Microbial Biotechnology Lecture Notes PDF

Microbial Biotechnology Dr. Eman Owis Lecturer Of Microbial Biotechnology – Mansoura Uni P h. D. G ö t t i n g e n U n i - G e r m a n y [email protected]  Microbial...

Microbial Biotechnology Dr. Eman Owis Lecturer Of Microbial Biotechnology – Mansoura Uni P h. D. G ö t t i n g e n U n i - G e r m a n y [email protected]  Microbial biotechnology Nanotechnology in Microorganisms Fermentation Genetically Modified Enzymes in different industry and Introduction associated with Biotechnology Products industry pharmatheutical industry industry & Bioethics Applications of Definition Bacteria, yeast and molds Introduction Genetic Engineering Introduction nanotechnology Production of medical Ethical aspects of Branches of Factors influencing and industrial medical and Fermenter DNA, RNA, Protein biotechnology microbial activity enzymes from pharmatheutical microorganisms biotechnology Importance of bacteria in Molecular Biology Different enzymes in History Types of fermentation the industry techniques medicine and industry Microbial Importance of Molds in biotechnology safety industry & Medicine and regulations Different techniques associated with Microbial biotechnology  Outputs of this Lecture The Process of Fermentation (Principles & Bases). Principles of fermenters or bioreactors. Principles of down streaming. Production of Fermented Foods by Bacteria and Yeast (Saccharomyces) DEFINITIONS Fermentation simply means the production of alcohol: grains and fruits are fermented to produce beer and wine. If a food soured, one might say it was 'off' or fermented. “ Any process in which the activity of microorganisms brings about a desirable change to a foodstuff or beverage” (Hui,2004). DEFINITIONS Here are some definitions of fermentation. They range to informal, general usage to more scientific definitions. 1. Preservation methods for food via microorganisms (general use). 2. Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products (general use). 3. Any large-scale microbial processing occurring with or without air (the common definition used in industry). 4. Any energy-releasing metabolic process that takes place only under anaerobic conditions (becoming more scientific). 5. Any metabolic process that releases energy from a sugar or other organic molecule, does not require oxygen or an electron transport system and uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor (most scientific). General concept of fermentation: -The Old Concept: It is a vital anaerobic process in the presence of yeast until organic matter is converted into simpler and more important materials. - The Modern Concept: Is the use of microorganisms or a product of the microorganism (enzymes) to convert a complex organic compound medium into a simpler material of interest to the human race or to create a complex substance used to improve or increase the quality of life. Selection of Microbial strain for the f er men ter 1- Isolation - Separation 2- Screening Screening may be defined as the use of a highly selective procedure to allow the detection and isolation/ sorting of only those interested microorganisms from a large microbial population. Types of Screening Primary screening: The process involves detecting and isolating microorganisms that possess potential industrial applications. e.g. Isolation and Screening of Organic acid producing Bacteria Sample Medium Soil Sterile Sample Nutrient agar plate (3%sucrose+ 1%CaCo3 ) SecondaryScreening Secondary screening is a specialized screening technique which involve checking capabilities of microbes or nature of the products produced by microbial isolates is carried out carefully. Industrially important Antibiotic producing organisms shall be isolated by a.Disk plate method b.Direct plate method c.Serial dilution method Quiz d.Crowded plate method e.g. Of Secondary screening Selective pressure: Media contain Bile salts inhibit G+ve but allow G-ve bacteria to grow. Mannitol salt agar is a medium selected for the growth of halotolerant bacteria. What is strain improvement? A strain of bacteria is basically t h e same species of bacteria but with different functions. e.g. two bacteria, both are the same species, however, one is pathogenic (causes disease) while the other isn't. Improve means to make something better Requirements for the growth & fermentation of the strain Carbon Precursors Nitrogen Inducers Phosphorus Media Trace elements Buffer Antifoaming Growth agent factors  Fermentation Aerobic Anaerobic  Aerobic fermentation Adequate aeration Bioreactors- adequate supply of sterile air In addition, these fermenters may have a mechanism for stirring and mixing of the medium and cells Antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins.  Anaerobic fermentation 40 In anaerobic fermentation, a provision for aeration is usually not needed. Lactic acid, ethanol, wine  Solid State Fermentation Solid state (substrate) fermentation (SSF) has been defined as the fermentation process occurring in the absence or near-absence of free water. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is another method used for the production of enzymes, which involves the cultivation of microorganisms on a solid substrate, such as grains, rice and wheat. SSF employs natural raw materials as carbon source such as barley, wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse. SOLID STATE FERMENTATION Examples for Solid State Fermentation Submerged fermentation: In the submerged process, the substrate used for fermentation is always in liquid state which contains the nutrients needed for growth. The fermentor which contains the substrate is operated continuously and the product biomass is continuously harvested from the fermenter by using different techniques then the product is filtered or centrifuged and then dried. Submerged fermentation is a method of manufacturing bio molecules in which enzymes and other reactive compounds are submerged in a liquid such as alcohol, oil or a nutrient broth. The process is used for many purposes, mostly in industrial manufacturing Applications: Submerged Fermentation (SmF)/Liquid Fermentation (LF) SmF utilizes free flowing liquid substrates, such as molasses and broths. This fermentation technique is best suited for microorganisms such as bacteria that require high moisture. An additional advantage of this technique is that purification of products is easier. Substrate Used Downstream Processes Many biological processes require a purification scheme to reduce the fermentation broth to its pure final product. By Extracting Intra cellular or Extra cellular components