Introduction to Engineering (IED) Class Notes PDF
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These are class notes on Introduction to Engineering (IED). They primarily focus on the design process and methodology, including core concepts and terms.
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Introduction to Engineering (IED) Class Notes Unit 1 Class Notes The four best practices when keeping an engineering notebook are: ) 1 e Neat. B 2) Be Accurate. 3) Be Legible. 4) Be Thorough. ngineer:A person who is tra...
Introduction to Engineering (IED) Class Notes Unit 1 Class Notes The four best practices when keeping an engineering notebook are: ) 1 e Neat. B 2) Be Accurate. 3) Be Legible. 4) Be Thorough. ngineer:A person who is trained in and uses technologicaland scientific knowledge to solve E practical problems. Designer: A person who designs any of a variety ofthings. esign Process: A systematic problem-solving strategy,with criteria and constraints, used to D develop many possible solutions to solve or satisfy human needs or wants and to narrow down the possible solutions to one final choice. 6 Steps in the Design Process(IN ORDER) 1) Define Problem 2) Generate Concepts 3) Develop Solution(s) 4) Construct and Test 5) Evaluate Solution 6) Present Solution Iteration: The process of repeating a set of operationsuntil a satisfactory result is achieved. In terms of design, iteration means reapplying earlier steps of the design process. esign Brief: A document that outlines the core detailsand expectations of a design project. It D should be an easy to understand plan of the project. takeholder: A group, individual, or organizationwho may be affected by or perceive itself to be S affected by a decision, activity, or outcome. Decision Matrix: A tool to evaluate and select thebest option between different choices. Importance of Data: Collecting data can help makedecisions, identify problems, and make informed decisions. hat is the most effective way to generate potential solutions to a problem? Brainstorming W with a group along with research is the most effective way to generate as many potential solutions as possible. Minimum:Thesmallestnumber within your data set. Median:The exactmiddlenumber between the smallestand largest numbers within your data set. Maximum:Thelargestnumber within your data set. Outlier:Anextremevalue that differs greatly fromthe rest of the numbers in the data set. Mean:The average of all the numbers in your dataset. Range:Maximum - Minimum = Range Example Data Set : [6, 2, 0, 4, 3] Minimum = 0 Maximum = 6 Example Data Set : [6, 2, 0, 4, 3] To find Median first re-order the data from smallest to largest : [0, 2, 3, 4, 6] so Median = 3 Mean = (0 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6) / 5 = (15) / 5 = 3 Range = 6 – 0 = 6 Symmetric Distribution:Data in the set is equallyspaced around the median (middle). kewed Left (Negative) Distribution:Data in the setis mostly located to the right of the median S (middle). Look for the tail on the data curve to the right. kewed Right (Positive) Distribution:Data in theset is mostly located to the left of the median S (middle). Look for the tail on the data curve to the left. eedback: Helpful information or criticism that is given to someone to let them know what can be F improved in their project, work or design. rthographic view: Straight on view in 2D (Two Dimensions) with shading to make it look 3D (Three O Dimensional) Standard: Something established by authority, custom,or general consent as a model or example. Accuracy: The degree of closeness of measurementsof a quantity to the actual (or accepted) value. Precision: The degree to which repeated measurementsshow the same result. patial Visualization: The mental representation andmanipulation of two- and three-dimensional S objects. Isometric View: A form of pictorial representationor graphical model in which all dimensions parallel to the three principal spatial axes are shown in their true proportions. What is the purpose of sketching your ideas? Sketches provide a means through which one can quickly and clearly communicate ideas. Scale drawing: An enlarged, reduced, or exact sizedrawing that is proportional to the original object. cale: is the ratio or relationship between a distanceor area on a map and the corresponding S distance or area on the ground, commonly expressed as a fraction or ratio. It can also be applied to drawings. 3D model: A computer representation used to convey detailed information about a physical object. Autodesk Fusion: Also know as Autodesk Fusion 360is software designed to do 3D modeling. CAD: Computer aided design CAM: Computer aided manufacturing CAE: Computer aided engineering PCB: Printed circuit board ubtractive Modeling Approach: Operations are performedto strategically remove (or subtract) S material from the initial form to produce the final object. dditive Modeling Approach: Operations are performedto add material to the initial form, resulting A in the final object. Primary Axes: In engineering the three primary axesare the X axis, Y axis, and Z axis Example of Primitive Shapes used in 3D modeling: circles,squares, rectangles, and triangles esign Intent:A strategy in which geometry is defined in such a way that changes produce desired, D predictable results. ultiview: A drawing which contains views of an objectprojected onto two or more orthographic M planes. Orthogonal:Refers to intersecting or lying at rightangles; it also means perpendicular. Line types in Engineering drawings: Hidden lines are a heavy dashed line that represents edges that are not visible Centerlines define the center of arcs, circles or symmetrical parts Construction lines are lightly drawn lines used to guide drawing other lines and shapes. They can be erased but are also okay to leave on the drawings. Object lines are a heavy solid line that represents the outline of an object. arametric Modeling :When new geometry is createdin association with with existing geometry P during 3D modeling rototype: A working model that is used to test adesign concept. It is okay to make necessary P adjustments to the prototype based on test results and data. Computational thinkingrefers to habits that helppeople solve problems with computers. Blind Hole: A drilled hole that does not completelygo through the part Through Hole: A drilled hole that goes completelythrough the part. Formula for Calculating Error: Accepted/target height- Measured height = Error Assembly: A group of parts that are connected andform one unit. Hole notes: Diameter Depth Countersink Counterbore ectional view:Also called a section is a drawingview that shows a view of an object as if sliced on S an imaginary plane, called the cutting plane. ariation: Difference between an object or idea andother objects and ideas of the same type from a V standard. learance fit always has extra space in the fit, Interference fit always does not have enough space so C has to be pushed together using force, Transition fit can sometimes be either clearance or interference based on the tolerances. Formula for Allowance: Smallest Hole - Largest Shaft= Allowance Interchangeable Parts: Identical components that canbe substituted for one another. xploded View:A type of engineering drawing thatshows how individual components fit together E and provides details about the individual parts using a parts list and balloon annotations. Unit 2 - Class Notes everse engineeringis the process of taking somethingapart and analyzing its R workings in detail. 3 Steps in Reverse Engineering (IN ORDER) )Visual Analysis - What you see 1 2)Functional Analysis - Inputs and Outputs using Black Box Model 3)Structural Analysis - Take it apart and analyze/document the internal parts Common Reasons to apply Reverse Engineering Collect documentation Gain possession Model a product Verify patent infringement Assess a product Investigate Ethicsare rules of conduct from an external source or social system. Moralsare asense of what is right and wrong basedon our own individual principles. Fundamental Engineering Canons old paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. H Perform services only in areas of competence. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. Act for each employer or client as a faithful agent or trustee. Avoid deceptive acts. Conduct yourself honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession. Continue professional development. Treat all persons fairly. esthetic Usability effectmeans people perceive moreaesthetic (beautiful) designs to A be easier to use. Form- Having length, width, and depth Balance- Equal/correct proportions or symmetry Rhythm- Pattern or sequence Proportion- Relationship between one thing and another Point- Most basic element of design, has positionbut no dimension. Line- The path of a point moving through space. Vertical Lines- These lines characterize dignity,formality, stability, and strength. Horizontal Lines- These lines represent calm, peace,and stability. Diagonal Lines- These lines give sense of movement,action, activity. Curved Lines- These lines give sense of freedom anda soothing mood. olor- Aspect of objects described with hue, saturation,value, and temperature. Color provides a C profound and immediate effect. Value- Relative lightness or darkness of a color,object, or shape. Shape- The form or outline of an object. Can begeometric, mechanical, or organic. Form- A 3D volume or solid. Space- Area between or around objects. Texture- Surface look or feel. functional analysisidentifies the necessaryactivities or actions of components A and subsystems to turn available inputs into desired output. Asubsystemis a self-contained system withina larger system. Form follows functioncan be interpreted in twoways: Beauty results when function is served Functional considerations should take precedence overvisualconsiderations black boxis a device, system, or object whichcan be viewed in terms of it inputs A and outputs, without any knowledge of its internal workings. isassembly, or teardown, of a product uncovers theprinciples behind how a product D works. op Down: A modeling strategy where an assembly modelis created as a system of T parts that are parametrically modeled within an assembly. ottom Up: A modeling strategy in which individualparts are first modeled and B specified individually and then assembled together. ccam’s Razor: In design, the law of economy meansthat the simplest solution is O often the best solution. Common Manufacturing Processes: Additive manufacturing processes: Joining Subtractive manufacturing processes: Separating, Milling,Drilling, Cutting esign for Manufacturabilityinvolves the applicationof an engineer’s knowledge and D consideration ofmanufacturingprocesses in theirdesign, and focuses onoptimizingthe manufacture of a product. esign for Assemblyis a tool used to optimize componentsand part designs for assembly of D the finished good. DFMA- Design for Manufacturing and Assembly Metals -Substances that are good conductors of heatand electricity. Ceramics -Made from non metallic material like clayby firing at a high temperature. olymer -Compounds consisting of up to millions ofrepeated linked units, each a relatively light P and simple molecule. Composite -A material made by combining two or morematerials. Biomaterial -A natural or synthetic material thatis suitable for introduction into living tissue Densityis a measure of the mass or weight of an objectper its volume. Mechanical propertiesare the response of a materialto an externally applied force. Electrical propertiesare the response of a materialin the presence of an electric field. Thermal propertiesare the response of a materialto externally applied heat. Optical propertiesdefine the response of a materialto an externally applied light source. Magnetic propertiesdefine the response of a materialto an externally applied magnetic field. Chemical propertiesquantify how reactive the materialis to externally applied chemical agents. lternative materialsare a variety of materials thatcan be used instead of traditional building A materials. They include existing materials not normally used or include new materials with innovative properties. ome examples of alternative materials include: artificialspider silk, self-healing polymers, S aerogels, graphene. There are many more.
