Microbio Review Ch 17-19 PDF

Chapter 17 – Vaccines 1. History of Immunization - Chinese noticed children who recovered from smallpox did not contract the disease again; they infected children with material from a smallpox scab to induce immunity – variolation 2. Success of vaccine...

Chapter 17 – Vaccines 1. History of Immunization - Chinese noticed children who recovered from smallpox did not contract the disease again; they infected children with material from a smallpox scab to induce immunity – variolation 2. Success of vaccines – Slide 3 a. Polio: introduced in the 1950s which decreased a lot and again in 1960s and decreased and remained stagnant b. Measles: introduced in the 1960s and gradually decreased 3. Active and passive immunity – Slide 4, 17-18--- a. Active immunity: administration of antigens so patient actively mounts an adaptive immune response b. Passive immunotherapy: individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal 4. Questions slide 5--- a. Gives immediate resistance to disease? i. Passive immunity b. Can help after disease is in progress? i. Passive immunity c. Stimulates production of antibodies? i. Active immunity d. Gives lasting protection? i. Active immunity e. Reduces spread of disease, even to people who have no protection? i. Herd immunity 5. Vaccine types Slide 7-10 a. Attenuated (modified live) vaccines: can result in mild infections; can result in disease; provides lasting protection usually without boosters; examples: chickenpox, measles, mumps b. Inactivated (killed) vaccines: called the “killed” virus; considered the safest c. Toxoid vaccines: chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity Chapter 19 – Gram + bacteria 1. What is di_erent between gram + and gram – organisms? a. Gram positive: thicker layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall and appear purple  b. Gram negative: thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by outer membrane and appears pink 2. Main groups we looked at in this group. a. Low G + C bacteria – firmicutes b. High G + C bacteria – actinobacter 3. Main distinctions of Staphylococcus? Slide 4 _— a. Nonmotile (ALL cocci nonmotile) b. Salt-tolerant c. Catalase + 4. Two main organisms in groups - Slide 6 a. Staphylococcus aureus: more virulent strain b. Staphylococcus epidermidis: opportunistic infections 5. Why is Staph aureus so pathogenic – Slide 7 --- a. Structures that enable it to evade phagocytosis b. Production of enzymes c. Production of toxins 6. Toxins of staph – Slide 11 a. Cytolytic toxins: disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane of a variety of cells; leucocidin can lyse leukocytes specifically b. Exfoliative toxins: cause skin cells to separate and slough o_ by breaking desmosomes c. Toxic-shock syndrome (TSS) toxin: causes TSS d. Enterotoxins: stimulate symptoms associated with food poisoning; heat stable; remain active at 100 degrees C for 30 min 7. Pathogenicity factors – slide 12 a. 8. Know the diseases Staph is associated with, and treatment Slide 14 -21— a. Food poisoning: fasted food poisoning at 4 hours, usually lasts 24 hours b. Scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis (infection of hair follicle) c. Toxic-shock syndrome: shock occurs when blood pressure is too low to oxygenate vital organs d. Bacteremia e. Endocarditis f. Pneumonia g. Osteomyelitis h. Treatment for staph: methicillin; vancomycin used to treat MRSA 9. What are the pathogenicity factors of strep? Slide 24_ – a. Hyaluronidase: streptococcus through tissues b. Pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxins: can stimulate fever, rash, and shock by dilating capillaries c. Streptolysins: lyse red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets 10. What diseases are associated with Strep? Slide 27_ – a. Pharyngitis (strep throat) b. Rheumatic fever: damages the heart valves and muscle c. Scarlet fever: chest rash d. Pyoderma and erysipelas e. Streptococcal TSS: can cause organ failure, shock, and death f. Necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria) g. Glomerulonephritis: irreversible kidney damage 11. Treatment for strep – slide 36 – a. Penicillin 12. Diseases associated with various diseases Slide 36 – 41 ---- a. Group B streptococcus: streptococcus agalactiae i. Associated with neonatal bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia b. The Viridans Group (streptococcus mutans): opportunistic pathogens; causes dental caries and dental plaques c. Streptococcus pneumoniae: causes disease when it travels to lungs 13. Di_erence between Beta, alpha, gamma hemolysis? a. Beta: complete lysis of RBCs b. Alpha: partial lysis of RBCs c. Gamma: no lysis on RBCs 14. Bacillus, diseases associated with Slide 48 --- a. Bacillus anthracis 15. Characteristics and types of anthrax –  a. Transmission: inhalation of spores, inoculation of spores through break in skin, ingestion of spores b. Gastrointestinal anthrax c. Inhalation anthrax (high mortality rate: near 100%) d. Cutaneous anthrax (most common; fatal in 20% of untreated patients) 16. Diseases of Clostridium Slide 56_ ---- a. Clostridium perfringens: grows in digestive tract of animals/humans b. Clostridium di_icile c. Clostridium botulinum: among the deadliest known toxins; 1 kg to kill everyone on earth d. Clostridium tetani 17. Mode of action of various Clostridium diseases. --- a. Clostridium perfringens: i. Treatment: hyperbaric chamber to inject oxygen into tissues to remove anaerobic environment ii. Prevention: proper cleaning of wounds can prevent gas gangrene b. Clostridium di_icile: i. Treatment: discontinue causative antimicrobial drug to resolve minor infections as normal flora return ii. Prevention: proper hygiene to limit nosocomial infections c. Clostridium botulinum: i. Prevention: proper canning of food; infants under 1 year should not consume honey d. Clostridium tetani i. Prevention: immunization with tetanus toxoid 18. How to avoid these! (Identify by pix)---- 70---- 19. Listeria, what is the reservoir? Slide 76-80 a. Humans or animals. Can be found in soil, water, and enters body via contaminated food and drink 20. What is unique about it? a. Can grow at refrigeration temps which allows it to thrive in food that is refrigerated b. Pregnant women can transmit listeria to their fetus 21. What diseases? a. L. monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen; grows in phagocytes often in the gallbladder 22. Mode of transmission and action?  a. Eating contaminated food, mother to fetus, contact with infected birds/animals, contaminated equipment/materials 23. Mycoplasma slide 81- a. What is unique about it? i. Smallest free-living microbes; only a few species cause significant human disease b. Diseases? (Slide 82) i. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: causes primary atypical pneumonia; common in children 5-15 years old 24. Corynebacterium Slide 88 a. Diseases? i. Corynebacterium diphtheriae: causes diphtheria b. Transmission? i. From person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact c. Signs & Symptoms? i. Diphtheria toxin ii. Inhibits polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes iii. Bacteria that do not produce the toxin because they are not lysogenized are not pathogenic d. Preventions? i. Immunization with DTaP toxoid vaccine 25. Mycobacterium Slide 94 a. Diseases? (T&L) i. Tuberculosis ii. Leprosy: Hansen’s disease; armadillos are host b. Transmission & reservoirs? --- i. Leprosy: transmitted via person-to-person contact or break in the skin, but patients not quarantined due to low virulence and is fully treatable; main reservoir are armadillos ii. Tuberculosis: transmitted through the air; humans are primary reservoir c. S&S? d. Prevention? i. BCG vaccine e. Speed of growth?--- i. Tuberculosis: slow growth therefore resistant to drugs ii. Leprosy: incubation for years; 12-day generation time 26. Propionibacteria a. Propionibacterium acnes: causes acne b. Many cases require no treatment; antimicrobial drugs help control bacterium