BISC 322 Final Exam Review Guide PDF

BISC 322 Final Exam Review Guide Lecture Topic 6 Part 3 Mutualism What are the costs and benefits of mutualism Fitness for non-mutualist: (Fm) =0 Fitness for successful mutualist: (Fsm) = Benefit-Cost Fitness for unsuccessful mutualist: (Fum) = -Cost...

BISC 322 Final Exam Review Guide Lecture Topic 6 Part 3 Mutualism What are the costs and benefits of mutualism Fitness for non-mutualist: (Fm) =0 Fitness for successful mutualist: (Fsm) = Benefit-Cost Fitness for unsuccessful mutualist: (Fum) = -Cost p(Fsm): frequency of successful mutualists q(Fum): frequency of unsuccessful mutualist p(Fsm) + q(Fum): value of benefit relative to cost p(Fsm) + q(Fum) > 0 Important mutualism (know their history as well as their current forms) Mycorrhizae: mutualistic symbiosis between plants and fungi which exchange sugars from the plant for soil resources gathered by the fungus (1) endomycorrhizae: arbuscular, penetrates plant cells (2) ectomycorrhizae: angiosperm; sheath around root, hyphae penetrate between cells Pollination Life History: Various insects collected pollen from gymnosperm before the appearance of angiosperm Thrip species: (pre-angiosperm) found to have specialized structures for pollination gathering. o As a result of this, flowers can then be seen as an adaptation; shows a strong relationship between thrip species and pre- angiosperms Flowers: have specialized structures for attracting pollinators o Anthers are positioned on filaments which forces pollinators to really get the pollen inside the flower o Nectar guides represent the sign of nutrients for potential pollinators; only seen by insects Frugivory: the seed dispersal mutualism between vertebrate animals and angiosperm plants Fruit: angiosperm seed dispersal mechanism which develops from the ovary of a fertilized flower EXAMPLE: Black Cherry and Birds o Dispersal mechanism: robins and jays o Frugivory: small berries are digested and seeds are excreted as bird flies over landscape o Scarification: aiding of germination as the seed passes through digestive tract  EXAMPLE: Box turtles and Mayapple Seeds o Dispersal mechanism: box turtles o Frugivory: turtle does not go far from the eaten mayapple, so seeds are not dispersed too far from parent Reciprocal and diffuse selection Reciprocal Selection: mutualism that tends towards greater specificity o The relationship is exclusive to a pair of populations and develop levels of coordination o Seen in pollinator mutualisms because there is an advantage to getting the pollen to the correct species o EXAMPLE: Orchid - Mimic female insects to attract males (males load pollen onto orchid) - Cranefly orchids are pollinated by noctuid moths which receive a packet of pollen on their eye when they arrive at the orchid Diffuse Selection: a network of species that interact; mutualists benefit from being able to interact with more than one member species o EXAMPLE: Frugivory between Black Cherry and birds; seed needs to find a suitable/favorable place to live once dispersed Lecture Topic 7 Part 1 Defining Communities Ecological Community: a group of species occupying some area and potentially interacting Complexity of Communities: Holistic perspective of Clements vs Individualistic perspective of Gleason Holistic View: views communities as organisms o Clements’ Plant Succession - Components: Unit of vegetation and Climax formation Individualistic View: o Gleason: Individualistic Concept of Plant Association - Local environment determines where plant lives - For each spot of ground: environment and vegetation varies in time - For any given time, environment and vegetation varies in space - Selection will tend toward similarity in vegetation  Emergent properties of communities Lecture Topic 7 Part 2 Species Richness and Assemblage Geographic Patterns in Richness Latitudinal gradient Richness (species Diversity/Species Richness) o Richness Varies Geographically - Latitudinal Gradient: Humboldt § Increase in richness moving towards equator - Explanations for how Richness varies geographically § Geographic area: there is more area at the equator so populations can be larger and have greater ranges to allow for allopatric speciation § Effective evolutionary time: tropical ecosystems have been around longer § Evolutionary speed: tropical populations have shorter generation times so they evolve faster Species/Area relationship o Richness increases predictably with area surveyed - Species-area relationship for plants of British Isles (Watson) § Log-log model: [LogS= LogC + z LogA] Þ Y-axis: LogS = log of species Þ X-axis: LogA= log of areas Þ Intercept: C= constant of S at the smallest possible area Þ Slope: Z; Z