MICRG 1553 Immunology Cumulative Re-Examination Study Guide 2024 PDF

**MICRG 1553 Immunology Cumulative Re-Examination Study Guide** **Note: objectives are organized by exam, but some topics were covered in more than one lecture** [Unit 1 Material]: - Compare and contrast the characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune system - Identify the WBCs tha...

**MICRG 1553 Immunology Cumulative Re-Examination Study Guide** **Note: objectives are organized by exam, but some topics were covered in more than one lecture** [Unit 1 Material]: - Compare and contrast the characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune system - Identify the WBCs that express the following CD markers: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD19, CD20, and CD56 - Understand the function(s) of each WBC discussed - Know the function of primary and secondary lymphatic tissues - Know and describe antigen (monovalent, multivalent, and polyvalent), epitope, and hapten - Understand what pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are, which cells express PRRs, and how PRRs participate in immune system function - Understand antigen receptors expressed by B and T cells, and the type(s) of antigens each can bind (eg, protein, carbohydrate, etc) - Understand the difference between acute and chronic inflammation, focusing on the predominant cell type(s) involved in each type of inflammation - Describe the process of extravasation, including knowing the role of selectins and integrins. - Describe how corticosteroids and NSAIDs work to dampen inflammation - Know the structure and functions of each of the 5 classes of immunoglobulins - Know the general maturation process of B cells, including the function of RAG, the process of somatic recombination, and selection events - Identify B cell activation signals and be able to describe the major events occurring during B cell activation - Be able to describe the processes of class-switching and affinity maturation in B cells and know the cytokines that stimulate class-switching to IgA and IgE [Unit 2 Material]: - Be able to describe how each complement pathway is activated (i.e., initiated) - Understand the three main functions of complement and which active complement proteins participate in each of these three functions - Understand the function of MHC molecules and identify which cells express each MHC class - Describe antigen processing and presentation in both Class I and Class II MHC, including knowing which MHC class presents to which T cell subset - Compare and contrast the two pathways of antigen processing and presentation, focusing on the functions of proteasomes, TAP, and lysosomes - Identify T cell activation signals and be able to describe the major events occurring during T cell activation - Identify how CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells bind to target cells - Describe how NK cells function to recognize and kill cells - Describe the general steps in immediate innate, induced innate, and adaptive immunity to pathogens - Know the functions of these cytokines: IFN-α, TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and CXCL8 (IL-8) - Compare and contrast the immune responses to intracellular vs extracellular pathogens: focus on responses to extracellular bacteria vs intracellular viruses - Know the functions of the specialized epithelial cells within the intestinal mucosa: Goblet cells, Paneth cells, M cells - Know how IgA is transported across the mucosa and locations in the body where this occurs [Unit 3 Material]: - Know the different vaccine classifications (live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and mRNA-based vaccines) and describe benefits and risks of each class - Understand the correlates of protection for vaccines - Understand the difference between active and passive immunization - Explain the following terms regarding antibody classifications: murine, chimeric, humanized, human and be able to identify them based on nomenclature - Know the mechanism of action of the different types of antibodies and antibody fragments used as drugs and why they are effective - Understand what is meant by antibody titer and be able to determine titers in a given sample - Evaluate the difference between direct and indirect immunoassays - Be able to describe the principle of each immunological assay and be able to interpret diagnostic test results: Focus on immunodiffusion, hemagglutination, ELISA, immunoblot, and immunofluorescent assays - Describe the general mechanisms and the immune components involved for each type of hypersensitivity - Know the mechanism of action of drugs used in the treatment of Type I hypersensitivities: focus on antihistamines, epinephrine, and anti-IgE, anti-IL-4 & anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies - Understand how each hypersensitivity (Type I-IV) is detected or diagnosed [Unit 4 Material]: - Understand how tolerance is achieved or maintained (central vs peripheral), including knowing the functions of Treg cells - Compare and contrast the five mechanisms discussed as to how tolerance can be broken - Understand the autoimmune diseases discussed in class at the level of knowing: the name of each autoimmunity, what the antigen is, what is the mechanism of tissue damage, and how this clinically manifests (the major presenting signs/symptoms) - Correlate any autoantibodies present in a patient's serum to their autoimmune disease. - Understand the following B and T cell deficiencies with respect to what component is defective (or deficient) and how each deficiency affects immune system function: X-linked SCID, RAG deficiency, XLA, Hyper-IgM syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome - Understand how HIV infects T cells and the result of infection - Know the general mechanism of action of the various classes of HIV drugs - Understand how our immune system responds to tumors and how tumor cells can evade the immune system - Be able to describe the different types of tumor therapies and how they work, focusing on anti-Her2, anti-PD-1, and anti-CTLA4 antibodies - Describe the difference between autografts, isografts, allografts, and xenografts with regards to immunogenicity - Understand the mechanisms involved in the four main types of transplant rejection events: hyperacute, acute, chronic, and GvHD - Know the mechanism of action of the three specific T cell immunosuppressive agents used in preventing transplant rejection - Describe how defects of CD4 and CD8 T cell immunity influence the control of human CMV infections - List mechanisms by which human CMV evades innate and adaptive immune responses