Mutualism Costs and Benefits

<p>Pre-Angiosperm era. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have specialized structures for gathering pollen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To attract pollinators through specialized structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seed dispersal mutualism involving vertebrate animals and angiosperms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Develops a specificity in the relationship between populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species composition depends on local environmental conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases as one moves towards the equator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Richness increases predictably with the area surveyed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seeds are aided in germination after passing through a digestive tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mayapple and Box Turtles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Characteristics that arise from species interactions within the community (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benefits from interactions with multiple partner species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tropical ecosystems evolve faster due to shorter generation times (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forces pollinators to ensure effective transfer of pollen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They indicate a source of nutrients to potential pollinators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mutualism is beneficial for both organisms involved, but it comes with costs:

• Fitness for non-mutualist (Fm): 0
• Fitness for successful mutualist (Fsm): Benefit - Cost
• Fitness for unsuccessful mutualist (Fum): -Cost For mutualism to be beneficial, the total benefit (p(Fsm) + q(Fum)) must be greater than 0.

A mutualistic partnership between plants and fungi. Plants provide sugars to fungi in exchange for soil nutrients gathered by the fungi.

A type of mycorrhizae where the fungus penetrates plant cells, primarily in arbuscular mycorrhizae.

A type of mycorrhizae where the fungus forms a sheath around plant roots and sends hyphae between plant cells; primarily in angiosperms.

Pollination, the transfer of pollen, has a long history. While insect pollination existed before angiosperms, specialized structures for pollen collection evolved in thrip species before angiosperms emerged.

Flowers are an adaptation because their specialized structures are designed to attract pollinators, ensuring successful reproduction for the plant.

Anthers, positioned on filaments, are strategically placed to force pollinators to collect pollen, maximizing the chance of pollination.

Nectar guides are visual patterns, often invisible to humans, that guide pollinators to the nectar source, attracting them to the flower.

A mutualistic relationship between animals and plants where animals eat fruits and disperse seeds within them, benefiting both.

Fruits are developed from the ovary of a fertilized flower. They serve as a mechanism for seed dispersal, allowing plants to spread their offspring.

Robins and jays eat black cherries, digest the pulp, and excrete the seeds in their droppings, effectively dispersing them over a wide area.

The process of aiding seed germination by mimicking the natural passage through an animal's digestive tract, breaking down the seed coat.

Box turtles eat mayapple fruits, but their limited movement means seeds aren't dispersed far from the parent plant, ensuring localized seed dispersal.

A mutualistic relationship where both species involved undergo specific adaptations, leading to increasingly exclusive interactions.

Orchids mimic female insects to attract males, who then pick up pollen and transfer it to other orchids, demonstrating reciprocal selection.

A network of species interacting in a mutualistic way, benefiting from the diversity of interactions within the network.

Black cherry seeds dispersed by birds benefit from the variety of birds that eat the fruit, increasing the diversity of locations where seeds are deposited.

A group of species living within a defined area, potentially interacting with each other.

Clements viewed communities as organisms, with parts working together as a whole.

Gleason proposed that community composition is largely determined by the individual needs and tolerances of species.