (like fingerprint or facial airports, such as fencing and controlled access gates, are recognition) to ensure that only primarily designed to deter unwanted access rather than authorized individuals can gain access. provide robust security. - Some controlled access gates are - The main objectives of the fencing and gates at general staffed by security personnel, which aviation airports are often to: enhances the overall security of the - Keep Out Animals: Protect the airfield from wildlife that airport perimeter. could pose hazards to aircraft operations. - Unmanned gates must still be secured - Deter Accidental Access: Prevent people from and should be well-lit during nighttime inadvertently walking or driving onto the airfield, which to deter unauthorized access. could lead to safety incidents. Additionally, they should be regularly  TWELVE-FIVE AND PRIVATE CHARTER PROGRAMS inspected by guards or designated - The twelve-five and private charter programs set forth by operational staff to ensure they remain TSA regulations establish security requirements for larger secure and functional. general aviation aircraft, focusing on thorough searches  Area lighting - is located in and around heavy and passenger screening. Airports serving these traffic areas, aircraft service areas, as well as operations must ensure they have the necessary  infrastructure to comply with these regulations, enhancing overall aviation security. - Any general aviation aircraft with a maximum certified takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds or more must adhere to specific security protocols. Key requirements include: - Thorough Searches: These aircraft must be thoroughly searched before departure. - Screening of Passengers and Property: All passengers, crew members, and anyone else boarding the aircraft, along with their property must be screened before boarding. This screening process is part of what the TSA refers to as the "twelve-five program," aimed at enhancing security for larger general aviation aircraft. THE TWELVE-FIVE AND PRIVATE CHARTER PROGRAMS  Transportation Security Regulations do require larger general aviation aircraft to apply certain security requirements. Specifically, 49 CFR Part 1550.7 states that any aircraft with a maximum certified takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds or more must be thoroughly searched before departure and all passengers, crew members, and other persons and their accessible property, such as carry-on items, must be screened before boarding the aircraft, as part of what TSA defines as the twelve-five program.  49 CFR Part 1544.101 states that all aircraft used for private charter operations with maximum certified takeoff weight of 45,000 kilograms (100,309.3 pounds) or with a passenger seating configuration of 61 or more must ensure that all passengers and their carry-on baggage are screened prior to aircraft boarding. This is known as the private charter program. General aviation airports that serve these types of aircraft operations should provide adequate space to allow for security compliance under these regulations.