Module 1 – Introduction to Microbiology PDF

PRPM114 Module 1 – Introduction to Microbiology Prepared by: Tristan Joseph II, A. Flores, RPh Centro Escolar University Makati tan2024  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Intended Learning Outcomes At the...

PRPM114 Module 1 – Introduction to Microbiology Prepared by: Tristan Joseph II, A. Flores, RPh Centro Escolar University Makati tan2024  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the module, you are expected to: Identify the different scientists and their contributions in the field of Microbiology Differentiate the types of microorganisms in terms of their characteristics Recognize the structural composition of a typical prokaryotic cell Describe the structure and function of a prokaryotic cell 2  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Microbiology Study of ___________ organisms, those being – ____________ (single cell) – ____________ (cell colony) – ____________ (lacking cells) 3  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Robert Hooke Reported that life’s smallest structural units were “__________” or “________” that he was able to see using his improved version of a ____________________ 1665: Hooke’s discovery marked the beginning of the “_______________” stating that all living things are composed of cells 4  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Probably the first person to actually observe live microorganisms which he called as “_____________” through his simple, single-lens microscope. 1673: His contribution led him to be recognized as the “_____________________________” 5 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION “THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS” 6 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Francesco Redi 7  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology John Needham John Needham’s Experiment: Microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth _____ to spontaneous generation 1745: _____________ is necessary for spontaneous generation to occur 8  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Lazarro Spallanzani Repeated Needham’s experiment and suggested that the results of Needham’s experiment was due to ____ entering the flask 9 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION “CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS” 10  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Louis Pasteur Demonstrated that microorganisms are everywhere Offered proof for biogenesis using ______________ experiment Contributions (1861): – _____________________________ – _____________________________ – _____________________________ 11 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Swan Neck Experiment 12  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 – 1914: Rapid advancements in the field of microbiology ______________________________ – Sugar + Yeast → _________ and ___________ → __________ ______________________________ – Heating process that kills bacteria present in some alcoholic beverages and ___________ 13  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Germ Theory of Disease Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865) showed a casual relationship between microorganisms and disease through the GERM THEORY OF DISEASE Disease is caused by a specific _______________________ 14  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Germ Theory of Disease Joseph Lister (1860): Introduced the use of _________________ or _________________ as a disinfectant to clean surgical dressings 15  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Germ Theory of Disease Robert Koch (1876): Introduced ___________________ 1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals. 2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture. 3. The disease patient must present all the signs and symptoms when the microorganism is present. 4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host. 16 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Koch’s Postulates 17  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Vaccination Imparts ________________, a resistance to a particular disease, via inoculation with a _____________ Edward Jenner (1798): Demonstrated inoculation with _____________ to provide humans with immunity from ___________ Louis Pasteur (1880): Coined the word “___________” by discovering avirulent bacteria used for fowl cholera 18 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology 19  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Vaccination Modern vaccines are prepared from: – living avirulent microorganisms – Killed pathogens – Isolated components of pathogens – Recombinant DNA techniques 20  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Ignaz Semmelweis Introduced the practice of “_____________” using __________________ among personnel to prevent the spread of infection 21  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology John Tyndall Introduced __________________ or fractional distillation – Eradicates bacterial spores 22  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Chemotherapy ___________ treatment of a disease “________________ principle” Types of Chemotherapeutic Agents – ____________ drugs - prepared in the laboratory – ____________ - substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms 23 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Modern Chemotherapy Paul Ehrlich 24  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Modern Microbiology Rebecca Lancefield Dmitri Iwanowski Wendell Stanley 25  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Modern Microbiology: Recombinant DNA Technology George Beadle and Edward Tatum – GENES AND ENZYMES Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum – CONJUGATION James Watson and Francis Crick François Jacob and Jacques Monod – mRNA Paul Berg – RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 26 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 27  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Microorganisms AKA: _____________ Small organisms that cannot be seen by the ____________ May be: – ___________ or eukaryotic – Unicellular, Multicellular or Acellular 28  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Types of Microorganisms Bacteria Fungi Algae Viruses Protozoa Helminths 29 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology STRUCTURE EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC Nucleus Nuclear membrane Genes Cytoplasm Ribosomes Mitochondria 30  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology STRUCTURE EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC Lysosomes Chlorophyll Cell membrane Cell wall Flagella Pili Capsule 31  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Bacterial Shapes _____________ - ROUND shaped bacteria _____________ - ROD shaped bacteria _____________ - SPIRAL shaped bacteria _____________ - VARIABLE shaped bacteria 32 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology 33  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Bacterial Arrangement _____________ - bacteria in PAIRS _____________ - bacteria in CHAINS _____________ - bacteria in CLUSTERS 34 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology 35  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Parts of a bacteria Structures External to the Cell Wall Glycocalyx Flagella Axial Filaments Fimbriae and Pili Cell Wall Structures Internal to the Cell Wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleoid Ribosomes 36 Endospores  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime Layer Extracellular polymer covering the entire bacterium and is composed of polysaccharides ____________ – the polysaccharide- containing material outside the cell ____________ – condensed, well-defined layer closely surrounding the cell that excludes particles ____________ – glycocalyx that is loosely associated with the cell and does not exclude particles 37  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime Layer FUNCTIONS – Virulence factor (__________) – Specific identification for an organism – Used as antigens in certain vaccines – Adherence of bacteria to human tissues (glycocalyx/slime layer) 38  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Flagella Long, threadlike appendages Used for __________ or ________, called _________________ Made up of proteins called “________” Highly antigenic (H-proteins) 39  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Fimbriae Rigid, shorter and hairlike filaments Used for ____________ 40  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Pili Made up of proteins called “________” Antigenic (colonization antigens) Functions: – Ordinary pili for __________ to host cells – Sex pilus for _________ during conjugation process 41 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology 42  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Cell Wall Outermost component common to all bacteria Multi-layered structure located external to the cytoplasmic membrane Components: – Inner layer of peptidoglycan – Outer membrane 43  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Peptidoglycan Layer AKA: _______________ or _____________ Complex, interwoven network that surrounds the entire cell Composition: Backbone, tetrapeptide side chains and peptide cross-bridges Functions: – Provides rigid ____________ for the cell – Maintains _______ of the cell – Withstands media of low osmotic pressure 44 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology 45 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology 46  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Gram Positive ____________ peptidoglycan layer Components: TEICHOIC ACID – Polymers containing glycerophosphate or ribitol phosphate; – Acts major surface antigens TEICHURONIC ACID – Polymer containing sugar acids – Substitute for teichoic acid POLYSACCHARIDES 47  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Gram Negative ____________ peptidoglycan layer Components: COMPLEX LAYER OF LIPOPROTEIN OUTER MEMBRANE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE – Essentially an _________________ – Components: _________ is the toxic component + core polysaccharide 48  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Gram Negative Components: PERIPLASMIC SPACE – Space between ____________ membrane and ____________ membrane PORINS – Regulates the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell 49  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Cytoplasmic Membrane AKA: ________ membrane or ____ membrane Composed of a phospholipid bilayer that do not contain __________ 50  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Cytoplasmic Membrane Functions: Selective permeability and transport of solutes Energy generation through electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Excretion of hydrolytic exoenzymes Synthesis of precursors of the cell wall Bearing of receptors and other proteins for chemotactic and sensory transduction systems 51  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Mesosome Invagination of the plasma membrane Plays an important role in cell division – Origin of the transverse septum that divides the cell in half – Binding site of DNA that will become the genetic material of each daughter cell 52  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Cytoplasm Two distinct areas: – _____________________ containing ribosomes, nutrient granules, metabolites and plasmids – _____________________ containing DNA 53  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Nucleoid Area in the cytoplasm which contains _____ Positive for ___________ stain ABSENT: Nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus Circular Prokaryotic cells are ___________ 54  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Plasmids Extrachromosomal, double stranded circular DNA molecules Replicates independently of the bacterial chromosome Integrated in bacterial chromosomes MOST IMPORTANT PLASMIDS: ___________ plasmid (F-plasmid) ___________ plasmid (R-plasmid) 55  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Ribosomes Sites of _____________ synthesis Size: ____ 56  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Granules Serve as storage areas for ____________ Example: – ____________ or metachromatic granules, a reserve of high energy in the form of polymerized metaphosphate 57  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Transposons AKA: _____________________ Pieces of DNA that move readily from one site to another – Within or between bacterial DNA – Plasmids – Bacteriophages 58  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Transposons Functions: – Codes for _________________ enzymes, _________ or other metabolic enzymes – Causes _____________ in the gene in where they insert 59  Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Endospores ___________ and highly __________ structures formed in response to adverse conditions Possess a remarkable resistance to: – Heat – Dehydration – Radiation – Chemicals (Due to: _____________) 60 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry - End of Presentation - For questions, you can message your teacher or post them on the discussion page in CEU LEAPS.