Microbiology & Parasitology 1st SEM PDF

MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY 1st SEM Cellular Slime Layer - include all bacteria, archaea, algae, - composed of loose protozoa, & fungi polysaccharide layer - complete...

MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY 1st SEM Cellular Slime Layer - include all bacteria, archaea, algae, - composed of loose protozoa, & fungi polysaccharide layer - complete - main purpose is to stick - can reproduce on their own Biofilm - like a very wide slime layer that Acellular allows the bacteria to - viruses and prions communicate -need cellular cells to reproduce - Composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids Cell Wall - Provides the shape of bacteria Gram-positive - does not have an outer membrane - ex: Lipoteichoic Acid – causes disease by triggering your Mitochondria immune system - “power plants” or “energy factories” of Gram-negative the eukaryotic cell - has an additional layer called - where most of the Adenosine outer membrane Triphosphates (ATP) molecules are - Lipid A, O-polysaccharide, formed by cellular respiration Periplasmic Space Ribosomes - sites of protein synthesis Plasma Membrane - Responsible for acquiring nutrients and Binary Fission eliminating waste - reproduction of procaryotic cells - selectively permeable - simple division of one cell into two - has additional roles such as photosynthesis, respiration, lipid synthesis Virion and cell wall repair - complete virus particles - consists of a genome of DNA or RNA PARTS & FUNCTIONS OF THE BACTERIAL CELL I. BACTERIAL CELL ENVELOPE GLYCOCALYX (Capsule) - Organized outer cell - To protect bacteria against phagocytosis (absorbs foreign body)  Pathogenicity PARTS & FUNCTIONS OF CYTOPLASMIC Definition of Terms ORGANELLES Cytoplasm Pathogenicity - aqueous substance where organelles - capability of a microbe to cause are suspended disease - site of glycolysis Disease - any abnormality in your body Chromosome (structure or function) - Contains the genetic material Virulence - located on the nucleoid - degree of pathogenicity of a microbe - circular double helix in structure Virulence Factors (special parts Plasmid (Flash Drive) of pathogens) - most important part – increase the Symptoms chances of bacteria to survive - subjective changes in body - genetic material that can be - cannot be measured through transferred to other bacteria numbers - contains genetic info that contains - cannot be quantified advantageous traits such as antibiotic Signs resistance - objective changes in the body - can be quantified Appendages - ex: Temperature, Blood Pressure Flagella Stages of Disease - whip like appendage that propels the 1. Incubation Period bacteria through a liquid - stage where you are exposed to Fimbriae the pathogen - for adhering to surfaces -occurs between the initial infection - hair-like structure that surrounds the and appearance of sign and bacteria symptoms - thin protein tubes originating from the 2. Prodromal Period cytoplasmic membrane - short interval after incubation Pilus where mild symptoms and signs - also known as sex/conjugation pilus occur - works with plasmid - pathogen is actively reproducing - for bacterial conjugation but still not able to damage Endospores 3. Period of Illness - no cellular activity - where signs and symptoms are - contains the bacterium DNA severe - can survive without nutrients - part where you take medication - allows bacteria very harsh conditions 4. Period of Decline - dormant, tough, and non-reproductive - where the immune system structure produced by certain bacteria overcomes the infection - sign and symptoms subside  -slowly start to recover but still feel  Virus the signs and symptoms - antigenic variation 5. Period of Convalescence - process where the virus can - Period of Recovery change its antigens before the - where the body fully recovers body can create an immune response for that specific virus MICROBIAL MECHANISMS OR Infection PATHOGENICITY - successful invasion of and multiplication Exposure of the pathogen - contact with the microbes Systemic Infection Adhesion - pathogen affects the entire - microbes attach to the host at the body portal of entry Nosocomial Infection - infection acquired from a *Portals of entry: hospital setting Mucous Membranes Iatrogenic Infection - Mucous secreting tissues that - caused by a medical procedure line the body’s various systems Opportunistic Infection Skin - occurs when the body’s own - Natural Openings: pores, hair defenses are compromised follicles Zoonotic Infection - Penetration of the skin: cuts, - direct contact with animals scrapes, hookworms Transmission - Infection of the skin itself: - pathogen leaves through the portal of intertrigo, diaper rash exits in the body Invasion - Gastrointestinal: fecal matter, saliva, - the spreading of pathogen inside the mucous tissues or the body systems of the host - Genitourinary Secretions: Urine, sperm, Vaginal Discharge, Period Blood Virulence Factors Bacteria: Capsules, Exoenzymes, EPIDEMIOLOGY Exotoxins - studies disease through a population  Exoenzymes perspective. - enzymes that the bacteria - Studies etiology or the cause of the produce and excrete outside the disease. cell - The geographical distribution of the  Exotoxins disease: investigates the environment - mostly produce gram-positive - The timing of the disease’s occurrence. bacteria - The transmission of the disease: when - produced as part of the sourced, its way of spreading is found bacteria’s metabolism - produces specific damage to the host cells  - (age affects immune system, Classifying Diseases which when weakened by time, disease could invade and COMMUNICABILITY manifest again)  Non-Communicable - The disease cannot be  TRANSMISSION transmitted between hosts. Reservoirs of Transmission - Usually caused by genetics or - The source that carries the pathogen: unhealthy lifestyles.  Communicable 1. Living Reservoirs: infected person, - The disease can be transmitted animal… between hosts. 2. Non-Living Reservoirs: Fomite = objects where pathogen PATTERN OF INCIDENCE stick/are  Sporadic Contact Transmission - Diseases only occur 1. Direct Contact Transmission occasionally - close physical contact: hand - randomly no pattern holding, kissing…  Endemic 2. Indirect Contact Transmission - Diseases that are constantly - caused by vehicles & vectors of present in a particular region transmission -ex. Dengue = occurs yearly due to seasons Vehicle Transmission (non-living)  Epidemic  Airborne Transmission - Disease that occurs within a  Waterborne Transmission large population of people in a  Foodborne Transmission short period of time above expected level Vector Transmission (living)  Pandemic - Animals that carry pathogens. - Disease that affects the entire  Mechanical Transmission world - The pathogen is passively spread SEVERITY by the vector through its body parts.  Acute  Biological Transmission - Develops rapidly but lasts a - The vector actively spreads the short period of time disease from one host to another  Chronic - actively finds you & actively - Develops slowly and is less transmit pathogens severe but lasts a long period of - bites or scratches time  Latent - manifests after a period of inactivity