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Questions and Answers
What is the primary product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions?
What is the primary product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway?
What occurs to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?
What occurs to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?
Which of the following best characterizes the energy yield of glycolysis?
Which of the following best characterizes the energy yield of glycolysis?
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In which cellular location does glycolysis primarily occur?
In which cellular location does glycolysis primarily occur?
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What is the relationship between lactate and pyruvate in the context of cellular respiration?
What is the relationship between lactate and pyruvate in the context of cellular respiration?
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Which enzyme is primarily involved in converting phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate?
Which enzyme is primarily involved in converting phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate?
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When is ATP production highest during cellular respiration?
When is ATP production highest during cellular respiration?
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What is the primary source of pyruvate in cellular metabolism?
What is the primary source of pyruvate in cellular metabolism?
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What role does ATP play in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate?
What role does ATP play in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate?
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Study Notes
Glycolysis
- The main pathway for glucose breakdown in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
- Also known as the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway.
- It is the only pathway that takes place in all cells of the body.
- It converts glucose into pyruvate (aerobic conditions) or lactate (anaerobic conditions).
- Produces a small amount of energy (2 ATP) along the way.
Steps in Aerobic Glycolysis
- Hexokinase: This enzyme phosphorylates glucose, trapping it inside the cell.
- Phosphofructokinase: This enzyme converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step.
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: This enzyme oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, producing NADH and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. This is a critical step for ATP production.
- 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate kinase: This enzyme transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, producing ATP.
- Phosphoglycerate kinase: This enzyme transfers a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, producing ATP.
- Pyruvate kinase: This enzyme converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, generating ATP.
Factors Affecting Glycolysis
- Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic factors: Glycolysis is regulated by a complex interplay of factors, including availability of substrates, enzyme activity, and cellular energy status.
Key Enzymes of Glycolysis
- Pyruvate carboxylase: This enzyme converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a crucial step in gluconeogenesis.
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase: This enzyme converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate, another important step in gluconeogenesis.
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase: This enzyme converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, a key regulatory step in gluconeogenesis.
- Glucose-6-phosphatase: This enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, allowing glucose to exit the liver and enter the bloodstream.
Gluconeogenesis
- The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, lactate, and amino acids.
- This pathway is mainly active in the liver.
- Important in maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting or starvation.
- Uses 6 ATP per glucose molecule synthesized.
Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
- Pyruvate carboxylase: Acetyl-CoA acts as an activator of this enzyme, promoting gluconeogenesis.
Significance of Gluconeogenesis
- Liver replenishes blood sugar: The liver plays a vital role in maintaining blood glucose levels by converting stored glycogen into glucose during fasting or starvation.
- Lactate is a substrate: Lactate produced during anaerobic glycolysis can be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis, providing a way to recycle lactate and maintain blood glucose levels.
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Description
This quiz covers the glycolysis pathway, known as the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, which is essential for glucose breakdown in all cells. You will explore the various steps of aerobic glycolysis and the key enzymes involved in the process. Test your understanding of how glucose is converted into pyruvate or lactate and the energy produced in this critical metabolic pathway.
