MicroPara Transes Module1-2.pdf

Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs Lesson 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY? Microbiology is an advanced biology course dealing with the study of microbes, which are extremely small (microscopic) living organisms and certain non-living Top 10 lead...

Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs Lesson 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY? Microbiology is an advanced biology course dealing with the study of microbes, which are extremely small (microscopic) living organisms and certain non-living Top 10 leading cause of Morbidity entities 1. Acute Lower RTI ("Respiratory tract Living microbes are known as Infection") and pneumonia cellular microbes or 2. Bronchitis microorganisms 3. Acute watery Diarrhea (e.g. bacteria, archaea, some algae, 4. Influenza protozoa, and some fungi) 5. Hypertension Non-living microbes are known as 6. TB respiratory acellular 7. Diseases of the heart microbes or infectious particles 8. Malaria (e.g. viroids, prions, and viruses) 9. Chicken pox Microbes are ubiquitous 10. Dengue fever Top 10 leading cause of Mortality 1. Disease of the heart 2. Disease of the vascular system 3. Malignant Neoplasm 4. Pneumonia 5. Accidents 6. Tuberculosis All forms. 7. Chronic Lower Respiratory The microbes that cause disease diseases are sometimes referred to as 6. Diabetes Melitus “germs” 9. Certain condition organinating in The scientific term for Perinatal period disease-causing microbes is 10. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome on pathogens nephrosis Microbes that do not cause disease are called nonpathogens; Microbes that live on and in our the vast majority of microbes are bodies are referred to as nonpathogens our indigenous microbiota (or human microbiome) Some members of our indigenous microflora are opportunistic pathogens Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs Opportunistic pathogens are microbes that can cause disease, but usually do not; they can be thought of as microbes that are awaiting the opportunity to cause disease Categories of Diseases Caused by Pathogens Algae and bacteria serve as food for tiny animals; they are important links in food chains Microbes that live in the intestinal tracts of animals aid in the digestion of food and produce beneficial substances For many years, microorganisms have been used as “cell models”; the more that scientists learned about microbial cells, the more they learned about cells in general Why Study Microbiology? Microbes are used in many industries; e.g., food, beverage, Microorganisms play significant chemical, and antibiotic industries roles in our lives; they are essential and in genetic engineering for life on this planet In genetic engineering, a gene or Photosynthetic algae and genes from one organism is/are bacteria (such as cyanobacteria) inserted into a bacterial or yeast produce much of the oxygen in our cell; the cell that receives the new atmosphere gene(s) is then capable of Microorganisms are involved in producing the gene product(s) the decomposition of dead coded for by the new gene(s) organisms and waste products The use of living organisms or Saprophytes are organisms that their derivatives to make or modify live on dead and/or decaying useful products or processes is organic matter called biotechnology The use of microbes to clean up toxic wastes and other industrial waste products is known as First Microorganisms on Earth bioremediation Fossils of primitive Many microbes play essential microorganisms date back about roles in various elemental cycles; 3.5 billion years ago. e.g., the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, Candidates for the first sulfur, and phosphorous cycles microorganisms on Earth are archaea and cyanobacteria. Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs Investigated different fermentation products Developed the pasteurization process Discovered life forms that could exist without oxygen (anaerobes) Made significant contributions in the germ theory of disease Discovered the infectious agents that were causing the silkworm disease Championed changes in hospital EARLIEST KNOWN INFECTIOUS practices to minimize spread of DISEASES disease by pathogens Infectious diseases of humans Developed several vaccines, and animals have existed for as including rabies and anthrax long as humans and animals have vaccines inhabited the planet. Earliest known account of pestilence occurred in Egypt in about 3180 BC Pioneers in the Science of Microbiology and their Contributions Anton van Leeuwenhoek Disproved spontaneous (1632-1723) generation “Father of Microbiology” Made the single-lens microscope or simple microscopes Observed “animalcules” Discovered protozoa in 1674 and bacteria in 1676 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) French CONTRIBUTIONS chemist who discovered that microorganisms made numerous produce different fermentation contributions to products microbiology Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs absent in healthy animals or humans The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture When the agent is introduced to a healthy host, susceptible host, the host must get the disease The same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host Robert Koch (1843-1910) German physician who made numerous contributions to microbiology Made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease Discovered that Bacillus anthracis produce spores, capable of resisting adverse conditions Developed methods of fixing, staining and photographing bacteria Developed methods to cultivate Limitations of the Koch’s bacteria postulates Discovered Mycobacterium Obligate intracellular pathogens tuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae or obligate intracellular parasites Developed Tuberculin testing Fastidious microorganisms Some microorganisms are species-specific Ethical considerations Synergistic infections Pathogenicity of some microorganisms is affected in vitro Not all diseases are caused by microorganisms Koch’s postulates A particular microorganism must be found in every case and must be Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs John Tyndall aim to monitor and control the spread of diseases in communities CONTRIBUTIONS provided the initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and Genetic engineering air have very high heat resistance involve techniques that alter the Richard Petri genetic makeup of organisms to produce hormones and Assistant of Robert Koch pharmaceuticals, create totally new Contributed Petri Dish (used for substances culture media) Microbial physiology Career Fields in Microbiology and Parasitology use of microbial cell as cell models Paleomicrobiology Involves the study of ancient microbes through molecular fossils Parasitology Careers in Microbiology Agricultural microbiology is concerned with the relationship between microbes and crops, with an emphasis on improving yields Sanitary microbiology and combating plant diseases includes the processing and disposal of garbage and sewage Biotechnology waste, as well as the purification and processing of water supplies to a tool used in industrial ensure that no pathogen are microbiology, which is concerned carried to the consumer by drinking with the uses of microbes to water produce or harvest large quantities of substances such as amino acids, Veterinary microbiology beer, drugs, enzymes and vitamins Arf arf Environmental microbiology Application of microbiology in ecology Medical and clinical microbiology Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs Clinical Microbiology / Diagnostic was a landmark in the study and Microbiology depiction of the natural world's smallest objects and creatures, A branch of medical microbiology previously unobserved by the naked concerned with the laboratory eye. diagnosis of infectious diseases of humans Matthias Schleiden | Theodor Schwann Microbial Morphology and Classification MODULE 2 A botanist Cell Structure and Taxonomy Co founded Cell CELLS Theory Fundamental unit of any living organism Categorized into two: – Eucaryotes – Procaryotes CYTOLOGY – study of the structure and function of cells Importance A zoologist Co Founded Cell Theory identification of understand various differences in microorganisms metabolism Robert Hooke Rudolf Virchow Cell was Studied discovered by a Biogenesis British scientist, Robert Hooke in 1665 He observed cells in a cork slice under his self-designed microscope and noticed honeycomb like compartments. He made ‘Micrographia’ Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs Cell Theory CELLULAR STRUCTURE OF By Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow EUKARYOTIC CELLS All living things are composed of cells. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. Cellular Membrane New cells are produced from Cellular Membrane encloses and existing cells. holds the cell intact regulates the passage of nutrients, wastes products, and secretions Characteristics of life into and out of the cell CHONS - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur Fluid Mosaic - Shows Phospolipid Bilayer Phospolipid Bilayer made of two layers of Classification of Microorganisms phospholipids Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail Selectively permeable Regulates passage of nutrients, Characteristics of life waste, products, secretion in and out of the cell Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs Nucleus Cytosol- nogranules and oraganelles differentiates prokaryotic Endoplasmic reticulum: and eukaryotic Passageway cells controls the Smooth ER function of the without attached ribosomes and entire cell and plays a role in lipid synthesis acts as the command Rough ER center of the with attached ribosomes cell Ribosomes (80S): CHON 3 components of Nucleus synthesizers Nucleoplasm - Gel like substance consist mainly of rRNA and protein contains ‘Chromosomes’ and helps in the synthesis of Chromosomes - Contains DNA proteins (deoxyribonucleic acid) the genetic (80s) - 40 small sub units + 60 large information of the cell sub units -Chromatin (Carries protein) Nuclear membrane - covers the Golgi appratus nucleus and contains the nuclear spores completes Nucleolus the dark area in the nucleus where the transformation of newly synthesized protein into mature, functional ones rRNA(Ribosomal ribonucleic acid) packages proteins into vesicles for molecules are manufactured storage within the cell or transport outside the cell Cytoplasm connected to ER contains Vesicles - storage insoluble Lysosomes storage lysozymes and digestive enzymes granules and break down foreign materials, cell organelles debris or the whole cell site for most of the cell’s metabolism Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs Peroxisomes 3types of cytoskeletons protects other parts of the cell Microtubules from the harmful effect of hydrogen Microfilaments peroxide Intermediatefilaments - involved in similar to lysosomes but smaller cell division contains enzymes called ‘catalase’ Cell wall that breakdowns H₂O₂ external structure that provides rigidity, shape and protection Composed of various polysaccharides unlike the prokaryotes Mitochondria site for ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) formation by cellular Flagella and cilia respiration organelles of locomotion which is eventually necessary for survival Plastids Flagella enables cell to swim in all liquids Exhibits positive and negative phototaxis and chemotaxis but do not run and tumble Phototaxis - Chemotaxis - Reaction to sun reaction to chemical cues energy-producing organelle and smells containing various photosynthetic pigments Cytoskeleton Cilia strengthens , supports and stiffens Shorter than flagella and hair like the cell giving its shape Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs CELLULAR STRUCTURE OF Cell wall PROKARYOTIC CELLS provides strong structural support that prevents the cell from bursting Prokaryotic Cell Structure or collapsing consists of peptidoglycan (murein) Cell membrane same in structure and function to the eukaryotic cell membrane Mesosomes Mesosomes site for cellular respiration in bacteria Chromosomes single, long, supercoiled DNA molecules serves as control center of the cell Nucleoid DNA-occupied space within a bacterial cell Plasmid small, circular molecules of double stranded DNA that are not part of the chromosomes Cytoplasm semiliquid containing a complex mixture of all materials required for metabolism Ribosomes (70s) same function with eukaryotic ribosome 30 small sub unit + 50 large sub unit Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs S-colonies (Smooth) R-colonies (Rough) Characteris Positive Negative tics Flagella # of layers 1 2 Primary function: motility or Thickness Thick Thin selfpropulsion and eventually chemotaxis through runs and Outer No Yes tumbles membrane Periplasmic Narrow Extensive Flagella Parts: space Permeabilit More Less 1. Basal y body 2. Hook PG content More Less 3. Filament Allows 360 degrees rotation Glycocalyx thick layer of materials produced by the cell membrane and extruded outside the cell wall for protection and adhesion Micropara module 1-2 REV ni EmoLs COMPARISON OF STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES Eukaryotes Prokaryote s Size 10 – 100 0.2 – 2.0 micro micro meters meters Nucleus Present Absent Glycocalyx Present in Present as some organized animal capsule or cells slime Fimbriae (Pili) Motility Undulating Rotating flagella flagella Pilin protein observed mostly on Gram-negative Flagella Present in Present in bacteria some some thinner than flagella, more rigid and not associated with motility Cilia Present in Absent in some all For conjugation - Initial Contact for mating pairs in cell division (sex Fimbriae and Absent in Present in pilus) pili all some For attachment - For adhesion and gather food Cell wall Present in Present in most most Cytosol Present in Present in all all Endospore Absent in Present in all some Ribosome Larger Smaller (80S) (70S) Nucleus Present in Absent in all all Endospores Nuclear Present in Absent in related to the survival rather than membrane all all on the reproduction of bacteria either terminal or subterminal Endoplasmic Present in Absent in reticulum all all Sporulation - a developmental process that allows some organisms Mitochondria Present in Absent in to survive in harsh conditions by most all forming a metabolically inactive and resistant endospore