Microbial Biotechnology Lec1 PDF

Microbial Biotechnology Dr. Eman Owis Lecturer Of Microbial Biotechnology – Mansoura Uni P h. D. G ö t t i n g e n U n i - G e r m a n y [email protected] Course Content Introduction Molecular Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Fermentation...

Microbial Biotechnology Dr. Eman Owis Lecturer Of Microbial Biotechnology – Mansoura Uni P h. D. G ö t t i n g e n U n i - G e r m a n y [email protected] Course Content Introduction Molecular Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Fermentation Tissue culture Protein production Introduction The Outcomes of this lecture Events for biotechnology discovery Biotechnology definition. Triangular of biotechnology. Positive applications of biotechnology. Negative applications of biotechnology.  Ancient discoveries Industries without sterilizing Industries with sterilizing Genetics & Recombination  Discovery of Microorganisms - Invisible creatures were thought to exist long before they were observed. - Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) who invented the first microscope (50 – 300x), was the first to observe and describe microorganisms accurately. Pasteur 19th century Kouch  Spontaneous Generation Conflict: - From the earliest times, people believed Living organisms could develop from nonliving or decomposing matter. -The SGT was challenged by Redi, Needham, Spallanzani -Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) settled the conflict once for all; heated the necks of flasks and drew them out. Pasteur Swan-Neck flask experiment (1861): Experimental disproof of Spontaneous Generation  Role of Microorganisms in Disease: Pasteur showed that Microorganisms caused disease. Joseph Lister – developed system for sterile surgery Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax; also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis. Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease. Koch’s Postulates: Microorganisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures. The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host. The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host. Industries without sterilizing Composting Commercial Fermentations Sewage Treatment Microorganisms and Solid Waste Treatment The elimination of organic waste material can be enhanced by microorganisms. increase cost to separate organic material from inorganic (glass, metal, plastic) composting: natural decomposition of organic solid materiel results in excellent fertilizer. Compost microorganisms are needed to breakdown the organic material Alcoholic Fermentations Carbohydrates are Fermented by Yeasts to Produce Ethanol Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment Sewage treatment is a controlled process that strives to eliminate the excess organic material, thus diminishing the BOD Most of the removal of organic matter is done by microorganisms Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment Decreasing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) decreases impact of sewage on the environment BOD is the amount of O2 needed for microbial decomposition of the organic material in a sample if not treated the high BOD found in sewage could deplete the O2 level in the receiving water in other words if raw sewage is deposited into a lake or stream without treatment, it would effectively suck the oxygen out of the water, leaving very little for the fish and other organisms Industries with sterilizing The Fermenter  Sterilization Sterile Inanimate objects free of all life Sterilization is the removing of all microorganisms in a material or on the surface of an object (an extreme level of cleanliness) A surface or an object is either sterile or it is not sterile, there are no gradations in sterility Typically the last things to die when one attempts sterilization is the highly heat- (and chemical-, etc.) resistant endospores Once something is sterilized, it will remain sterile if properly sealed. Sterilization – a process that removes or destroys all viable microbes, including viruses and endospores Methods of Control Physical Mechanical Chemical  Any method (agent) which can reduce or destroy undesirable microbes in a given area through killing and /or inhibiting using:- Physical Chemical Mechanical Industrial Products  Amino Acids in Food and Medicine  Enzymes Used in Foods and Medicines  Vitamins Used as Food Supplements  Vaccines / Antibiotics / Steroids  Ore Recovery / Uranium and Copper  Yeasts / Wine and Bread  Agricultural Microbes Genetics & Recombination Cloning: isolate and transfer the gene from one object to another where its association with the new DNA repeats to produce specific qualities strains. General Introduction Events for biotechnology discovery Biotechnology definition. Biotechnology definition. Positive applications of biotechnology. Negative applications of biotechnology. Biotechnology Is the use of biological processes organisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to improve the quality of human life. The earliest biotechnologists were farmers who developed improved species of plants and animals by cross- pollination or cross-breeding. In recent years, biotechnology has expanded in sophistication, scope, and applicability. Definitions of Biotechnology Using the basic scientific knowledge to produce materials of economic importance.. Is to integrate basic science and applied science to human race's welfare check materials synthesis. Using scientific methods and organisms to produce important substances. Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses. Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" Using living organisms or cell of an organism or part of its cell (microbes or plants or animals), or one derived from an organism to form or cracking or transferee materials of economic importance to the human race which achieved prosperity. (E.F.B.) The science of biotechnology can be broken down into subdisciplines called red, white, green, and blue. Red biotechnology involves medical processes such as getting organisms to produce new drugs or using stem cells to regenerate damaged human tissues and perhaps re-grow entire organs. White (also called gray) biotechnology involves industrial processes such as the production of new chemicals or the development of new fuels for vehicles. Green biotechnology applies to agriculture and involves such processes as the development of pest-resistant grains or the accelerated evolution of disease- resistant animals. Blue biotechnology,rarely mentioned, encompasses processes in marine and aquatic environments, such as controlling the proliferation of noxious water- borne organisms. Assignment Positive applications of biotechnology. Negative applications of biotechnology. Any Questions