Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology Module #15 Student Activity Sheet PDF

# Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology ## Module #15 Student Activity Sheet **Name:** **Section:** **Schedule:** **Class number:** **Date:** ## Lesson title: Practical Applications of Immunology ### Learning Targets: At the end of the module, students will be able to: Upon completi...

# Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology ## Module #15 Student Activity Sheet **Name:** **Section:** **Schedule:** **Class number:** **Date:** ## Lesson title: Practical Applications of Immunology ### Learning Targets: At the end of the module, students will be able to: Upon completion of this lesson, the pharmacy student can: 1. Define vaccine. 2. Differentiate the following and provide an example of each: - Attenuated - Inactivated - Subunit - Toxoid - VPL - Conjugated vaccines 3. Differentiate the following immunologic diagnostic test: - Precipitation reactions - Agglutination reactions - Neutralization reactions - Complement-fixation reactions - Fluorescent-antibody reactions - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ### A. Lesson Preview/Review Materials: - Book, pen and notebook - Index card/class list - Slide presentation References: - Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., & Case, C. L. (2018). Microbiology: An Introduction (13th ed.). Pearson Education Ltd - Engelkirk, P. G, Duben-Engelkirk, J. L, & Burton, G. R. W. (2015). Burton's microbiology for the health sciences (10th ed.) Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The instructor will summarize and respond to the closure activity questions of the previous topic. The students are asked to answer the following question as lesson review. 1. Compare and contrast the following terms: * Innate and adaptive immunity * Humoral and cellular immunity * Active and passive immunity 2. What are some of the possible outcomes of an antigen-antibody reaction? 3. What is the role of dendritic cells in immunity? ### B. Main Lesson ## Practical Applications of Immunology ### Terminologies - **Vaccination:** Is a method of giving antigen to stimulate the immune response through active immunization. - **Vaccine:** Is an immuno-biological substance designed to produce specific protection against a given disease. - **Variolation:** Early method of vaccination using infected material from a patient. ### Benefits of Immunization: - Suffering, disability, and death are avoided. - It prevents the targeted disease from ever occurring, thereby ceasing suffering before it ever begins. - Money is frequently saved that can be used for other health services. - Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and even eradicating disease. ### Types of Vaccines and their Characteristics - **Attenuated whole-agent vaccines:** - Use living but attenuated (weakened) microbes. - They closely mimic an actual infection. - Lifelong immunity without booster immunizations. - Effectiveness rate of 95%. - Examples: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Chickenpox, Sabin polio vaccine - **Inactivated whole-agent vaccines:** - Use microbes that have been killed, usually by formalin or phenol. - Examples: Rabies, Influenza, Salk polio vaccine, Pneumococcal vaccine, Cholera, Pertusis, Typhoid - **Toxoids:** - Are inactivated toxins. - An exotoxin that has been inactivated by heat or chemicals. - Antibodies that neutralizes toxins are called antitoxins. - Serum containing such antitoxins is referred to as an antiserum. - Examples: Diphtheria Toxoid - **Subunit vaccines:** - One that uses antigenic portions of a pathogen, rather than using the whole pathogen. - They are inherently safer because they cannot reproduce in the recipient. - Example: Hepa B, Hepatitis - **Conjugated vaccines:** - Combine the desired antigen with a protein to boost immune response, targets bacteria with capsules. - Young children respond poorly to polysaccharide antigens, add protein components (ex. H. influenza type B). - **Nucleic acid vaccines:** - Uses DNA fragments to produce the protein antigen that will activate the immune system. - Protein antigen carried to red bone marrow, where it stimulated immunity. - Example: Equine west nile virus vaccine. - **Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccines:** - Resemble intact viruses but do not contain any viral genetic material. - Example: Human papilloma vaccine. - **Polysaccharide Vaccines:** - Made from molecules in a pathogen's capsule. Although not very immunogenic, polysaccharide vaccines include those for N. meningitidis and pneumococcal pneumonia. ### Immunologic Diagnostic Test 1. Precipitation reactions 2. Agglutination reactions 3. Neutralization reactions 4. Complement-fixation reactions 5. Fluorescent-antibody reactions 6. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ### Precipitation Reaction Involve the reaction of soluble antigen with IgG and IgM antibodies to form large, interlocking molecular aggregates called lattices. - **Precipitin ring test** - **Immunodiffusion test** - Are precipitation reaction carried out in an agar gel medium - **Immunoelectrophoresis** - Type of precipitation reaction. - Combine immunodiffusion with electrophoresis. ### ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) Most widely used test. Use antibodies linked to an enzyme. Two basic methods: - **DIRECT ELISA:** - **INDIRECT ELISA:** **Description of an Image** The image contains a schematic diagram representing different stages of fluorescent antibody technique. * **Fluorescent Antibody Technique:** Uses fluorescently tagged antibodies to visualize antigens within cells or tissues under a microscope. The image depicts: * **Pathogen:** Represents the target antigen, like a bacteria or virus. * **Patient’s Serum:** Represents the serum sample containing the antibodies. * **Fluorescein-tagged rabbit antihuman antiserum:** Represents the secondary antibody conjugated to fluorescein, a fluorescent dye. * **Fluorescent pathogen:** Represents the scenario where the antigen is bound to both the patient's antibodies and the fluorescently tagged antihuman antibody, resulting in fluorescence. * **No fluorescence:** Represents the scenario where either the patient's serum lacks the corresponding antibodies or no binding occurs between the antibodies and the antigen, resulting in no fluorescence. * **ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay):** Depicts a schematic diagram of a typical sandwich ELISA. It shows: * **Enzyme-linked assay:** A well containing a series of test microbes. * **Patient's Serum:** Represents the serum sample containing the antibodies, denoted by ‘Y’, which bind to the test microbes. * **Enzyme-linked antibody:** Represents a secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme, denoted by a triangle, which binds to the patient's antibodies. * **+Substrate:** Introduction of the substrate for the enzyme, leading to a color change if the enzyme is present along with the substrate. * **Color Change:** Represents the positive result, where the color change indicates the presence of the patient's antibodies. * **No Color Change:** Represents the negative result, where no color change occurs, indicating the absence of the patient's antibodies.