Mental Health 1 Midterm Review PDF

Midterm Review October 13, 2024 8:14 PM Week 1 Mental Health Literacy for CYCs Week 2: Addressing Mental Health Stigma Social Stigma Stereotypes ○ How do other people procive people who have mental illness Prejudice ○ Conception for people with mental health...

Midterm Review October 13, 2024 8:14 PM Week 1 Mental Health Literacy for CYCs Week 2: Addressing Mental Health Stigma Social Stigma Stereotypes ○ How do other people procive people who have mental illness Prejudice ○ Conception for people with mental health Discrimination ○ People with mental health or illness being deprived of opportunities due to their m health Effective strategies to address stigma In spite of flaws in the existing research base on stigma reduction, efforts are widespread in Canada and internationally. There is a consensus around the effectiveness or promise of a general, three-pronged approach that uses education, protest, and contact (Rusch, Angermeyer, Corrigan, 2005): Emotions They last longer (minutes to hours Emotions are quick Hard to pin point what caused the More affected by our environment mood Its easier to find the root of the Your mood makes it harder to control emotion your emotions Emotions are first observed and then Hard to pin point wat triggered that inferences are made based off of specific mood personal experience Symptoms of mental disorders can be categorized under the following domains: 1. Disturbances in thinking/cognition 2. Disturbances in perception 3. Disturbances in behavior 4. Disturbances in mood/affect 5. Disturbances in signaling 6. Disturbances in physical functioning (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020). 1. Disturbances in THINKING Week 4: Mental Health States + Understanding These can be divided into 3 categories: 1. Thought content: What is the youth thinking? Symptoms 2. Thought process: How is the youth thinking? 3. Cognition: How is the youth processing information? Thinking Content ○ Content may be bizarre ○ Content may be out of touch with reality ○ Content may be excessively suspicious ○ Thoughts may be recurrent or bothersome ○ Thoughts may be difficult to control ○ Thoughts may be self-inflating or self-devaluing ○ Thoughts may include delusions (fixed, false beliefs), over valued ideas, paranoid ideation, magical thinking, grandiose ideas (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 72-75). Thought Process Abnormalities in the quantity, speed, structure and orderliness of thoughts that are expressed in the way that the youth speaks. Ideas may be illogically sequenced, disconnected, or jumbled together. Youth may describe thoughts as moving too quickly or too slow (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 72-75). Examples of disturbances in thought process include: alogia - thinking is slow or limited racing thoughts - thinking is accelerated loose associations - making unrelated connections tangential speech - speaking about irrelevant topics incoherence - thoughts are disorganized and cant be understood circumstantiality - excessively elaborate, unnecessarily detailed thought blocking: interrupts thoughts pressured speech: quantity and rate is increased (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 72-75). Cognition Cognitive functions are mental processes required for understanding information and acquiring knowledge. Attention - sustained focus Memory - acquire, store and retrieve info Executive functions - goal directed behaviour that allow us to execute tasks (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 72-75). 4. Disturbances in PERCEPTION Impacts the 5 senses: heating, sight, touch, taste, smell, and sometimes proprioception (the ability to judge where parts of one's body are) "The centers controlling perception are in the brain. Disorders that impact the brain can result in people hearing, seeing, feeling, smelling or tasting things that do not exist; or perceiving them in an unusual or exaggerated way" (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 77-79). Hallucinations & Illusions Hallucinations: Abnormal sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of any environmental stimuli Illusions: Misinterpretation or misperception of real external stimuli Illusion Hallucination Can occur when there is no type of When a stimuli is distorted stimulation When an individual hears or sees 1. Disturbances in BEHAVIOUR Is when something is being distorted within something that is not in that Behavioral disorganization can consist of the following symptoms: the environment that your in environment restlessness Agitation self-neglect poor grooming poor hygiene  meaningless frenetic activity repetitive rhythmic gestures or movements catatonia (extreme/excessive frenetic activity or severe diminution of activity) abnormal movements (ex: tics, compulsions) (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 80-81). 1. Disturbances in MOOD/ AFFECT Mood: a pervasive, sustained inner feeling. While positive events influence our mood to a positive direction, negative events influence our mood into a negative direction, we all typically have a usual mood state. "Mood disorders are the most common diagnosis in psychiatry. They are categorized by a disturbance in the regulation of mood, which is linked to disturbances in other areas" (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 82) Mood States Mood states can be expressed in many ways. Here are some examples: "non-reactive mood: mood is not affected by external circumstances feelings of worthlessness dysphoria: unpleasant mood characterized by sadness, anxiety or irritability elevated mood: exaggerated feeling of wellbeing, euphoria, euthymia: mood in the normal range or the absence of depressed or elevated mood" (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 83) Affect Affect: "external expression of a youth's inner feelings, mood or the observable behaviours that reflect the youth's subjectively experienced emotion" (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 84). Common Disturbances of Affect: "restricted or constricted affect: mild reduction on the range and intensity in emotional expression inappropriate affect blunted affect: marked reduction in the intensity of emotional expression or reactivity flat affect: absence of any signs of affective expression or reactivity labile affect: repeated, rapid and abrupt shifts in affect from moment to moment withdrawn affect: emotionally distant, detached. difficult to connect with" (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 84). 1. Disturbances in SIGNALLING This refers to the fight or flight reflex. "The brain initiates a physiologic cascade in response to perceived danger, which results in a state of readiness characterized by autonomic hyperarousal" (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 85). The body prepares itself so that it can get out of the situation that it is in Pathologic anxiety is hyperarousal that occurs in the absence of danger, or is constant, and is excessive or inappropriate to the situation (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 88). Always in a position of fight or flight. High adrenalin, fast heart beat Anxiety disorders are the result of dysregulation of the brain circuits that oversee the body's danger signaling mechanisms" (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 88). 1. Disturbances in PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS Mental illness can manifest in bodily symptoms. Body System Symptoms include: "neurologic system: headaches, sleep problems, dizziness.... cardiovascular system: palpitations, chest pain, fainting spells respiratory system: shortness of breath, hyperventilation gastrointestinal symptoms endocrine system: sweating, hot flashes, restlessness or fatigue, cold hands, menstrual problems urologic system: frequent urination gynecologic system: abnormal menses, amenorrhea, painful intercourse (Ranahan, Kutcher & Hashish, 2020, p. 90). Week 5 Content Dysregulation Raptilian brain is our brain stem which is in breathing, heartbeat Always working but we don’t notice Limbic system emotional memory, arousa  Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic nervous system Arousal regulation The sympathetic nervous system is The parasympathetic nervous s like your body's "emergency team" your body's "chill-out team." Sensory integration After you’ve been running aro Visual pattern integration The sympathetic nervous system you're just relaxing, this part of Proprioceptive awareness helps by making changes so you can system helps your body calm d Kinesthetic awareness react quickly. it easy. Tactile awareness Here’s what it does: Here’s what it does: The competing forces of the Sympathetic Nervous Heart pumps faster to get more blood Slows your heart rate so it’s no System (SNS) activation, fight-or flight responses to your muscles. fast. and the Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) Breathing speeds up so you get more Helps you breathe slowly and r inhibition, feed-and-breed responses. oxygen. Gets your stomach working so Regulation is a continues prosses that includes Pupils get bigger to help you see food. Sensory affect motor integration better. Makes your body feel safe and Auditory pattern recognition It might even slow down things like when you’re resting or after ea digestion, because when you're in a meal. hurry, your body isn't worried about While the sympathetic nervous food. about action and excitement, t parasympathetic system is abo relaxing 4 neural mechanisms for dealing with stress 1. Social engagement/co- regulation 2. Fight or flight 3. Freeze 4. Dissociation Dysregulation: when a person can archive, maintain and change their arousal level to meet the ganging demands of the task or situation, this can cause a person to become dysregulated. When a child experiences difficulty with rerestarting emotions, responding with emotions appropriate to context and regulating emotional responses in social situations When dysregulate, regular tasks can become difficult. You may be able to observe: Trouble ignoring distractions Difficulty remembering things that have been learned Difficulty tolerating frustration Trouble combing ideas Trouble seeing relationship between cause and effect Trouble sequencing ideas  Inattentiveness Trouble switching focus Difficulty learning from mistakes Dysregulation can be internalized or externalized Internalized Dysregulation Emotional suppression Worry Anxiety Sadness Becoming easily upset Withdrawal Shut down Turning red Shaking In general children who struggle with self -regulation find it hard to maintain a balance and their stress levels can get stuck in "on" or "off" position Externalized Dysregulation Being upset Child is stuck in the "on" phase and react physical A child often need help from others to regain contort; of their feelings and behavior Self-regulation is our ability to achieve, sustain and change our arousal levels to meet the changing demands of the task or situation. Stressors come from 5 interconnected domains 1. Biological 2. Emotion 3. Cognitive 4. Social 5. Pro-social Heightened stress in any general case of theses domains leads to negative downstream consequences Identifying and reducing stressors is the first step towards easing a child's stress levels and bringing them back to a calm and focuses state Executive functions The executive function of the brain is located at the frontal lobe Executive function involves a person ability to: 1. Inhabit actions and regulate emotions 2. Resist distractions and control attention 3. Adapt flexibility to a changing situation Executive dysfunction A behavioral symptom that disrupts a persons ability to manage their own thoughts, emotions and actions Its most common with certain mental health conditions, especially addictions behavioral disorders brain development and mood disorder The 11 Executive Function Skills 1. Response Inhibition 2. Working memory 3. Emotional Control 4. Sustained Attention 5. Task Initiation 6. Planning/prioritization 7. Organization 8. Time Management 9. Goal-Directed Persistence 10. Flexibility 11. Metacognition