Shigella Microbiology PDF

Shigella Yar Abdulkhalq Poshya Nazm Hevar Yasin Niga Ahmed Diya Qadir Sara Subhan 1 Contents Introduction Epidemiology Dise ses Sings & Symptoms Di gnosis Prevention & Tre tments a a a 2 The genus Shigell belongs to the Enterob cteri ce e f mily Shigell is Gr m-neg tive, F cult tive n erobe, Non-spo...

Shigella Yar Abdulkhalq Poshya Nazm Hevar Yasin Niga Ahmed Diya Qadir Sara Subhan 1 Contents Introduction Epidemiology Dise ses Sings & Symptoms Di gnosis Prevention & Tre tments a a a 2 The genus Shigell belongs to the Enterob cteri ce e f mily Shigell is Gr m-neg tive, F cult tive n erobe, Non-spore forming nd Non-motile b cteri. Shigell is Coli. rod sh ped b cteri nd it’s genetic lly closely rel ted to E. Non-L ctose fermenting (except S. Sonnei) C t l se Positive (except S. Dysentri e type 1) Oxid se Neg tive a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3 a a Introduction Shigell re cl ssi ied into four groups/ species b sed on biochemic l nd serologic l ch r cteristics; 1. Shigell Dysentri e 2. Shigell Flexneri 3. Shigell Boydii 4. Shigell Sonnei a a a a f a a a a a a a a 4 a a Cont. Worldwide, Shigell is estim ted to c use 80-165 million c ses of dise se nd 600,000 de ths nnu lly, most c ses nd de ths re mong children. In developing countries Sh.Flexneri nd Sh.Dysentri e re more common nd they gener lly produce the most severe illnesses In developed countries of temper te clim te Sh. Sonnei is most common ( nd le st virulent) nd Sh. Boydii is mostly detected in the Indi n subcontinent 100 75 50 a a a a a 0 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 5 a 25 a a a Epidemiology Cont. Among Shigellosis c ses ne rly 20-199 million illnesses nd 6,900-30,000 de ths re ttributed to food borne tr nsmission. Numerous outbre ks h ve lso been ttributed to w ter borne tr nsmission. Outbre ks of Shigellosis tend to occur in settings where s nit tion nd hygiene pr ctices re in dequ te (schools, d yc res centers nd refugee c mps) a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 6 The species of Shigella and the disease they cause (Shigellosis); Shigell infection, Shigellosis, is g strointestin l infection c used by one of four species of Shigell b cteri , including S. Sonnei. The enteric p thogen Shigell Flexneri, the c us tive gent of Shigellosis is highly infectious b cterium. S.Flexneri c n c use m ssive mucos l destruction nd in l mm tory di rrhe with rem rk bly low dose of 10-100 org nism. The m in sign of Shigell infection is di rrhe , which is often bloody. After ingestion, S.Flexneri b cteri n vig tes to the colon where they re engulfed by M cells nd by the resident m croph ges. Shigell is very cont gious nd c n c use outbre ks a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a f a a a a a a a a 7 a a Diseases S. Sonnei nd S. Boydii c use mild dise se ch r cterized by cute, w tery, bloody di rrhe ccomp nied by fever nd bdomin l cr mps. Shigell Dysentri e c uses B cilli ry dysentery or Shigellosis. The dise se c n be divided into two ph ses: -The irst ph se, occurring in the irst 1-2 d ys, consists of w tery di rrhe nd cr mping, this ph se is medi ted by n enterotoxin -The second ph se is c used by inv sion of the org nism into the l rge intestine nd produces fever, cr mps, bloody di rrhe , nd tenesmus a a a a a a a f a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a f a 8 a a a a Diseases Di rrhe : Persistent nd often bloody stools re symptom of Shigell infection. h llm rk Abdomin l cr mps: Severe bdomin l p in nd cr mps re common. Fever: Elev ted body temper ture m y ccomp ny the infection. - Sometimes people infected with Shigell h ve no symptoms t ll, but c n still p ss the b cteri to others. - Symptoms usu lly begin 1-2 d ys fter being exposed to Shigell. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 9 a a Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms Complications: Dehydr tion: Severe di rrhe c n le d to dehydr tion, especi lly in children nd the elderly. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): In r re c ses, Shigell infection c n progress to HUS, condition th t ects blood nd blood vessels. Spre d to other org ns: In severe c ses, Shigell b cteri c n spre d beyond the intestines to other org ns, c using infections such s Pneumoni or Urin ry tr ct infections. a a a a a a a a a a a a a ff a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 10 a Seizures nd Neurologic l complic tions: Shigell infection c n, in some c ses, c use seizures or other neurologic l complic tions. Diagnosis Infection is di gnosed when l bor tory identi ies Shigell b cteri in the s mple of the p tient’s stool. The test could be Culture th t isol tes the b cteri or R pid di gnostic test to detect the presence of the b cteri / genetic m teri l of the b cteri. Shigellosis c n be correctly di gnosed in most p tients on the b sis of fresh blood in the stool. Commonly used isol tion medi include: M cConkey g r, Hektoen Enteric g r, S lmonell -Shigell (SS) g r. a a a a a a a a a a a a f a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 11 12 Treatment When it comes to tre ting Shigellosis, it is import nt to st y hydr ted nd get plenty of rest. In some c ses, ntibiotics m y be prescribed to help ight the infection. P tients infected with Shigellosis usu lly get better without ntibiotic tre tment within 5-7 d ys. a a a a a a f a a a a a a a 13 Treatment 1. Prevent dehydr tion: P tients infected with Shigellosis should drink plenty of luids to prevent dehydr tion. 2. Rest: Allow the body to recover by getting plenty of rest 3. Antibiotics: WHO recommends th t clinic lly di gnosed c ses of Shigellosis be tre ted with Cipro lox cin s irst line tre tment nd Pivmecillin m, Ceftri xone, or Azithromycin s second line tre tment nd lists the others s ine ective. f a a a a a a a a a a f a a a a a f a a a ff a 14 Prevention Simple ways to prevent getting infected by Shigella; Avoid close contact with people who are infected with Shigellosis. Avoid sharing personal items. Clean and disinfect surfaces regularly. Wash your hands with antibacterial soap for at least 20 seconds. Cook food thoroughly. Especially meat and eggs to kill any bacteria. 15 Prevention Cont. Practice good personal hygiene. Do not prepare food for others while I’ll with diarrhea (or any other symptom of Shigellosis) Avoid drinking water from ponds, lakes…etc. (un ltered and unclean water) When traveling drink only treated or boiled water. fi 16 Thanks for your Attention 17