GU Biotechnology Lecture 1 7Oct2024 PDF

Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Biotechnology PMB404 Mariam Hassan Haikal, PhD 1 1...

Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Biotechnology PMB404 Mariam Hassan Haikal, PhD 1 1 Biotechnology Course Code: PMB404 Lecture #01 Introduction & History of Biotechnology Dr. Mariam Hassan Haikal, PhD [email protected] [email protected] 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 2 2 1 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Who am I and how to reach me Mariam Hassan Haikal, Course Coordinator Associate Professor of Microbiology and Immunology Employer: Faculty of Pharmacy Galala University (FOPCU), Faculty Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University (FOPCU), Faculty Office Hours: Tuesday 2:00 – 3:30 pm Email: [email protected] You can also text me via Teams 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 3 3 Course Outline PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 4 7-Oct-24 4 2 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Course Outline Introduction & History of Biotechnology Resources for Biotechnology Fermentation Production of Metabolites Environmental Biotechnology & Bioremediation Genetic Engineering Uses and Applications of Biotechnology 7-Oct-24 5 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 5 Course Outline Item Grade Online activity 15 Midterm 30 Periodical/Project* 15 Final written exam 40 *We will have around 2 weeks till 14th October for brain storming and suggesting ideas for the course project 7-Oct-24 6 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 6 3 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Course Project 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7 7 Course Project 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 8 8 4 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Lecture #02 Objectives By the end of this lecture, you should be familiar with: 1. Definition of biotechnology 2. Colors of biotechnology 3. Historical background of biotechnology 4. Resources of biotechnology 5. Microbes and biotechnology 6. Microbial biomass 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Microbiology – Lecture 02 9 9 What is Biotechnology? A technology that use living organisms or their products (Biocatalyst) to produce useful products or service, thus modify human health and environment. The use of microbial, animal or plant cells or enzymes to synthesize, break down or transform materials. The use of living organisms and their components in agriculture, food and other industrial processes. Ø Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary- science including; biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, fermentation technology, chemical engineering and economics. Microorganism (Biocatalyst) Substrate Product Under Specific conditions 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 10 10 5 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Colors of Biotechnology 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 11 11 Colors of Biotechnology Ø Blue Biotechnology: use and manipulation of marine and aquatic products e.g. use of marine plants to produce drugs e.g. Use of genes from marine plants to engineer plants so become resistant to environmental conditions (wheat plants which resist high salinity). Ø Red Biotechnology: use of living organisms for improvement of medical processes e. g. production of human insulin and interferons Ø White Biotechnology: Industrial biotechnology which is devoted to use living cells (bacteria, fungi) and enzymes to synthesize materials that are degraded by biological processes Ø Green Biotechnology: use of environmental-friendly solution as an alternative to traditional agriculture technique and animal breeding processes. e. g. Engineered insect-resistant plants. 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 12 12 6 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Historical Background *Ancient Egyptian: Baking using yeast; Cheese; Bear brewing *Pasteur: 1826- 1876 found that microorganisms are responsible for fermentation; Pasteurization; Vaccines *Watson and Crick, 1953 the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 13 13 Historical Background Ø Current biotechnology -Production of biodegradable plastic during bacterial fermentation -Biodegradation Ø Recent Biotechnology -Genetic engineering -rDNA technology -PCR -Gene therapy 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 14 14 7 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Historical Background I. Biotechnological production of food and beverage II. Biotechnological processes initially developed under non-sterile conditions Ø Waste-water treatment represents the largest fermentation capacity practiced throughout the world. III. Introduction of sterility to biotechnological processes Ø Examples include the production of antibiotics, amino acids, organic acids, enzymes, steroids, polysaccharides, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. IV. Applied genetics and recombinant DNA technology Ø Recombinant DNA techniques allow new programming of the biological properties of organisms. 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 15 15 Resources for biotechnology (i) Biomass (cell mass) Yeast production (baker's yeast); Production of microbial cell (SCP); Mushroom production (ii) Enzymes: Sources: animal, plant or microbial enzymes Microbial enzymes à extracellular or intracellular; e.g. pectinases, amylases, lipases (iii) Production of useful metabolites 1- During logarithmic phase à production of primary metabolites (proteins, nucleic acids, organic acids, vitamins) 2- During stationary phase à production of secondary metabolites (antibiotics, pigments, toxins) 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 16 16 8 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Resources for biotechnology (IV) Biodegradation and Biotransformation *Biodegradation: Microbial decomposition of complex compounds into simple molecules. Usually resulting to removal of toxicity of environmental pollutants. *Biotransformation: Conversion of useful compounds into analogues which are valuable products of potential importance such as antibiotics, steroids. (V) Biotechnology and Immunology Production of bacterial and viral vaccines; Monoclonal antibodies 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 17 17 Resources for biotechnology (VI) Plant tissue cultures They are used for production of valuable drugs has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour properties, as well as improvement of plant strains. (VII) Animal tissue cultures Animal cell culture is used in the production of a wide range of health-care product. Some examples of animal cell products Enzymes (collagenase) Growth factors (nerve growth factor) 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 18 18 9 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Microbes and Biotechnology Microbes are usually preferred in biotechnological process than plant and animal cells: Ø Growing on a wide range of substrate Ø Have useful metabolic pathway Ø Easily manipulated for desired metabolic pathway Ø Easily manipulated genetically Ø Higher growth rate compared to other organisms 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 19 19 Microbial Biomass 1. Baker’s yeast: Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is used mainly for baking ØThe skimming method was one of the first procedures used for commercial production where the yeast floated to the top of the fermenter & was skimmed off, washed & press dried. 2. Single-cell protein (SCP) Not pure protein but refers to the whole cells of different microorganisms (unicellular microorganism like algae, yeast/fungi, bacteria). Ø Production of SCP from liquid waste materials has 2 advantages: it removes pollution and generate good quality of SCP Ø Major substrates that have been used in commercial SCP production are: alcohols, molasses & whey. 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 20 20 10 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Microbial Biomass ØAdvantages of microbial proteins over animal & plant proteins: 1-Rapid growth rate & high productivity 2-High protein content 3-The ability to utilize low cost carbon source 4-The process occupy little land area Ø The economics of production of SCP can be improved by 1-The use of cheaper substrate 2- Improvement of the organism efficiency 3- Enhanced nutritional value 4-Decreasing cost of downstream processes 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 21 21 Microbial Biomass 3-Mushrooms Certain mushrooms & other fruiting bodies of filamentous fungi are edible & provide a good source of protein. Ø Advantages of mushrooms over SCP: 1- Represent the best example for conversion of plant waste into edible food 2- Possess good texture & flavour, unlike many SCP 3- Easy separation of biomass. 4- cost 5- easy & simple production technique 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Biotechnology – Lecture 1 22 22 11 Mariam Hassan Haikal, Ph.D. GU Biotechnology – Lecture 1 7Oct2024 Summary By now, you should be familiar with: Ø What is biotechnology ✔ Ø Colors of biotechnology ✔ Ø Historical background of biotechnology ✔ Ø Resources of biotechnology ✔ Ø Microbial Biomass ✔ Ø Why microbes are preferred in biotechnological process than plant and animal cells? ✔ Ø Advantages of microbial proteins over animal & plant proteins ✔ Ø Advantages of mushrooms over SCP ✔ 7-Oct-24 PMB201: Microbiology – Lecture 02 23 23 Thank You 24 24 12