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PRNU130 | Nursing Informatics NCM110 Third Year | First Semester Module 1 – Introduction to Nursing Informatics LECTURE OUTLINE 1970s I. Definition and Sc...

PRNU130 | Nursing Informatics NCM110 Third Year | First Semester Module 1 – Introduction to Nursing Informatics LECTURE OUTLINE 1970s I. Definition and Scope  Inevitable integration of computers to nursing II. History  Nurses began to realize the value of computer to nursing III. Key Concepts and Terminologies  Recognized the potential of computers in improving the IV. Importance in Modern Healthcare documentation of nursing practice, the quality of patient DEFINITION AND SCOPE care and the repetitive aspect of managing patient care WHAT IS INFORMATICS IN NURSING?  HISs mainframe were designed and developed  The American Nurses Association (ANA) defines nursing  Developed computer based management information informatics as the integration of nursing science, computer systems (MISs) science, and information science to manage and 1980s communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in  Informatics emerged in the healthcare industry and nursing nursing practice.  NI became an accepted specialty and many nursing experts  This data approach to patient care enhances the clinical enter the field experience for health care providers and patients.  Use of computers in nursing became revolutionary  Facilitates the integration of data, information, and  New computer technologies emerged and computer knowledge to support patients, nurses, and other providers architecture advances in their decision making in all roles and settings  Need for nursing software evolved COMPUTER SCIENCE  Interdisciplinary field focused on studying computers and  Computer-based patient record systems (CBRSs) their uses in the real world  Upgraded the standards, vocabulary and classification INFORMATION SCIENCE schemed for CBRSs  Field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection,  Many HIS mainframe emerged with nursing subsystems classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, and  HISs nursing subsystem: dissemination of information - Patient record on the ff: NURSING SCIENCE  Order entry  The study and application of nursing principle and theories  Emulating the KARDEX COMPUTER  Results reporting  An all-encompassing term referring to information  Vital signs technology (IT), computer systems and when they are used  Other systems that document narrative nursing in nursing, refer to nursing information systems (NISs), notes via word processing nursing applications and or nursing informatics (NI)  Discharge planning COMPUTER AND NURSING  Referrals for community health care facilities  Computers in nursing are used to manage information in  Microcomputer PC emerged that made technology more patient care, monitor the quality of care, and evaluate the accessible, affordable, and usable to nurses and other outcomes of care health professionals  Computers are also used to support nursing research, test 1990s new systems, design new knowledge databases, and  Computer technology became an integral part of healthcare advance the role of nursing in the health care industry settings, nursing practice, and profession HISTORY  Policies and legislations were adopted promoting computer According to: technology in health care including nursing 1. Six-time period  NI was approved by ANA as a new nursing specialty (1994) 2. Four Major Nursing Areas  The need for computer based nursing practice standards, 3. Standard Initiatives data standards, nursing minimum data sets and national 4. Significant Landmark Events SIX-TIME PERIOD data base emerged Prior to the 1960s  The need for a unified nursing language, nomenclatures,  Only a few adapted computers to health care vocabularies, taxonomies, and classification schemes  The nursing profession was undergoing changes and these  Nsg administrators demand that HISs include nursing care events provided the impetus for the profession to embrace protocols and nurse educators use all innovative computers technologies for patient education  Computers were used in hospitals setting for business office  Laptops and notebook computers functions  Workstations and local area networks (LAN) for hospital nsg 1960s units  The use of computer in nursing were questioned  Wide area networks (WANs) for linking care access health  “Why computers?” care facilities  “What should be computerized?”  Use of internet to link across the different systems  Studies were conducted on how computers can be utilized  Web became the means for communicating online effectively in health care industry  E-mail, file transfer protocol (FTP) and WWW protocols  Advancement of computer technology in health care  High performance computing and communication (HPCC) facilities Post 2020  Introduction of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) terminals  Torrid pace of hardware and software development and  Online data communication growth  Real-time processing  Wireless point of care  User-friendly machines  Open source solutions  Hospital Information Systems (HISs) were developed to  Regional data base projects process financial transactions  ↑ IT solutions  Electronic patient record (EPR)  Electronic health record (EHR) Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.| 1  PRNU130 | Nursing Informatics NCM110 Third Year | First Semester  Smart cellular telephones  14th edition includes 13 nursing terminologies that have  Wireless tablet computers been recognized by the ANA used for documenting different  Personal digital assistants (PDAs) aspects of nursing practice  Critical care unit monitors  Clinical Care Classification (CCC) System Manual  Smart card in Europe  Advancement of internet  Voice over internet protocol (VoIP)  Telenursing  Legislations on the US healthcare industry  Provider Identification Number (PIN)- safety and security of patients  Consolidated health information (CHI)  National Health Information Infrastructure (NHII) 4 MAJOR NURSING EREAS Nursing Practice  It became an integral part of the EHR  Patient care data & NSG care plan are no longer separate subsystems of the computerized HISs but rather integrated into one interdisciplinary patient health record in the EHR  “electronic version of nursing practice” Nursing Administration  Nursing Information Classification (NIC)  Most policy and procedure manuals are accessed and retrieved by computer  Workload measures, acuity systems and other nursing NURSING DATA STANDARDS department systems are online and integrated with the  ANA is responsible for the recognition of terminologies and hospital or patient EHR system for determining if they have met the criteria to be included  Internet is being used by nurses to access digital libraries, in the: online resources and research protocols at the bedside - National Library of Medicine (NLM) Nursing Education - Unified Medical Language Systems (UMLS)  Most schools of nursing offer computer enhanced courses, - SNOMED CT (College of American Pathologists and online courses or distance education American Veterinary Medical Association, 1998)  They are becoming universities without walls where HEALTH CARE DATA STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS students can attend a university anywhere in the world  American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-instituted to without being present coordinate and approve voluntary standards efforts in the  Campus wide computer systems are available for students US to communicate via e-mail transfer data files, and retrieve  Health Care Informatics Standards Board (HISB) online resources of www sites  European Standardization Committee (CEN) Nursing Research  International Standards Organization (ISO)  Computer use for analyzing nursing data  American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)  Software program are available for processing both - ASTME-31 Committee on healthcare informatics is an quantitative and qualitative research data accredited committee that develops standards for  Databases supporting research emerged health information systems designed to assist vendors  Online searching and retrieving information from electronic and users and anyone interested in systemizing health bibliographic literature systems e.g. drug data information  Large databases are used for meta-analysis to develop  Health Level Seven (HL7) an organization accredited by the evidenced based practice guidelines ANSI which was created to develop standards for electronic  Internet provides online access to the millions of web interchange to clinical, financial, administrative information resources around the world among independent health care oriented information STANDARD INITIATIVES Nursing Practice Standards - ANA systems  Standards of clinical nursing practice (1998) focused not  SNOMED International another organization that serves as only on the organizing principles of clinical nursing practice an umbrella of the structured nomenclatures and its merger but also the standards of professional performance with the read codes form the national health service in the  Nursing process as the conceptual framework for UK in 1999 documentation of nursing practice  SNOMED CT serves as the coding strategy and has Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospital Organization become a national standard for EHR which are integrated (JCAHO) in the UMLS and available in the public  Stressed the need for adequate records on patients in  The National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics hospital and practice standards for the documentation of (NCVHS) care of nurses - Workgroup on computer – based patient record  Acuity systems to determine resource use as well as - Evaluated and recognized medical, nursing and other required care plans for documenting nursing care health profession nomenclatures for the Department of  Required contents of the EHR such as what data should be Health and Human Services (DHHS) collected and how the data should be organized in the EARLY COMPUTER-BASED NURSING APPLICATIONS electronic database  Nursing applications which influenced the industry were  Nursing data standards have emerged as new requirement subsystems or components of early HISs focused on for EHR - Early HISs - Early ambulatory care information systems Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.| 2  PRNU130 | Nursing Informatics NCM110 Third Year | First Semester - Early community health nursing information - Releasing TOR management systems - Releasing payment - Early computer focused nursing projects - Purchasing an order - Early educational application - Discharging a patient LANDMARK EVENTS IN NURSING AND COMPUTERS  Application components support enterprise functions. We  The landmark events were described by: distinguish computer-based from non-computer-based - Early conference meetings application components - Early academic initiatives - Computer-based application components are - Initial ANA initiatives controlled by software products. A software product is - Initial National League for Nursing Initiatives (NLN) an acquired or self-developed piece of software that - Early intentional resources can be installed on a computer system. For example, - Initial educational resources the computer based application component patient - Significant collaborative events administration system stands for the installation of a KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGIES software product to support enterprise functions such  Data constitute reinterpretable representations of as px admission & administrative discharge & billing information, or knowledge, in a formalized manner suitable - Non-computer-based application components are for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans controlled by working plans that describe how people or machines. use certain physical data processing systems. For  There is no unique definition of information. Depending on example, a non-computer-based application the point of view, the definition may deal with a syntactic component called nursing management and aspect (the structure), a semantic aspect (the meaning), or documentation system is controlled by rules regarding a pragmatic aspect (the intention or goal of information). We how, by whom, and in which context given forms for will simply define information as specific determination nursing documentation have to be used about entities such as facts, events, things, persons, ARCHITECTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURE OF processes, ideas, or concepts. INFORMATION SYSTEMS  Knowledge is general information about concepts in a  The architecture of an information system describes its certain (scientific or professional) domain (e.g., about fundamental organization, represented by its components, diseases, therapeutic methods). Knowledge contrasts with their relationships to each other and to the environment, and specific information about particular individuals of the by the principles guiding its design and evolution domain (e.g., patients). The knowledge of a nurse, for  The architecture of an information system can be described example, comprises how to typically deal with patients by the enterprise functions, the business processes, the suffering from bedsores. information processing tools, and their relationships INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS  When the focus is put onto the types, number, and  An information system is that part of an institution that availability of information processing tools used in a given processes and stores data, information, and knowledge enterprise, this is also called the infrastructure of an  It can be defined as that socio-technical subsystem of an information system institution, which comprises all information processing as What Skills and Education are Required for an Informatics Nurse? well as the associated human or technical actors in their  First and foremost, it’s necessary to be a registered nurse respective information processing roles (RN) to work in NI. Most organizations prefer a Bachelor of  This means that, for example, the computers, printers, Science in Nursing (BSN), and some may prefer a master’s telephones, as well as the staff using them to manage degree in health informatics or a similar field information are part of the information system of an  Essential informatics nurse skills include: institution - Clinical experience and an understanding of the COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS information needs of a health care setting  An enterprise function describes what acting human or - Proficiency in EHRs, data analytics, and other health machines have to do in a certain enterprise to contribute to care technologies its mission and goals. For example, patient admission, - An ability to adapt to emerging technology and skills in medical and nursing care planning, or financial accounting data analysis and interpretation describe typical enterprise functions. Enterprise functions - Project management skills related to system are ongoing and continuous implementation, upgrades, or process improvements - Admission - Strong communication skills to educate and collaborate - Accounting with interdisciplinary teams regarding technology use - Purchasing - The ability to promote advocacy for nursing ethics and  An activity is an instantiation of an enterprise function. For patient safety and privacy example, “the physician admits the patient Smith” is an INFORMATION MANAGEMENT activity of the enterprise function patient admission. In  Information management (or management of information contrast to enterprise functions, activities have a definite systems) comprises those management activities that deal beginning and end with the management of information processing in an - Releasing TOR of student 2021-30456 institution, for example, a hospital - Releasing payment for supplier ABC Company  The goal of information management is systematic - Purchase order submitted to supplier ABC information processing that contributes to the institution’s - Discharged patient P-0001 strategic goals (such as efficient patient care and high  Business processes, the sequence of (sub-)functions satisfaction of patients and staff in a hospital) together with the conditions under which they are performed  Information management therefore directly contributes to can be described. Business processes are usually denoted the institution’s success and ability to compete by verbs, which can be followed by a noun (e.g., “admitting  The general tasks of information management are planning, a patient,” “planning care” or “writing a discharge letter”) directing, and monitoring Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.| 3  PRNU130 | Nursing Informatics NCM110 Third Year | First Semester  In other words, this means Research and quality improvements - Planning the information system and its architecture  Access to timely, correct data and the ability to analyze it - Directing its establishment and its operation can support research, quality improvement initiatives, and - Monitoring its development and operation with respect innovation. These efforts may assist in implementing to the planned objectives evidence- based practice  Information management can be differentiated into Virtual care strategic, tactical, and operational information management  During the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing informatics - Strategic information management deals with stepped up to implement and support more telehealth and information processing as a whole virtual health care platforms - Tactical information management deals with Data-driven decision making particular enterprise functions or with application  Access to real-time data and analytics can allow for better- components that are introduced, removed, or changed informed decisions and proactive care interventions - Operational information management, finally, is responsible for operating the components of the information system. It cares for its smooth operation, for example, by planning necessary personal resources, by failure management, or by network monitoring CONCEPTS AND TOOLS FROM INFORMATION SCIENCE AND COMPUTER SCIENCE  Tools and methods from information and computer science are fundamental to NI including Information Management  An elemental process by which one files, stores, manipulates, and reports data for various uses Information Communication  Enables systems to send data and to present information in formats that improve understanding Information Structures  Organize data, information, and knowledge for processing by computers Information Technology  Includes computer hardware, software, communication, and network technologies, derived primarily from computer science. Its use distinguishes informatics from more traditional methods of information management IMPORTANCE IN MODERN HEALTHCARE What is the Value of NI in Health Care?  Nursing time is expensive. When nursing informatics can improve data handling, it makes it easier for nurses to provide quality patient care more efficiently and effectively BENEFITS OF NURSING INFORMATICS Improved patient care and outcomes  Optimized EHRs can allow nurses and other health care providers to quickly glean patient information if data is collected, analyzed, and shared effectively Enhanced patient safety  More accurate documentation and better access to patient information may minimize medical errors and improve communication between health care providers and patients Streamlined workflow  Improved efficiency and simpler workloads reduce the time and frustration that nurses may have with administrative burdens, allowing more time for patient care Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.| 4  PRNU130 | Nursing Informatics NCM110 Third Year | First Semester M2 – Healthcare Information Systems LECTURE OUTLINE  Obviously, the most important people in a hospital are the: I. Overview of Healthcare Information Systems - Patients and in certain respects, their visitors (HIS)  The most important groups of people working in a hospital II. Type of HIS III. Components and Architecture of HIS are IV. Benefits and Challenges - Physicians - Nurses HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS  Health information systems (HIS) are dealing with - Administrative staff processing data, information, and knowledge in health care - Technical staff environments. Especially with regard to chronic diseases, it - Medical informaticians and their health information becomes more and more important to organize health care management staff CHALLENGES FOR HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS in a patient-centric way, such that all participating in- or  The challenge of user acceptance outpatient care institutions cooperate very closely. This is  The challenge of data redundancy also denoted as integrated care.  The challenge of transcription  In integrated care it is necessary to provide relevant  The challenge of maintaining referential integrity information not only within a single institution, but wherever  The challenge of costs and whenever it is needed.  The challenge of privacy and security  A hospital information system is the socio-technical  The challenge of terminology subsystem of a hospital, which comprises all information  The challenge of stability processing as well as the associated human or technical  The challenge of transinstitutional information management actors in their respective information processing roles. MODELING HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS  Typical components of hospital information systems are  Modeling HIS is an important precondition for their enterprise functions, business processes, application management: What we cannot describe, we usually cannot components, and physical data processing systems. manage adequately  Enterprise functions of a hospital is hospital functions  When dealing with systems in general and with HIS in  To support patient care and the associated administration, particular, we need models of systems the tasks of hospital information systems are:  A model is a description of what the modeler thinks to be - To make information, primarily about patients, relevant of a system available: current information should be provided on  A metamodel is a modeling framework, which consists of: time, at the right location, to authorized staff, in an - Modeling syntax and semantics (the available modeling appropriate and usable form. For this purpose, data concepts together with their meaning) must be correctly collected, stored, processed, and  The modeling language systematically documented to ensure that correct, - The representation of the concepts (how the concepts pertinent, and up-to-date patient information can be are represented in a concrete model, e.g., in a supplied, for instance, to the physician or a nurse graphical way) - To make knowledge, for example, about diseases, side - (Sometimes) the modeling rules (e.g., the modeling effects, and interactions of medications available to steps), i.e. the guideline for applying the language support diagnostics and therapy TYPES OF MODELS - To make information about the quality of patient care  Depending on the type of metamodel used, models can be and the performance and cost situation within the arranged according to different types hospital available - Functional models represent the enterprise functions  In addition to patient care, university medical centers of an institution (what is to be done). In a hospital, their undertake research and education to gain medical elements are the hospital functions that are supported knowledge and to teach students. When hospital by the application components of the hospital information systems make available: information system - The right information and knowledge - At the right time - At the right place - To the right people - In the right form  Hospital information systems have to consider various areas of a hospital, such as - Wards - Outpatient units - Service units: diagnostic (e.g., laboratory department, - Technical models describe the information radiology department), therapeutic (e.g., operation processing tools used. As concepts, they typically room), and others (e.g., pharmacy, patient records provide physical data processing systems (e.g., archive, library, blood bank) computer systems, telephones, forms, pagers, - Hospital administration areas (e.g., patient records) and application components. As relationships, administration department, patient record archive, they provide the data transmission between physical department of quality management, financial and data processing systems (e.g., network diagrams), or controlling department, department of facility the communication between application components management, information management department, general administration department, human resources department) - Offices and writing services for (clinical) report writing Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.| 5  PRNU130 | Nursing Informatics NCM110 Third Year | First Semester One-to-one One-to-many Many-to-Many TYPES OF HIS CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (CIS)  Designed to support the clinical and medical aspects of healthcare delivery. They focus on the collection, management, and utilization of patient-specific data to improve the quality of care, support clinical decision- making, and enhance patient outcomes KEY CONCEPTS Electronic Health Records (EHRs) - Organizational models describe the organization of a  Digital records of patients’ medical histories, including unit or area. For example, they may be used to describe diagnoses, treatments, medications, and test results the organizational structure of a hospital (e.g., Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) consisting of departments with inpatient and outpatient  Tools that provide healthcare professionals with evidence- units). based recommendations and alerts based on patient data and clinical guidelines Order Entry Systems  Systems that facilitate the electronic ordering of medications, laboratory tests, and diagnostic imaging Laboratory Information Systems (LIS)  Systems that manage laboratory test orders, results, and patient information Radiology Information Systems (RIS)  Systems that handle radiological imaging data, including image storage, retrieval, and management FUNCTIONS Patient Care Documentation  Recording and managing patient information, clinical notes, and treatment plans Clinical Decision Support  Providing alerts, recommendations, and guidelines to assist healthcare professionals in making informed decisions Test and Order Management  Streamlining the ordering and tracking of diagnostic tests and treatments Integration with Medical Devices  Connecting with medical devices to capture real-time data (e.g., vital signs, infusion rates) BENEFITS Enhanced Patient Care  Improved accuracy and completeness of patient records lead to better care coordination and outcomes Informed Decision-Making  Access to comprehensive patient data and decision support tools aids in clinical decision-making DATA MODELS Efficiency  Data models describe the data processed and stored in an  Automation of clinical workflows reduces manual tasks and information system. Their concepts are typically entity types errors and their relationships CHALLENGES  A typical metamodel for data modeling is offered by the Data Security class diagrams in the Unified Modeling Language (UML)  Ensuring patient data is protected from unauthorized Entity and Attributes access and breaches Interoperability  Integrating with other healthcare systems to provide a Relationship Diagram seamless flow of information ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS (AIS)  Administrative Information Systems focus on the management and support of non-clinical functions within. healthcare organizations. They handle data related to the operational, financial, and administrative aspects of healthcare delivery Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.| 6  PRNU130 | Nursing Informatics NCM110 Third Year | First Semester KEY CONCEPTS DATA ANALYTICS AND REPORTING Hospital Information Systems (HIS) Business Intelligence (BI)  Comprehensive systems that manage various  Analyzes data for decision-making administrative functions, including patient registration, Health Informatics scheduling, billing, and resource management  Applies informatics and data science for public health Patient Management Systems Reporting Tools  Systems that handle patient registration, appointment  Generates reports for compliance, management, and scheduling, and billing clinical research Billing and Revenue Cycle Management Systems COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS  Systems that manage the billing process, including claims Health Information Exchange (HIE) processing, insurance verification, and payment collection  Facilitates data exchange between different healthcare Human Resources Management Systems (HRMS) entities  Systems that manage employee information, payroll, and Patient Portal scheduling  Allows patients to access their health information and FUNCTIONS communicate with providers Patient Scheduling and Registration SECURITY AND PRIVACY  Managing patient appointments, admissions, and Access Control demographic information  Ensures that only authorized personnel can access Billing and Financial Management sensitive data  Handling claims, insurance processing, and revenue cycle Data Encryption management  Protects data in transit and at rest Resource Management Audit Trails  Tracking and managing resources such as staff, equipment,  Tracks all data access and modifications for accountability ARCHITECTURE OF HIS and facilities LAYERED ARCHITECTURE Reporting and Compliance Presentation Layer  Generating reports for regulatory compliance, quality  The user interface, including web portals, mobile apps, and assurance, and operational performance desktop applications BENEFITS Application Layer Operational Efficiency  Contains the logic for processing data and includes various  Streamlined administrative processes improve overall subsystems like EHR, LIS, and RCM efficiency and reduce administrative overhead Data Layer Financial Managements  Stores data in databases and manages data retrieval,  Accurate billing and revenue cycle management support storage, and manipulation financial stability and compliance Integration Layer Resource Allocation  Facilitates communication between different subsystems  Improved tracking and management of resources enhance and external systems using APIs, HL7, FHIR, etc. operational effectiveness SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE (SOA) CHALLENGES Services Data Accuracy  Each component is treated as a service, which can be  Ensuring the accuracy and completeness of administrative accessed by other services data Interoperability Integration  Ensures different systems can work together seamlessly  Integrating administrative systems with clinical systems for Scalability a unified view of patient and operational information  Allows the system to scale by adding more services or COMPONENTS AND ARCHITECTURE OF HIS COMPONENTS OF HIS resources as needed CORE DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CLOUD-BASED ARCHITECTURE Electronic Health Records (EHR) Cloud Services  Stores patient medical histories, treatments, test results,  Utilizes cloud infrastructure for storage, processing, and and other clinical data scalability Master Patient Index (MPI) Remote Access  Maintains a unique index (ID) for every patient registered  Enables access to the system from any location Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) Cost Efficiency  Provides diagnostic and treatment recommendations based  Reduces the need for on-premises hardware and on patient data maintenance ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM MODULAR ARCHITECTURE Patient Management System Independent Modules  Handles patient registration, scheduling, and billing  Each component functions independently but can interact Revenue Cycle Management (RCM) with other modules  Manages billing, claims, and payment processes Flexibility Human Resources Management (HRM)  Allows for easier updates and integration of new  Manages staff details, payroll, and work schedules technologies ANCILLARY SYSTEM MICROSERVICES ARCHITECTURE Laboratory Information System (LIS) Microservices  Manages lab tests and results  Divides the system into small, independent services that Pharmacy Information System (PIS) can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently  Tracks medications, prescriptions, and inventory Resilience Radiology Information System (RIS)  Enhances fault tolerance as issues in one microservice do  Manages imaging orders, results, and schedules not affect the entire system Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.| 7  PRNU130 | Nursing Informatics NCM110 Third Year | First Semester BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES USER RESISTANCE AND TRAINING BENEFITS Adoption Resistance IMPROVED PATIENT CARE  Staff may resist adopting new technology due to comfort Enhanced Accuracy with existing processes  EHRs ↓ errors by providing accurate and up-to-date px info Training Requirements Better Coordination  Comprehensive training programs are necessary to ensure  HIS facilitates better communication among healthcare effective use of HIS providers, improving coordination and continuity of care DATA QUALITY AND ACCURACY INCREASED EFFICIENCY Data Entry Errors Automated Processes  Inaccurate data entry can lead to incorrect patient  Automation of administrative tasks like billing, scheduling, information and decision-making and claims processing saves time and reduces workload Data Overload Resource Management  Large volumes of data can be overwhelming, making it  Efficient management of resources like staff, equipment, challenging to extract meaningful insights and medication through tracking and scheduling TECHNICAL ISSUES DATA-DRIVEN DECISION MAKING System Downtime Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)  Technical failures and system downtime can disrupt  Provide evidence-based recommendations to clinicians, operations and patient care improving decision-making Complexity Analytics and Reporting  Complex systems may be difficult to manage and require  Data analytics help in identifying trends, improving specialized IT support operations, and informing policy decisions LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONCERNS ENHANCED PATIENT MANAGEMENT Data Ownership Patient Portals  Issues around who owns the patient data and how it can be  Allow patients to access their health information, schedule used appointments, and communicate with providers Ethical Use Improved Compliance  Ensuring that patient data is used ethically and for the  Engaged patients are more likely to adhere to treatment intended purposes only plans and follow-up appointments SCALABILITY COST SAVINGS Growing Needs Reduced Administrative Costs  Ensuring the system can scale to meet the growing needs  Lower costs associated with paperwork, storage, and of a healthcare facility manual data entry. Performance Preventive Care  Maintaining system performance as the user base and data  Early detection and management of conditions can reduce volume increase the need for costly treatments REGULATORY COMPLIANCE Standardized Data  Helps in meeting regulatory requirements and standards like HIPAA, ensuring compliance and avoiding penalties Audit Trails  Provides detailed logs of data access and modifications, aiding in audits and investigations ENHANCED SECURITY Data Encryption  Protects patient information from unauthorized access Access Controls  Ensures that only authorized personnel can access sensitive information CHALLENGES HIGH IMPLEMENTATION COSTS Initial Investment  Significant costs involved in purchasing hardware, software, and infrastructure Maintenance  Ongoing expenses for system maintenance, upgrades, and support DATA QUALITY AND ACCURACY Cybersecurity Risks  Threats from hackers and data breaches can compromise patient information Compliance  Ensuring compliance with various privacy laws and regulations can be complex INTEROPERABILITY ISSUES Integration Challenges  Difficulty in integrating HIS with other systems and ensuring seamless data exchange Standardization  Lack of standardization in data formats and protocols can hinder interoperability Maglanque, E.|Nicerio, I.|Tolentino, H.| 8