NCMB311 Nursing Research 1 Prelims PDF

NCMB311 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF NURSING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS WEEK 1 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 | COLLEGE...

NCMB311 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF NURSING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS WEEK 1 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 | COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Charlz Yunel Elliaz Emil M. Dillena, SN us to know, we must personally experience it. ○ Scientific Undertakings in Research Medical Research Business Research Agricultural Research ICT Research Nursing Research TERMINOLOGIES ○ Scientific process that validates and refines Epistemology – is a branch of philosophy that deals with existing knowledge, or generates new knowledge the theory of knowledge that directly and indirectly influences the nursing Clinical Nursing Research – Designed to generate profession (Burn & Groove, p.4) knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the ○ Is the systematic inquiry designed to develop health and quality of life of nurse’s trustworthy evidence about problems related to Paradigm – is a worldview, a general perspective on the the nursing profession including nursing complexities of the real world education, clinical and administration. Research in Nursing – Refers to studies on the particular Nursing Practice concerns of nurses themselves Education Administration INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH Informatics Research ○ Refers to research done on addressing the health ○ Research is a systematic inquiry that uses concerns of client and the application of the disciplined methods to answer questions or solve research on their care problems. The ultimate goal of research is to Clinical Research develop, refine, and expand a body of knowledge ○ Designed to guide nursing practice and to (Polit and Beck, 2004). improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients. Purpose of Nursing Research ○ The general purpose of nursing research is to answer questions or solve problems of relevance to the nursing profession. ○ Description – describing a phenomenon affecting the nursing profession/ Example: describing varied phenomena such as: stress and coping, pain management, adaptation, health beliefs ○ Is referred to as empirical research and is and practices synonymous with the conscious application of a ○ Explanation – it offers understanding, structured method. In which it follows a rigorous clarification and information on why a certain step in order to solve a problem or develop phenomenon occurs. something new and to improve our knowledge. Example: Why is it significant to provide ○ Since human knowledge is changing and for the psychological needs of patients expanding, there are three type of knowledge as in the intensive care unit? identified by epistemologist: ○ Prediction – it estimates and anticipates the Propositional knowledge — it includes probability of a certain outcome in a specific the knowledge of theories, facts and situation like nursing intervention. laws. For example, when we say we Example: What are the effects of know each chord on a guitar denotes a prolonged bed rest on the hospitalized musical note we are speaking of patient’s recovery? propositional knowledge ○ Control – the manipulation of a given situation to Procedural knowledge or the produce the desired outcome. knowledge of how to do something — Example: Therapeutic effects of touch this type of knowledge can be help a patient and family cope with their developed through doing fears Personal knowledge or personal Roles of Nurses knowing — in this type of knowledge for ○ Principal Investigator NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF NURSING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS 1  NCMB311 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF NURSING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS WEEK 1 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 | COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Charlz Yunel Elliaz Emil M. Dillena, SN ○ Member of the Research Team ○ Identifier of Researchable Problems ○ Evaluator of Research Findings ○ User of the Research Findings ○ Patient or Client Advocate during Studies ○ Subject in Studies Characteristics of Research (COGIE) ○ Controlled – specific constraint or limitation were identified and eliminated to ensure precision and validity of results ○ Orderly and systematic – follows a sequence of steps ○ Generalization – is the finding applicable to the entire population ○ Intensive – in-depth approach is used to ensure that all possible loopholes in the study is covered ○ Empirical – objective reality as sources of knowledge Task of Nursing Research (IDEEPC) ○ Identification – assess situation that needs clarification ○ Description – determine relationship between and among variables investigated ○ Exploration – answer the what question SOURCES OF NURSING RESEARCH TOPICS ○ Explanation – answer the question why and seek OWN EXPERIENCE AND INTEREST clarification ○ Identify your own interests and formulate a ○ Prediction and Control – projects situation or problem that reflects them; familiarity in your events and minimize effects territory and terminology RESEARCH PROCESS When we hear the word research and research process it invokes feelings of apprehension and anxiety. Undertaking research is similar to undertaking a journey, it has a point of origin, route and final destination. OWN PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ○ Even a simple analysis of a conversation in the nurse station can lead to research problems NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF NURSING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS 2  NCMB311 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF NURSING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS WEEK 1 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 | COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Charlz Yunel Elliaz Emil M. Dillena, SN Determine existence, degree, or nature of relationship between two or more factors Predict the value of certain characteristics Evaluate and/or compare effectiveness of an intervention, treatment or exposure STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS (Cronin, Coughlan, and Smith, 2015) Developing a Researchable Topic ○ Identifying the research problem/topic of interest ○ Reviewing the literature COLLEAGUES ○ Devising a research question or Hypothesis ○ Brainstorming with friends about problems Organizing your Research they have encountered may help clarify ○ Selecting a methodology research ideas ○ Identifying the population and selecting a sample ○ Planning the method of data collection ○ Respecting ethical principles ○ Demonstrating rigor/trustworthiness Gathering and Analyzing information ○ Gathering data ○ Analyzing data ○ Discussing and interpreting the result and implication for practice ○ Disseminating the results MAJOR STEPS IN A QUANTITATIVE STUDY CRITICAL FRIENDS (Polit & Beck, 2010) ○ Experts are good sources of research problems WHY CONDUCT RESEARCH? Anybody needs information to make decisions and/or perform his functions more effectively Needs to know what teaching approaches and materials can be used to help students learn better. Need health related data in developing health programs, improving delivery of health services and identify interventions to improve health conditions and individuals. MAJOR STEPS IN A QUALITATIVE STUDY Needs accurate information before selecting a course of (Polit & Beck, 2010) action. WHAT ARE THE USES OF RESEARCH? Describe a population (people, objects, institutions). Determine/describe an existing situation Compare two conditions or groups of population NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF NURSING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS 3  NCMB311 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF NURSING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS WEEK 1 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 | COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Charlz Yunel Elliaz Emil M. Dillena, SN CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM 1. A research problem must be relevant Contributing to knowledge and development, problems should be worth investigating and worth the time, money and effort to be spent on it. Example: Attitudes and Behaviors of Nurses on Night Duty Shift and its Impact to their Nursing performance 2. A research problem must be feasible Adequate technical expertise skills, equipment, experience) Adequate number of subjects Affordable time and money Manageable in scope Example: “The effect on achievement of providing each student a Microcomputer in their Math Class” 3. A research problem must be clear It should be specific, clear and unambiguous. Deals with a limited aspect of a certain phenomenon. 4. A research must be ethical The conduct of study should not pose any danger, embarrassment, hurt or any risk to research respondents or subjects or any one. NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF NURSING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROCESS 4  NCMB311 LESSON 2: PURPOSE AND ROLE OF NURSE IN RESEARCH WEEK 2 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Ashley G. Iglesias ○ Level III - opinions of respected authorities TERMINOLOGIES based on clinical experience, descriptive studies or reports of experts. Evidence-based practice (EBP) - is the integration of the Pyramid of Evidence best possible research evidence with clinical expertise and patient needs. Evidence-based - is concerned with using empirical, valid and relevant information in decision-making. Research utilization (RU) - is the use of findings from disciplined research in a practical application that is not related to the original research. WHY DO RESEARCH AGAIN? At this point, you may be asking why you still need to do research when you have done it in your senior high school days? In healthcare practice and as part of our professional obligation to provide the best care possible based on the best available knowledge and evidence. The knowledge we generate from research is one form of evidence. Best practices can be generated through evidence-based practice research. Becoming Research Aware ○ Research awareness is not limited to undertaking Roles of Nurses in Research research yourself but it also means being able to ○ With the emphasis on EBP and the current trends analyze the components of various research on research, it has become the nurse's studies to determine what is good research and responsibility to engage on one or more roles in has more applicability to our patients. the continuum of research participation. Below ○ The greater number of nurses utilizing research are the roles of a nurse in a research: reduces the gap between research and practice. Principal investigator Evidence-based practice (EBP) Member of a research team ○ The use of EBP in healthcare creates a huge Evaluator of research findings impact on the profession of every healthcare Consumer of research findings practitioner. EBP reduces mortality and morbidity Client advocates in a research study in the field of maternal and child health. Subject of research ○ Essential intrapartum and newborn care (EINC) is PHASES OF NURSING RESEARCH a product of EBP. 1. Conceptual Phase Triad of EBP Topic Selection Literature Review Framework Development Hypothesis 2. Design and Planning Research Design Sampling Research Tool 3. Empirical Data Collection 4. Analytic Data Analysis Data Interpretation 5. Dissemination Communication of Research Findings Evidence is rank according to: Utilization ○ Level I - evidence is obtained from at least one properly designed RCT. RESEARCH INTRODUCTION ○ Level II - evidence obtained from well-designed Introduction controlled trials with randomization, well ○ The beginning piece of thread in research papers designed case control analytic studies or multiple ○ To introduce time series with or without intervention. NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 2: PURPOSE AND ROLE OF NURSE IN RESEARCH 1  NCMB311 LESSON 2: PURPOSE AND ROLE OF NURSE IN RESEARCH WEEK 2 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Ashley G. Iglesias processes of students (Xu & Wang, 2006). ○ Explicit – INTRO PHRASE with VERB_AUTHOR_(YEAR)_STATEMENT As suggested by Taylor and Todd (1995) Social Influence (SI) affects other people’s opinion, superior influence, and peer influence. ○ Explicit – AUTHOR_(YEAR)_VERB_STATEMENT Taylor and Todd (1995) suggested that Social Influence (SI) affects other Bold Attempt – researcher-made people’s opinion, superior influence, and peer influence. ○ Common Verb Report Posited Argue Stated Emphasize Advance Contextualize Found out Discovered Claim Believed Cited Propose Explain Asserted Reveal Explain RESEARCH PROBLEM Research Problem ○ Question for which researchers want answers, theory they wish to validate, information gaps they want to fill, condition they want to improve, difficulty ○ They want to eliminate an issue to be settled. Stated in a form of question which serve as the focus of investigation ○ Sample Quanti 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following: 1.1 Sex; 1.2 Age; 1.3 Education level; 1.4 Family income level; 1.5 Current work position of parents; and 1.6 Civil status Cross-referenced – cited from previous researches 2. How do the respondents may describe ○ Implicit – STATEMENT_(AUTHORS,_YEAR) the personal traits in terms of : An e-learning system with higher 2.1 self-esteem; educational compatibility is believed to 2.2 self-confidence; and effectively facilitate the learning 2.3 cognitive adaptability. NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 2: PURPOSE AND ROLE OF NURSE IN RESEARCH 2  NCMB311 LESSON 2: PURPOSE AND ROLE OF NURSE IN RESEARCH WEEK 2 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Ashley G. Iglesias ○ Sample Quali DEVELOPING RESEARCH PROBLEMS What characterizes the lived Once you have identified the topic of interest, you can experiences of Filipino Adult Women begin to ask some broad questions that can lead you to a after Bilateral Tubal Ligation? researchable problem. Example of question stems are as TERMINOLOGIES follows: Research topic refers to the area or phenomenon on which ○ What is going on with...? to focus ○ What is the process by which...? Problem statement articulates the problem to be ○ What is the meaning of...? addressed and indicates the need for a study ○ What is the extent of...? Research questions are the specific queries researchers ○ What influence or causes...? what to address ○ What differences exist between...? Statement of purpose identifies the overall goal of the ○ What are the consequences of...? study ○ What is the relationship between...? ○ What factors contribute to...? THE RESEARCH PROBLEM (TABLE) ○ What conditions prevail before...? TERM EXAMPLE ○ How effective is...? Topic/Focus Side effects of chemotherapy EVALUATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS Nausea and Vomiting are common side effects of chemotherapy. New interventions There are no rules in making the final selection of a Research problem that can reduce or prevent these side effects research problem, but some criteria should be kept in mind need to be identified (Polit, 2007): What is the relative effectiveness of ○ Significance of the Problem Research question patient-controlled antiemetic therapy to Is the problem an important one? nurse-controlled antiemetic therapy? ○ Researchability of the Problem The purpose of the study is to test an Statement of the Is your research problem already intervention to reduce chemotherapy-induced purpose answered? side effects ○ Feasibility of addressing the problem WHERE DO IDEAS FOR RESEARCH PROBLEMS COME FROM? Time and Timing Availability of Study Participants Experience and Clinical Fieldwork – as nurses perform Cooperation of others clinical duties, they are bound to find a wealth of research Facilities and Equipment Money ideas Research Experience ○ Example: Why do many patients complain of Ethical Considerations being tired after being transferred from the Research Interest operating room? Nursing Literature – ideas from studies often come from KINDS OF RESEARCH reading nursing literature. PURE VS APPLIED RESEARCH ○ Example: Which type of tactile stimulation is most Pure or Basic Research beneficial to physiological wellness of clients? ○ Is a study oriented towards the development of a Social Issues – topics are suggested by more global theory. contemporary social or political issues of relevance to ○ It aims to provide knowledge or understanding. health of the community ○ Also called “ Basic research or fundamental ○ Example: What are the social factors contributory research to sexual harassment? ○ It aims to discover basic truth or principles. Theories – must be tested for applicability in different Applied Research nursing environments ○ Is an investigation that enriches a solution to a ○ Example: If this theory is correct, what kind of practical problem. behavior would I expect to find in a certain ○ It seeks to improve human condition by providing condition? knowledge that can be used for practical Ideas from External Sources – provides an impetus for a application. research idea ○ Involves seeking new applications of scientific ○ Example: Sir Dino may give a list of topics to knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as choose from or may assign particular topics to development of a new system or procedure, new students device, or new method in order to solve the problem. NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 2: PURPOSE AND ROLE OF NURSE IN RESEARCH 3  NCMB311 LESSON 2: PURPOSE AND ROLE OF NURSE IN RESEARCH WEEK 2 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Ashley G. Iglesias QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ○ Studies the CAUSE & EFFECT relationship between certain factors on a certain Qualitative Research phenomenon under controlled condition/s ○ Is undertaken to answer questions about the “Use of Crude Extract of Black Pepper plethora of phenomena primarily aimed at giving (Piper nigrum) and Onion (Allium cepa) attributes and understanding of nature based on as Antifungal Aents to Inhibit the the observer’s viewpoint. It is knowing the Growth of Trichophyton process. mentagorophytes” Quantitative Research “Effects of IV Administered Nalbuphine ○ Is conducted to find answers to questions about through Combine Patient-Controlled relationships among measurable variables with Analgesia (PCA): A Multicenter the purpose of explaining, controlling, and Experience” predicting phenomena. Hence, it is knowing the outcome stated in numerical data. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH LONGITUDINAL VS CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH Library research ○ Done in the library where answers to specific Longitudinal Research questions or problems of the study are available. ○ Involves a considerable length of time in studying ○ Applicable to historical research the same group of respondents, participants or Field research subjects. ○ Conducted in a natural setting. No changes are ○ Morbidity profile of 30 children ages 1-5 years made in the environment. Cross-sectional Research ○ Applicable to both descriptive and experimental ○ In a shorter span of time, different group of research respondents, participants or subjects of different Laboratory research characteristics are treated simultaneously. ○ Conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by Action Research isolating the study in a rigorous specified and ○ Is a decision oriented research involving the operationalized area. application of the steps of the scientific method ○ Applicable to experimental, descriptive, and case in response to an immediate need to improve study existing practices GENERAL TYPES OF RESEARCH Descriptive Research ○ Seek answer to WHO, WHAT, WHERE, and HOW questions ○ Describe a given situation or a given state of affairs in terms of specific factors. “Learning Strategies of Nursing Board Reviewees” “Increasing Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection among Young Children in Sitio Tampoy, Valenzuela” Explanatory/Association/Correlation Research ○ Answer the questions WHY and HOW? ○ Attempts to explain possible factors which are ○ associated with or may contribute to the occurrence of the problem “Relationship Between Faculty Teaching Competency and Performance of Nursing Students of Our Lady of Fatima University” “Attributed of Effective teachers: its Impact on the Academic performance of Nursing Students” Intervention or Experimental Research ○ Evaluates the effect or outcome of a particular intervention or treatment NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 2: PURPOSE AND ROLE OF NURSE IN RESEARCH 4  NCMB311 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW WEEK 3 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Hazel S. Dimaculangan, SN ○ Step 8: Identifying the Population RESEARCH PROCESS This is a critical part of the process in which the researcher needs to know 5 Phases of Research Process what characteristics the study ○ Phase 1: The Conceptual phase participants should possess. ○ Phase 2: The Design and Planning phase ○ Step 9: Designing the Sampling Plan ○ Phase 3: The Empirical phase The researcher must specify in advance ○ Phase 4: The Analytic phase how the sample will be selected and how ○ Phase 5: The Dissemination phase many subjects there will be PHASE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE ○ Step 10: Specifying Methods to Measure ○ Step 1: Formulating and Delimiting the Variables Problem (Formulating Good Research The researcher must identify how the Questions) variables will be measured. Things to consider: Ask yourself the ○ Step 11: Developing Methods to Safeguards following questions Human/Animal Rights Is this research question The researcher must identify how the important, given the evidence research sample will be protected. base? ○ Step 12: Reviewing and Finalizing the Research Could study findings be useful Plan in clinical practice? In this step, the researcher will test the How can this question best be identified tool/instrument to assess its answered to yield high-quality adequacy. It is also an opportunity for evidence? the researchers to assess their ability in ○ Step 2: Reviewing the Related Literature ensuring that the procedure will work as See later part for further discussion they planned. PHASE 3: THE EMPIRICAL PHASE ○ Step 3: Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork ○ Step 13: Collecting the Data Things to consider: In this step, the researcher outlines how Ask yourself what do I see and they will collect data from the actual do in clinical practice? study. Are there discrepancies ○ Step 14: Preparing the Data for Analysis between what I see and do This involves processes of transferring and what I know or what the the data from research tool to soft data literature says? or into computer files for analysis Is this the best way to do PHASE 4: THE ANALYTIC PHASE this/is there another way to do ○ Step 15: Analyzing the Data this? Appropriate statistical measures must ○ Step 4: Defining the Framework and be determined to answer the research Developing Conceptual Definitions questions and hypotheses. Researchers must have a conceptual ○ Step 16: Interpreting the Results rationale and a clear vision of the Researchers attempt to explain the concepts under study. findings and examine their implications ○ Step 5: Formulating Hypothesis to the nursing profession. PHASE 2: THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE PHASE 5: THE DISSEMINATION PHASE ○ Step 6: Selecting Research Design ○ Step 17: Communicating the Findings This will serve as your overall plan or Any research that is not shared through blueprint for obtaining answers to the publication cannot contribute evidence questions being studied. to nursing practice and profession ○ Step 7: Developing Protocols for the ○ Step 18: Putting the Evidence into Practice Intervention A well research study is deemed This step is applicable only to necessary for utilization in the clinical experimental study, wherein the setting or may be part of new researcher will treat both research evidence-based practice. groups the same way. NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1  NCMB311 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW WEEK 3 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Hazel S. Dimaculangan, SN LITERATURE REVIEW Purposes of Literature Review ○ Exposes main gaps in knowledge [and] identifies principal areas of dispute and uncertainty ○ Helps identify general patterns to findings from multiple examples of research in the same area ○ Juxtaposing studies with apparently conflicting findings helps explore explanations for discrepancies ○ Helps define your terminology or identify variations in definitions used by researchers or practitioners. ○ Helps to identify appropriate research methodologies. ○ You can also identify validated scales and instruments. Typology of research literature in nursing research ○ Subjective - books ○ Research literature - journals, printed online ○ Gray literature - magazines, brochures, flyers, posters, newspaper, unpublished research work ○ JSTOR Short for Journal Storage ○ Should we use Gray Literature? Online system of archiving academic Research results are often more detailed journals in reports than in research articles. It provide its member institutions Reports often give in-depth full-text searches of digitized back explanations and discussion about a issues of several hundred well-known certain topic or variable, whereas journals research literatures discuss different 7,000 academic institutions in 159 variables and limit discussions to the countries most relevant only Gray literatures are published earlier before being published elsewhere. Some results simply are not published anywhere else. NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2  NCMB311 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW WEEK 3 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Hazel S. Dimaculangan, SN ○ EBSCO HOST EBSCO is a diverse company which includes over 30 businesses: Fishing lures Steel joist and metal roof deck manufacturing Real estate development A host to many journal databases ○ DOAJ - Directory of Open Access Journal Open Access Journals – users have the right to “read, download, copy, distribute, print, search or link to the full texts of articles” As of October 2012, the database contained 8284 journals, with an average of four journals being added each day for the month of September 2012. ○ ELSEVIER Elsevier is a publishing company which publishes medical and scientific literature One of its databases isScienceDirect ○ ScienceDirect ScienceDirect is one of the largest online collections of published scientific research in the world It is operated by Elsevier and contains nearly 10 million articles from Elsevier Abstracts are mostly freely available, and full texts require paid subscriptions NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW 3  NCMB311 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW WEEK 3 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Hazel S. Dimaculangan, SN ○ The Online Journal of Issue in Nursing worth much less than a far smaller The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing volume that has been abundantly and is a peer- reviewed publication that repeatedly thought over.” provides a forum for discussion of the Types of Literature Review (see attached file: Typology issues inherent in current topics of of Literature Review) interest to nurses and other health care ○ There are several types of literature review, visit professionals the website: The intent of this journal is to present https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481583/ different views on issues that affect #c9.s9.3 nursing research, education, and Steps for conducting literature review (adapted from practice, thus enabling readers to University of West Florida) understand the full complexity of a topic 1. Choose your topic, define your question ○ Your literature review should be guided by a central research question. Remember, it is not a collection of loosely related studies in a field but instead represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you. 2. Decide on the scope of your review ○ How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive should it be? How many years should it cover? 3. Select the databases you will use to conduct your searches 4. Conduct your searches and find the literature. Keep track of your searches! a. Review the abstracts and conclusions carefully. This will save you time. b. Write down the keywords you used and where you found them c. Use RefWorks to keep track of your citations. 5. Review the literature! This is the most time consuming part. a. What was the research question of the study you are reviewing? What were the authors trying to discover? b. Was the research funded by a source that could influence the findings? c. What were the research methodologies? Analyze its literature review, the samples and variables used, the results, and the conclusions. Does the research seem to be complete? Could it have been conducted more soundly? What further questions does it raise? d. If there are conflicting studies, why do you think that is? e. How are the authors viewed in the field? ○ Arthur Schopenhauer Has this study been cited?; if so, how Just as the largest library. Badly has it been analyzed? arranged, is not so useful as a very moderate one that is well arranged, so the greatest amount of knowledge, if not elaborated by our own thoughts, is NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW 4  NCMB311 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW WEEK 3 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Hazel S. Dimaculangan, SN Presenting/writing your Literature Review (adapted PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW from University of West Florida) ○ A good synthetic review has three characteristics ○ There are several ways of presenting your (Strike & Posner, 1983) literature review: It clarifies and perhaps resolves the Chronologically (by event/trend) problems within a field of study rather By Publication Date than glossing over those problems. Methodology It resolves in a progressive shift that For example, one yields a new perspective on the methodological approach literature with more explanatory and would be to look at the cultural predictive power than is offered by differences on the portrayal of existing perspectives. women's rights in American, It helps clarify terms and concept European, and Middle Eastern Literature – art of written work; sometimes refers studies (women's reproductive exclusively to published sources rights may be discussed 1. Exposes main gaps in knowledge [and] differently depending on the identifies principal areas of dispute and researcher's cultural bias.) uncertainty. ○ Thematically (categorically) 2. Helps identify general patterns to findings For example: The impacts of pet therapy from multiple examples of research in the same on human health-->the literature review area. could be organized into sections about 3. Juxtaposing studies with apparently conflicting emotional, mental, and physiological findings helps explore explanations for impacts with literature from any date discrepancies. appearing in all 3 sections. 4. Helps define your terminology or identify RESEARCH PROCESS AND WRITING TECHNIQUE variations in definitions used by researchers or practitioners. 5. Helps to identify appropriate research methodologies. 6. You can also identify validated scales and instruments. RECONNISITE - REVIEW EXISTING LITERATURE NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW 5  NCMB311 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW WEEK 3 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Hazel S. Dimaculangan, SN THOMSON REUTERS Thomson Reuters Integrity SM provides researchers with reliable, detailed information across multiple disciplines and from the perspective of a scientist – to support successful drug research and development. International standard has its own bases. An example of a body that establishes standards is the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) by Thomson Reuters®. It is the most respected organization whose database comprises very selected scientific journals and publications. The Thomson Reuters® alongside other organizations like CINAHL® and SCOPUS® is dedicated in providing researchers and readers a wide range and important journals in the world necessary for user TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN LITERATURE SEARCH Multidisciplinary Journal Databases Ebscohost Research Database NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW 6  NCMB311 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW WEEK 3 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Hazel S. Dimaculangan, SN NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW 7  NCMB311 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW WEEK 3 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: PROF. Sharon B. Cajayon TRANSCRIBED BY: Hazel S. Dimaculangan, SN NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 3: PHASES OF RESEARCH PURPOSES AND LITERATURE REVIEW 8  NCMB311 LESSON 4: RESEARCH APPROACH, METHODS AND WRITING WEEK 4 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon, MAN RN TRANSCRIBED BY: Edgardo III T. Balais, SN RESEARCH DESIGN OVERVIEW TERMINOLOGIES CRITERIA FOR CHOICE OF RESEARCH DESIGN Paradigm Logically sound ○ A framework containing the basic assumptions, Comprehensive enough to solve the problem ways of thinking and methodology that are Reasonably clear and precise commonly accepted by members of a scientific Clearly spell out community. Free from weakness Research approach ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER IN THE CHOICE OF RESEARCH ○ Overall decision involves which approach should DESIGN be used to study a topic. Research methods Total population ○ Set of techniques that will help the researcher in Methods of selecting the samples or study respondent data gathering and analyzing. Alternative versions of independent variables under study Assumption Criterion measures evaluating the effects of the ○ A principle that is believed to be true without independent variables proof or verification. Statistical treatment of data RESEARCH APPROACH CLASSIFICATION OF NURSING RESEARCH POSITIVIST PARADIGM A reflection of a broader cultural phenomenon Experimental – cause & effect (modernism) that emphasizes the rational and the relationship scientific. Non-experimental – describe & According to analyze The fundamental assumption of positivists is that there is a Approach Quasi-experimental – partial reality that can be studied and known, thus their research experiment is focused on understanding underlying causes of natural Combined – mixed methods, phenomena. triangulation POST POSITIVIST PARADIGM According to Quantitative – frequency, Believe in reality and have a desire to understand it but Measurement & Data magnitude of events recognize the impossibility of total objectivity and see it as Analysis Qualitative – perceptions, insights a goal. Combined – mixed methods NATURALISTIC PARADIGM Longitudinal/Prospective – Sometimes called Constructivist Paradigm. According to Time future data According to naturalists, reality is not a fixed entity but Frame Cross-sectional – present data rather a construction of the individual. Retrospective – past data Assumes that knowledge is maximized when the distance between the inquirer and the participants in the study is Basic research – knowledge minimized. generation According to Motive Applied research – improved or Objective professional practice Historical – meaning of past events Field research – community According to research Research Laboratory research – Environment demonstration research Clinical research – related learning experiences RESEARCH DESIGN QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE Descriptive Descriptive Survey Phenomenological Correlational Grounded theory NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 4: RESEARCH APPROACH, METHODS AND WRITING 1  NCMB311 LESSON 4: RESEARCH APPROACH, METHODS AND WRITING WEEK 4 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon, MAN RN TRANSCRIBED BY: Edgardo III T. Balais, SN ○ It is oriented towards finding solutions to a Comparative Ethnographical practical problem. Longitudinal Historical Cross-sectional Case study ○ It is a new method, new intervention or new Experimental device. Non-experimental ○ E.g. New gadget, transferring of file. Quasi-experimental ACCORDING TO TIME ELEMENTS CROSS-SECTIONAL WRITING INTRODUCTION SECTION OF YOUR RESEARCH ○ It is a type of study wherein there is a different PAPER type of subject with different types of Remember that the introduction part of your research characteristics. paper is the mind setter of the reader to keep them ○ Treat them simultaneously. reading. ○ 1 to 2 years in the making. ○ Therefore it should be catchy and not so lengthy, LONGITUDINAL this is to prevent the reader from getting bored. ○ It is a type of study wherein the same set of The introduction part of your paper is not merely a subjects is treated over a period of time. by-product of copy and paste of the literature, it is the ○ Above 4 years in the making. summary of your understanding of doing the current ACTION RESEARCH literature review on the topic of interest. ○ A decision oriented research involving the This also includes the research question, hypothesis, application of the steps of the scientific method purpose and contribution to the profession. in response to an immediate need to improve ○ Commonly this is 3-4 paragraphs with 3-4 existing practices. sentences each. ACCORDING TO PROCESS ○ Keep in mind to do proper citation of your QUANTITATIVE references. ○ It is conducted to find answers to questions The T-I-O-C format (OLFU format) may help you about relationships among measurable variables construct an enticing introduction of your research paper. with the purpose of explaining, controlling, and ○ Trends predicting phenomena. Present an overview of current research ○ Hence, it is knowing the outcome stated in on the issue or problem. NUMERICAL DATA. This may include current data/statistics. QUALITATIVE ○ Issues/problem ○ Starts with a FEW PRECONCEIVED IDEAS and Identify the gap, problem or gray area stresses the importance of people’s of the topic of interest. interpretations of events and circumstances. Present literature/findings of different ○ FOCUS: TO CAPTURE AND UNDERSTAND the authors of the same topic. entirety of certain phenomena and collect ○ Objectives NARRATIVE DATA. Based on the identified issues/problem, VARIABLE state your general research question or Anything that varies. intent of the study and hypothesis to fill Any quality of a person, group or situation that varies or the gap or answer the identified takes on different values, typically numerical values. problems of the topic of interest. E.g. weight, age, body temperature, anxiety level. ○ Contribution Most quantitative researchers seek to understand how State the value and relevance of your and why things vary and to learn how differences in research, why is your study relevant, one variable are related to one another. what will it contribute to the profession ○ Example: and the stakeholders and why should we Lung cancer research is concerned with care about your research. the variable of lung cancer. TYPES OF RESEARCH Researchers have studied what ACCORDING TO PURPOSE variables might be linked to lung cancer BASIC/PURE and have identified cigarette smoking. ○ It aims to acquire new knowledge and INDEPENDENT VARIABLE understanding. Affects the value of the dependent condition that produces ○ It is basic and has no application. the outcome. ○ E.g. Theory, Understanding of grieving process. “Assumed Cause” of a problem. APPLIED What the researcher manipulates or varies. NCMB311: NURSING RESEARCH 1 LESSON 4: RESEARCH APPROACH, METHODS AND WRITING 2  NCMB311 LESSON 4: RESEARCH APPROACH, METHODS AND WRITING WEEK 4 | THIRD YEAR – PRELIMS | A.Y. 2024-2025 I COLLEGE OF NURSING – VALENZUELA CAMPUS DISCUSSED BY: Prof. Sharon B. Cajayon, MAN RN TRANSCRIBED BY: Edgardo III T. Balais, SN DEPENDENT VARIABLE