Metabolic Pathways of Glucose (PDF)

Metabolic Pathways g Glucose ① Describe digestion I and absorption...

Metabolic Pathways g Glucose ① Describe digestion I and absorption og Carbohydrates. → Carbohydrates are present as comp Len polysaccharides and to some extent Disaccharides ( Gm diets starts Digestion in Mouth by salivary 9- Amylase. gm stomach the process a digestion g carbohydrates shops due acidic to highly environment. In intestine , the cells secrete sucrase , Maltase , g so maltase and lactase , which hydrolyzes disaccharides. another Amylase available In pancreatic juice a is ° - , which hydrolyze the a. 1,4. glycosidic linkages randomly. Clinical : lactase lactose Gm tolerance : hydrolyzes lactose to glucose e galactose lactase is in brush border. present of enterocytes - lactase leads to lactose intolerance Deficiency g. condition lactose accumulates Gn this in gut that ° , , leads to diarrhea and flatulence. Condition can be congenital or acquired. lactose intolerance can also occur when there in a sudden to milk based diet change. it contains lactobacilli Card in an effective treatment as which contains lactase. Absorbafion : Only monosaccharides are absorbed by intestine. Rate max Galactose moderate Glucose minimum Fructose.  Absorb lion g Glucose : Glucose can be absorbed through its specific transporter. which are transmembrane proteins. Glatt. Some transmembrane proteins are to Glu 77 Glucose can also be transported as co transport from - lumen to intestinal cells which mediated , is by sodium Dependent Glucose Transporter - t ( SG lat - t) gn Intestine , it is Salut - I gn kidney it in salat 2 -. Clinical Rehydration Fluid -. Common treatment for diarrhea is Oral. It contains Glucose and Nat. Presence g Nat helps transporting glucose via co - transport be maintained That's how Nat in diarrhea. and Glucose can in body Glucose transporters : Glee T t - RBC , brain. Kidney , Retina , Placenta Glee T z - Sens al surface g gmteslinal Cells , liver , B cells Paneer. Glut 3 - Neurons Brain , Glut 4 - skeletal , heart muscles , adipose tissue Glut 5 - Small intestine , testis , sperms , kidney. Glut 7 - liner Endoplasmic Reticulum S Glatt - Intestine sake I 2 - kidney.. In Type 2 diabetes mellitus. membrane Glu 74 is reduced resistance. leading to insulin in muscles Fat cells. & ° Glut 5 is Fructose transporter.  under ② Kl hat in the major catabolic pathway y Glucose Anaerobic conditions ? Mention the steps in pathway and indicate the key enzymes. Pathway : Glucose ④e Eat: Glu ! se - 6 - phosphate = ( Phospho hexose isomer those yn - G - phosphate Eihl. Bisphosphate - ( Aldolase) ( Glyceraldehyde Glycentaldehyde f NAD # - 3 - phosphate t DHAP 43 p ( pi.it/-mutmeiz.pthosphoglycerate tht 3- phosphate > NA DH dehydrogenase) 1.3 is phosphog ly cerate i:÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷:i ÷÷i " phots phenol T ( Eno lane ) ( Mgtt ) I GET: P¥, " IT lactate pyruvate teh ) Energy yield from glycolysis in anaerobic condition is ° to only equal 2 ATP. Glucose Lactate Egm ; + 2 Pit 2 ADP → 2 + 2 ATP Biological significance : Actively contracting muscles - that rapidly consume ATP also can regenerate ATP entirely by Anaerobic glycolysis.  ③ Describe process g glycolysis. Explain how many molecules conditions. g ATP are formed in anaerobic & aerobic in the which the Glycolysis pathway in glucose is converted to pyruvate ( aerobic condition ) or lactate ( anaerobic condition ) with production g small along quantity g energy. Emb den Also known as Meyerhof Parmar ( EMP ) Pathway - - It is the only pathway that in taking place in the all cells g body the. Glycolysis in only source n energy in Erythrocytes. Glycolytic pathway provides carbon skeletons for essential amino acids synthesis of non - as well as glycerol part g fat.. Most g the reactions in glycolytic pathway are reversible , which are also used for gluconeogenesis. Glucose Is Molecules ATP formed : / phosphate - g is:P'd! "" Fructose - in G phosphate In Anaerobic Condo - - ④ED÷c±÷ needs.. F- e - 1,6 B- is phosphate caidolase) Sete ps Enzyme Source No ATP ¥¥÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ f. D " """ : Hexone none - if / t. - i. ÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷: " " s most:L:c :... ⇐now ? Pt- Phots hfspghog 't cerate 6 1,3 bis phospho cerate - Aep 1×2=2 phenol pyruvate l¥± g ly kinase pyntavate C. ¥7. Imari lactate , g pyruvate kinase ATP -1×2=2 Total 4 - 2=20  In Aerobic fond : step No Enzyme Source. 7 ETP I Hexokinase - - I 3 Phosphofnechokinase I - - 5 Glyceraldehyde - 3 - NADH 2-5×2=5 phosphate dehydrogenase bisphosphoglyeerale ATP 1×2=2 6 1,3 - kinase kinase Pyruvate ATP 1×2=2 9 - Total = g - 2 - - ⑦ ④ klhat are factors affecting Glycolysis ? the Glycolysis is mainly controlled by Regulatory Enzymes or key enzymes : ( d) H exo kinase (b) Phospho fnecho kinase ( C) Pyruvate kinase. Hexo kinase at (a) : High affinity for glucose thus will act even concentrations low glucose. Glucose - G - phosphate has a feedback inhibitory effect on enzyme - Insulin increases the and promotes no g enzymes. glycolysis. Glucagon inhibits the enzyme. I Glucose tire ) → feedback to Hexokinase  (b) Phospho Fratto kinase : ( PFK ) in the most important rate - limiting enzyme for glycolysis pathway. ATP and citrate are most important inhibitors. AMP , ADP are promoters ( activators. fructose - 2,6 , bisphosphate (F 2,6 - BP ) increases the activity g PFK lphosphofneehokinase-TE.IE oakn.fi?ghec9on/.=. '. -2.6 BP ai:-O I; Pyruvate. kinase Regulatory (c) a : enzyme Insulin Glucagon for Glycolysis. 97nF;ni¥ ° ' ¥6 P ( CFA - CoA * IF-2.co/3PT ° T Pof -01Acetyl AT WA most imp ④ Regulator Glucagon -1 Pyruvate kinase ← T④ Insulin fructose I -96 BP ③ What in BPG shunt and describe its significance. In RBC step 6 which is , 1. 3 bis phospho glycerite → 3 - phospho glycerite ; is bypassed. phospho glycerite It "2,3,B " And I , 3 bis 3 Iphosphoglycerale significance : binds to and reduces the 2,3 Bph hemoglobin , affinity towards Oz So in 2,3 BPG Oxy hemoglobin presence 7. will unload Oz more easily in tissues. Under hypoxia , the 2- 313Pa 9 in RBC , thus favouring the release g Oz to tissue even when poz I  ° 2.3 BPG 9 in high altitudes. circulation o B Ph 9 in fetal shunt No aerated pathway Paige A > In this ,. ⑥ Explain Gluconeogenesis and state its significance. It in the process by which glucose molecules are produced from Non carbohydrate - precursors ; which include lactate acids , Glycogenic amino , glycerol part and y fat pro pion yl CoA from fatty acid chain - site Occurs in liver and to lesser extent Renal cortex. mainly mitochondrial and party cytoplasmic in Pathway partly. Key enzymes : ( Pyruvate Carboxylase h (2) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (3) Fructose I - G - bis phosphatase (4) Glucose - 6 - phosphor tape. This pathway is not Reversal g glycolysis. circumvented The irreversible stages which g glycolysis are 4 enzymes key pathway ' by are also enzymes for this. Significance : blood. only liver replenish can sugar through glycogen!.. because glucose - 6 - phosphate at present mainly in liver - starvation maintains blood During. gluconeogenesis glucose - The stored glycogen at depleted within iz - is hrs g fasting.  starvation A and On prolonged. gluconeogenesis catabolism substrate protein provides. Lactate - Glucose ( Glu neo genesis " 6 ATP nos used ) Regulation : Regulatory steps are : - ca ) Pyruvate carboxylase Acetyl CoA wi activator - an g pyruvate carboxylase. cbs fructose I bis phosphatase Citrate in Activator - 6 - while Fructose 2,6 AMP & - bisphosphate an inhibitors. Enhancer (c ) ATP 7 Gluconeogenesis. Glucocorticoids A ( d, Hormonal Glucagon 2 Gluconeogenesis Insulin inhibits Gluconeogenesis. ⑦ Explain Glycogen lysis and Glycogen Synthesis o. Glycogen lysis in the degradation g glycogen o. Glycogen phosphorylase glucose glucose removes as - t - phosphate from glycogen -. It contains pyridoxal phosphate ( ) prosthetic PLP as a group. The x - glycosidic unit 1,4 linkages are hydrolysed time and thus removing glucose one at a. It not attack 46. can linkage. ° a' gem G' 17, + Glucose - t - phosphate. one  Phospho glee a tone Converts Glucose - I - phosphate → Glucose - 6 - phosphate Hepatic glucose phosphatase hydrolyses GGP to Glucose - G - and free glucose is released into bloodstream. ° Gm muscles. phosphatase glucoseand used as is absent Gap will - G - , undergo glycolysis for ATP production. Glycogen synthesis gt is not reversal g glycogen breakdown - The steps are : ( A1 Activation - 9 Glucose : - glucose phosphate UDP-glucose Ppi pp ut - - + Glu - t - u> p Pyro phosphorylase ( uridine triphosphate) Primer (B ) Glycogensynth : Glycogen alyaogenin - those Glycogen primer (n ) Glycogen (n ti ) + u D P - glucose + VIP (c) Branching me add units The glycogen synthase can glucose only in in needed to create a - 1,4 linkage branching enzyme. A the a- 1,6 linkages. chain When in y I - 12 glucose molecules the , branching residues enzyme will transfer blocky a 6 - s glucose to form t - linkage 6. ⑧ Explain and its HMP shunt Pathway significance. other Monophosphate Pathway g HMP tlexose names.. oentose phosphate pathway ° Dickens - Honecker Pathway. shunt Pathway Phospho gluconate Oxidative Pathway In glycolysis , there are few bi phosphate intermediates. but in this pathway there are only monophosphate. enter this About 10% glucose molecules pathway. , In liver & RBC it in 30% has oxidative and oxidative phases The HMP pathway non ° -. oxidative phosphate oxidised ° During phase glucose , - G - ai and with generation g molecules 2 g NADPH , one molecule g pentose phosphate with one Ea. ° During oxidative Non the pentose - phase , phosphate are converted to intermediates g glycolysis. Glucose - 6 - phosphate Glucose f ( alum kinase ) Dehydrogenase ④ ② Gluphophak/ ¥16 - phospho 6¥ 6- phosp luwnale # flaw lactone#" Fructose / Dpt A Appu + CMA NADPH 6 P f v gluconate - - keto phospho 03,3 - b - 1 F 1,6 BP [email protected] ⑤ gift in AF ycgsomerar.es#Epimeryfes.tsBpuczs Dh GASP us e - - - - LYE ;3 Rib -5 P. - - s ztpg. P 1GA3 ' s sedulohephosel ". ¥ ' ÷. ④ PETCH IFIfh.se#- tEyytho④7 Ptynerate @ ) th Ribulose -5 ftp.ulose.g-py?--.#Transkeholase ) P e) ② Med Notes (med notes.in) - - i ⑦ IFmcbs.pt/ - - - fatal Revision Notes med notes site J company -.. - - - Lafoy - T [ App Available] - LaFarge - - -  Clinical : Hi To produce NADPH and Pentose phosphates T ② Med Notes (med notes in) Reductive. (a) bio Revision Notes med notes syn. -. company. site [ App Available] (b) Free radical Maintain RBC scavenging (c) (d) Prevention integrity g Methemoglobin formation cel Detoxification lens Ifs Maintain transparency 9 (g) Bactericidal ( 21 Ribose - 5 - phosphate for Nucleic Acid syn. 131 Clinical is ace P dehydrogenase deficiency dis induced Dng hemolytic anemia ciiis Methemoglobin emia reduced tram keto lase ( ius deficiency leads Thiamine to activity. ⑨ Explain Cosi cycle ? / lactic Acid Cycle. It in the process in which glucose ai converted to lactate in muscle ; and in liver this lactate in converted into re - glucose. Muscle cramps in due to lactate accumulation. lactic acid from muscle diffuses into blood. lactate reaches Liver and converted to Pyne rate. thus it is channeled to Gluconeogenesis. cycle / Lactic Acid cycle whole. This cycle is Como - clinical : Oxygen debt after Exercise. ,