Microbiology & Parasitology 1st Sem PDF

Summary

This document covers Microbiology and Parasitology, focusing on cellular and acellular microbes, mitochondria, ribosomes, and binary fission. The document also discusses various cell structures and functions, and the concept of pathogenicity.

Full Transcript

MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY 1st SEM Cellular Slime Layer - include all bacteria, archaea, algae, - composed of loose protozoa, & fungi polysaccharide layer - complete...

MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY 1st SEM Cellular Slime Layer - include all bacteria, archaea, algae, - composed of loose protozoa, & fungi polysaccharide layer - complete - main purpose is to stick - can reproduce on their own Biofilm - like a very wide slime layer that Acellular allows the bacteria to - viruses and prions communicate -need cellular cells to reproduce - Composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids Cell Wall - Provides the shape of bacteria Gram-positive - does not have an outer membrane - ex: Lipoteichoic Acid – causes disease by triggering your Mitochondria immune system - “power plants” or “energy factories” of Gram-negative the eukaryotic cell - has an additional layer called - where most of the Adenosine outer membrane Triphosphates (ATP) molecules are - Lipid A, O-polysaccharide, formed by cellular respiration Periplasmic Space Ribosomes - sites of protein synthesis Plasma Membrane - Responsible for acquiring nutrients and Binary Fission eliminating waste - reproduction of procaryotic cells - selectively permeable - simple division of one cell into two - has additional roles such as photosynthesis, respiration, lipid synthesis Virion and cell wall repair - complete virus particles - consists of a genome of DNA or RNA PARTS & FUNCTIONS OF THE BACTERIAL CELL I. BACTERIAL CELL ENVELOPE GLYCOCALYX (Capsule) - Organized outer cell - To protect bacteria against phagocytosis (absorbs foreign body) Pathogenicity PARTS & FUNCTIONS OF CYTOPLASMIC Definition of Terms ORGANELLES Cytoplasm Pathogenicity - aqueous substance where organelles - capability of a microbe to cause are suspended disease - site of glycolysis Disease - any abnormality in your body Chromosome (structure or function) - Contains the genetic material Virulence - located on the nucleoid - degree of pathogenicity of a microbe - circular double helix in structure Virulence Factors (special parts Plasmid (Flash Drive) of pathogens) - most important part – increase the Symptoms chances of bacteria to survive - subjective changes in body - genetic material that can be - cannot be measured through transferred to other bacteria numbers - contains genetic info that contains - cannot be quantified advantageous traits such as antibiotic Signs resistance - objective changes in the body - can be quantified Appendages - ex: Temperature, Blood Pressure Flagella Stages of Disease - whip like appendage that propels the 1. Incubation Period bacteria through a liquid - stage where you are exposed to Fimbriae the pathogen - for adhering to surfaces -occurs between the initial infection - hair-like structure that surrounds the and appearance of sign and bacteria symptoms - thin protein tubes originating from the 2. Prodromal Period cytoplasmic membrane - short interval after incubation Pilus where mild symptoms and signs - also known as sex/conjugation pilus occur - works with plasmid - pathogen is actively reproducing - for bacterial conjugation but still not able to damage Endospores 3. Period of Illness - no cellular activity - where signs and symptoms are - contains the bacterium DNA severe - can survive without nutrients - part where you take medication - allows bacteria very harsh conditions 4. Period of Decline - dormant, tough, and non-reproductive - where the immune system structure produced by certain bacteria overcomes the infection - sign and symptoms subside -slowly start to recover but still feel  Virus the signs and symptoms - antigenic variation 5. Period of Convalescence - process where the virus can - Period of Recovery change its antigens before the - where the body fully recovers body can create an immune response for that specific virus MICROBIAL MECHANISMS OR Infection PATHOGENICITY - successful invasion of and multiplication Exposure of the pathogen - contact with the microbes Systemic Infection Adhesion - pathogen affects the entire - microbes attach to the host at the body portal of entry Nosocomial Infection - infection acquired from a *Portals of entry: hospital setting Mucous Membranes Iatrogenic Infection - Mucous secreting tissues that - caused by a medical procedure line the body’s various systems Opportunistic Infection Skin - occurs when the body’s own - Natural Openings: pores, hair defenses are compromised follicles Zoonotic Infection - Penetration of the skin: cuts, - direct contact with animals scrapes, hookworms Transmission - Infection of the skin itself: - pathogen leaves through the portal of intertrigo, diaper rash exits in the body Invasion - Gastrointestinal: fecal matter, saliva, - the spreading of pathogen inside the mucous tissues or the body systems of the host - Genitourinary Secretions: Urine, sperm, Vaginal Discharge, Period Blood Virulence Factors Bacteria: Capsules, Exoenzymes, EPIDEMIOLOGY Exotoxins - studies disease through a population  Exoenzymes perspective. - enzymes that the bacteria - Studies etiology or the cause of the produce and excrete outside the disease. cell - The geographical distribution of the  Exotoxins disease: investigates the environment - mostly produce gram-positive - The timing of the disease’s occurrence. bacteria - The transmission of the disease: when - produced as part of the sourced, its way of spreading is found bacteria’s metabolism - produces specific damage to the host cells - (age affects immune system, Classifying Diseases which when weakened by time, disease could invade and COMMUNICABILITY manifest again)  Non-Communicable - The disease cannot be  TRANSMISSION transmitted between hosts. Reservoirs of Transmission - Usually caused by genetics or - The source that carries the pathogen: unhealthy lifestyles.  Communicable 1. Living Reservoirs: infected person, - The disease can be transmitted animal… between hosts. 2. Non-Living Reservoirs: Fomite = objects where pathogen PATTERN OF INCIDENCE stick/are  Sporadic Contact Transmission - Diseases only occur 1. Direct Contact Transmission occasionally - close physical contact: hand - randomly no pattern holding, kissing…  Endemic 2. Indirect Contact Transmission - Diseases that are constantly - caused by vehicles & vectors of present in a particular region transmission -ex. Dengue = occurs yearly due to seasons Vehicle Transmission (non-living)  Epidemic  Airborne Transmission - Disease that occurs within a  Waterborne Transmission large population of people in a  Foodborne Transmission short period of time above expected level Vector Transmission (living)  Pandemic - Animals that carry pathogens. - Disease that affects the entire  Mechanical Transmission world - The pathogen is passively spread SEVERITY by the vector through its body parts.  Acute  Biological Transmission - Develops rapidly but lasts a - The vector actively spreads the short period of time disease from one host to another  Chronic - actively finds you & actively - Develops slowly and is less transmit pathogens severe but lasts a long period of - bites or scratches time  Latent - manifests after a period of inactivity

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