Micropara Lab Unit 1 PDF

Relevance of M & P to Nursing HOW IS THE EPIDIMIOLOGIC Practice: TRIAD APPLIED? 2. Nurses lack of comfort in correlating patient * interactions of host, agent & environment symptoms with underlying pathophysiology and...

Relevance of M & P to Nursing HOW IS THE EPIDIMIOLOGIC Practice: TRIAD APPLIED? 2. Nurses lack of comfort in correlating patient * interactions of host, agent & environment symptoms with underlying pathophysiology and correlate with infection spread making appropriate care interventions based on * teeter totter shaped environment -base, host that information. can lead to inaction or & agent being on both sides. incorrect actions may be detrimental to * If balanced = equilibrium state signifies patient care. that everything is healthy. * In an infectious disease, teeter totter would *A vast majority of nurses (98.3%) do not be weighted towards one side. perform & read Gram stain results critical to * epidemiologist deciphers connection diagnosis, between any of these three main factors * background knowledge = understanding = correct intervention e.g. Gram + (purple) or Gram - (pink) -The ability to match organism morphology to the suspected pathogen(s) and the subsequent review of the care plan (e.g., antimicrobial therapy) can make a difference in patient outcome. Epidemiology study of determinants, occurrence, and distri- bution of health and disease in a defined popu- lation. three areas where nursing and epidemiology might collaborate to their mutual benefit: * Health technology assessment * Surveillance and control * Risk, screening, and prevention Imbalance towards the Agent The Epidemiologic Triad * interactions of host, agent & environment correlate with infection spread * teeter totter shaped environment -base, host & agent being on both sides. * If balanced = equilibrium state signifies that everything is healthy. * In an infectious disease, teeter totter would be weighted towards one side. * epidemiologist deciphers connection between any of these three main factors The Epidemiologic Triad - Traditional Model of Disease causation The Triangle has three corners (called vertices): * Agent, or microbe that causes the disease (the "what") * Host, or organism harboring the disease (the "who") * Environment, or those external factors that cause or allow disease transmission (the "where") balance towards the Host TYPES OF CARRIERS * the amount of ways a person is susceptible to * Convalescent carrier a disease increased. - have recovered from illness but remain capa- * A good example of this can be shown by the ble of transmitting. H1N1 flu virus. * Healthy carrier -transmitted from person to person or through - sub-clinical cases: remain well throughout the surfaces stage of infection & never develop symptoms. - higher age grp * Active carrier - yearly infection or with flu vaccines still with - infected individual who can transmit disease. reinfection this is because the H1N1 flu virus is Incubating carrier an RNA virus it mutates and changes every so - can transmit the agent during the incubation often. period before clinical illness begins. - This forces doctors to change the flu vaccine * Passive carrier - contaminated with pathogen every year to try and decrease our susceptibility. &can mechanically transmit it to another host, no symptoms One notorious carrier: Mary Mallon, or Typhoid Mary, who was an asymptomatic chronic carrier of Salmonella Typhi. As a cook in New York City and New Jersey in the early 1900s, she unintentionally infected dozens of people until she was placed in isola- tion on an island in the East River, where she died 23 years later. Imbalance towards the Environment Important Features Of Carriers 1 The number of carriers may be far greater than the * environment plays a role in where the disease number of these who are sick. (Greater number) is most likely to spread and where it is currently 2 Carriers are not manifest so they and others are located. unaware that they can transmit the disease (infection - The FLU is common worldwide, but is typically is unapparent). transmitted in colder months of the year. 3 As carriers are not sick, they are not restricted and therefore disseminate the disease widely (free to THE CHAIN OF INFECTION move). 4 Chronic carriers may produce repeated outbreaks * a series of events that has to happen to over a considerable period of time (persistent enable microorganisms that are bacteria, fungi infectivity). and viruses to cause infections in a person. * More specifically, transmission occurs when agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, * is conveyed by some mode of transmission, * and enters through an appropriate portal of entry oto infect a susceptible host. INFECTIOUS DISEASES EPIDEMIC DISEASES Diseases caused by pathogens like -sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites specific region over a short period -can occur through various means like -food poisoning outbreak at picnic if more cases than usual air (influenza), water (cholera), food are reported. (salmonella), or direct contact (athlete's foot) -can arise from endemic diseases under certain conditions, such as changes in environmental factors or increased suscep- Tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS. tibility in the population. Key Point: Not all infectious diseases ENDEMIC DISEASES are contagious. Diseases consistently present in a population or geographic area, with fluctuating cases over time but never completely disappearing CONTAGIOUS DISEASES TB, STIs gonorrhea syphilis, common cold, influenza, chicken- * Subset of infectious diseases, easily pox, mumps. spread from one person to another Incidence depends on factors like environment, population Spreads through direct contact, immunity, and pathogen virulence. droplets, or through air (coughing, sneezing). PANDEMIC DISEASES Common cold, flu, chickenpox. occurring in epidemic proportions across multiple countries, often worldwide. Key Point: require specific preventive measures like isolation, masks, & 1918 Spanish flu pandemic hygiene practices. which killed over 20M people worldwide COMMUNICABLE DISEASES affect a large portion of the global population and result in significant mortality. Transmitted from one person or animal to another, directly or indirectly. Primordial Prevention * most recent addition to preventive strategies (1978) Can occur via direct contact, vectors * risk factor reduction target: entire population (mosquitoes malaria), or contaminated * FoCus: social & environmental conditions. surfaces. * through laws & national policy * earliest prevention modality, often aimed at children to Hepatitis, Zika virus, COVID-19. decrease as much risk exposure as possible. * Target: natural disease targeting underlying social conditions All contagious diseases are promoting disease onset. communicable, but not all * Example: improving access to an urban neighborhood to communicable diseases are contagious. safe sidewalks to promote physical activity; this, in turn, decreases risk factors for obesity, cardiovascular disease, type SPORADIC DISEASES 2 diabetes, etc. -Diseases that occur infrequently and irregularly within a population in a specific geographic area. -Botulism, cholera, gas gangrene, plague, tetanus, typhoid fever -Sporadic diseases are often controlled through hmunization and sanitary conditions but can re-emerge if public health programs are neglected. Quaternary Prevention PRIMARY * "action taken to identify patients at risk of overmedicaliza- tion, to protect him from new medical invasion, and to suggest measures aimed at a susceptible to him interventions, which are ethically acceptable." Marc population or individual. Jamoulle initially proposed this concept, and the targets were Purpose: to prevent a disease from ever mainly patients with illness but without the disease. *Wonca occurring. International Dictionary for General/Family Practice target population: healthy individuals. * The definition has undergone recent modification as "an commonly activities: limit risk exposure action taken to protect individuals (persons/patients) from or increase the immunity of individuals medical interventions that are likely to cause more harm than at risk to prevent a disease from good." progressing in a susceptible individual to subclinical disease. Nursing, Allied Health, and thought of examples yet? Interprofessional Team Interventions Secondary * Team's Proper communication to provide appropriate levels emphasizes early disease detection of prevention to the general public and patients. larget: healthy-appearing individuals with subclinical forms of the disease = * School staff & other ancillary staff require education on the pathologic changes but no overt importance of providing prevention as an important aspect of symptoms diagnosable in a doctor's caring for an individual while he/she is a student. visit often occurs: screenings. OTHER MODERN PANDEMICS Example: Papanicolaou (Pap) smear: Collectively, HIV/ AIDS, TB, malaria cause more than 300M aimed to diagnose cervical cancer in its illnesses and more than 5M deaths /yr subclinical state before progression. (According to the WHO, infectious diseases are responsible for approximately half the deaths that TERTIARY occur in developing countries) targets both clinical & outcome stages of a disease. COMMON MODES OF HIV implemented in symptomatic patients TRANSMISSION. Aim: to reduce severity of disease as I Sexual contact well as any associated 2 Transfusion 1. Contaminated needles Rehabilitation efforts 2. Perinatal transmission * Transplacental * During delivery through an infected birth canal * As a result of ingestion of breast TYPES OF ILLNESS PREVENTION Primary Secondary Tertiary