Methods of Philosophizing PDF

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Methods of Philosophizing of authority. Normally it is the Pope - Ignorantiam is a Latin word for Philosophizing is to think or express oneself in who carries it in his hands. This is...

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Methods of Philosophizing of authority. Normally it is the Pope - Ignorantiam is a Latin word for Philosophizing is to think or express oneself in who carries it in his hands. This is ignorance. Whatever has been proven a rational and logical manner. It considers or committed when a person uses threat false must be true and vice versa discusses a matter from a philosophical or force to advance an argument. Example: According to Zecharia Sitchin, the standpoint. Example: “TV Patrol is the best news program author of the book “Cosmic Code, “Adam was on TV. If you don’t believe me, I won’t let you the first test tube baby. Since nobody proves Two Basic Types of Reasoning watch TV.” otherwise, therefore it is true.” 1. Inductive Reasoning - is based on 3. Argumentum ad Misericordiam 7. Petitio Principii (Begging the observations in order to make (Appeal to Pity) Question) generalizations. - Misericordiam comes from the Latin - This is a type of fallacy in which the 2. Deductive Reasoning - draws word Misericordia which means pity or proposition to be proven is assumed conclusion from usually one broad compassion. A person uses emotion implicitly or explicitly in the premise. judgment or definition and one more such as pity to convince someone Example: “God exists because the Bible says specific assertion, often an inference. Example: “Forgive me officer, there are a lot of so. The Bible is inspired. Therefore we know Example: borders in this apartment including myself. Only that God Exists.” All Philosophers are wise. (Major Premise) the owner was issued a quarantine pass. We 8. Hasty Generalization Confucius is a Philosopher. (Minor Premise) don’t have food, we can’t give our ATM to the - This fallacy is committed when one Therefore, Confucius is wise. (Conclusion) owner.That’s why I went out. So I did not violate reaches a generalization based on the Bayanihan Act Heal as One.” insufficient evidence 4. Argumentum ad Populum “Appeal Example: Our neighbor who is a police officer Fallacies to people”/ Bandwagon fallacy was convicted of being a drug dealer, therefore, - Populum is the Latin word for people. all police officers are drug dealers. Fallacy is a defect in an argument other than its Most TV commercials are guilty of this 9. Cause and Effect having false premises. To detect fallacies, it is argument which exploits people’s required to examine the argument`s content. vanity, desires, etc. - Assuming that the effect is related to a 1. Argumentum ad Hominem Example: “I’m sure you want to have an iphone. cause because both events occur one “Attacking the Person” Almost 80% of your schoolmates are using it.” after the other. - Hominem came from the Latin word 5. Argumentum ad Tradition “Appeal Example: “My teacher didn’t collect the “homo”which means man. This fallacy to Tradition” homework two weeks in a row when my friend literally means hitting the person below - Traditio means tradition. Advancing an was absent. Therefore, my friend being absent the belt instead of focusing on the idea since it has been practiced for a is the reason why my teacher doesn’t collect the issue at hand. long time. homework.” Example: “How can we believe him when he Example: All of us in the family, from our 10. Fallacy of Division talks about social distance,he is a lawyer who is ancestors up to now, are devoutCatholics, so it - Infers that something is true of the a liar.” is only right that you will be baptized as a whole, must also be true on its parts 2. Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal Catholic. Example: “Your family is smart, therefore you to Force) 6. Argumentum ad Ignorantiam are smart.” - Baculum is a Latin word which means “Appeal to Ignorance” 11. Fallacy of Composition scepter or stick. A scepter is a symbol Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. - Infers that something is true of a part, Clarity: Is the information clearly stated? Publishers -- determine whether the is true of a whole Does the author define important terms? organization, agency, school, business, Example: “You are a doctor, therefore you came Validity: Do the facts presented support the or individual maintaining the site is likely to conclusions? have a particular agenda or bias. from a family of doctors.” Author -- determine the author's education, 12. Fallacy of Equivocation training, and background to find out whether - Using the same term in a different he or she is a trained expert, an situation with different meaning. experienced enthusiast, or an uninformed Example: “Humans walk by their legs. The observer. Table has legs. Therefore the table walks by its Structure -- determine whether the format legs.” is clear, logical, and easily navigable. Language -- determine whether the text FACTS VERSUS OPINION: FOCUS ON contains emotional, inflammatory, profane, INFORMATION LITERACY or confusing language. Count the number of Today's students, many of whom do most of their spelling, grammatical, and typographical research online, are able to access a nearly limitless errors. Too many mistakes can indicate B. THE EVALUATION PROCESS carelessness and suggest informational supply of information -- much of it came from the author's name,title, and/or position. errors as well. unknown sources. In fact, the very nature of the the site's organizational affiliation, if any. Dates -- determine when the information medium allows anyone with an Internet provider and a the date the page was created or updated. was published and/or updated. If possible, small amount of skill to disseminate whatever contact information, such as an email or check the publication dates of supporting information he or she chooses. The result is a World snail-mail address. data. Wide Web of overflowing information, on the other CARS checklist for informational quality. The Graphics -- determine whether images and hand, it also contains inadvertent ignorance and four components of the CARS checklist are: animations take up a disproportionate blatant biases. Credibility: What about this source makes it amount of space in relation to their A. IDENTIFYING THE FACTORS OF A QUALITY believable? informational value. Decide whether WEBSITE Accuracy: Is the information provided the graphics convey information, Authority: Who is the author and what are up-to-date, factual, detailed, exact, and addinterest, provide interactivity, or simply his or her qualifications? Who is the comprehensive? distract. publisher and what is the purpose of the Reasonableness: Is the information fair, Links -- determine whether the site's site? objective, moderate, and consistent? bibliography and/or links contain both Verifiability: Are sources provided? Support: Can the information be supportive and contradictory information. Timeliness: Is the information current? corroborated? When was it posted and/or last updated? Relevance: Does the material contain C. HOW DO I KNOW? unsubstantiated generalizations? Harris suggests that, when evaluating those four Bias: Is the language emotional or components, students examine the sites based on the inflammatory? Does the information following: represent a single opinion or a range of Type -- determine whether the URL opinions? includes.gov (government),.edu or.ac Orderliness: Is the page arranged in an (educational/academic),.com order that makes sense? Are underlying (commercial),.org (nonprofit organization), assumptions identifiable? Is the information or. ~ (personal page). consistent?