Psyc 1000 Chapter 1 Review Questions PDF

COPY: PSYC 1000 - Chapter 1 Review Questions - PART 1 Answers 1. What is one similarity shared by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists? A. They diagnose and treat people experiencing psychological disorders. B. They obtain the same graduate education. C. They have the same traini...

COPY: PSYC 1000 - Chapter 1 Review Questions - PART 1 Answers 1. What is one similarity shared by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists? A. They diagnose and treat people experiencing psychological disorders. B. They obtain the same graduate education. C. They have the same training experiences after college. D. They view abnormal behaviors as arising from the same causes. Answer: They diagnose and treat people experiencing psychological disorders. (A) Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists diagnose and treat individuals with mental and behavioral disorders. 2. In general,..................................................................................... are more likely to prescribe drugs when treating mental health concerns, while..................................................................................... are more likely to emphasize psychological approaches such as talk therapy. Answer: psychiatrists; clinical psychologists Psychiatrists, being physicians, are likely to prescribe drugs, while clinical psychologists typically focus on therapeutic methods. 3. A.................................................. works in prisons, trains and evaluates police officers, assists with jury selection, and evaluates whether defendants are able to stand trial. Answer: forensic psychologist Forensic psychology involves working within the criminal justice system, interacting with legal professionals. 4. Which of the following is a forensic psychologist most likely to do? A. read the body language of suspects B. train and evaluate police officers C. help detectives investigate a crime D. profile criminals Answer: train and evaluate police officers (B) Forensic psychologists often work in prisons, training and evaluating police officers and assisting in jury selection. 5. What two things do most members of the helping profession (i.e., mental health professionals) have in common? A. They can prescribe medication and B. They perform research and work at universities. C. They have graduate degrees and focus on improving the life of the patient and/or his/her family. D. They have a Ph.D. and a federal certificate to practice psychotherapy. Answer: They have graduate degrees and focus on improving the life of the patient and/or his/her family. (C) Mental health professionals typically have graduate degrees and prioritize improving the lives of their clients. 6. The ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information is called A. Scientific literacy B. The biopsychosocial model C. Empiricism D. Skepticism Answer: Scientific literacy (A) Scientific literacy is essential for understanding and utilizing scientific information effectively. 7. Ms. Patel is able to understand articles on hyperactivity and apply this information to help her students. This is an example of A. Scientific literacy B. Empiricism C. The scientific method D. The biopsychosocial model Answer: Scientific literacy (A) Scientific literacy allows individuals to apply scientific findings to practical situations. 8. Which of the following techniques could be described as massed learning? A. A football player learning the playbook by reviewing each play once before starting over again B. Studying for a test by breaking up your lecture notes into sections C. Studying each flashcard in a large pile before starting over again D. Studying by reading through the entire chapter before starting over again Answer: Studying each flashcard in a large pile before starting over again (C) Massed learning involves concentrating on a single piece of information in a short time frame. 9. Which of the following is the best way for a student to use flashcards to study a large number of words? A. Divide the cards into five piles and then study each pile four times before moving on to the next pile B. Study each card only once C. Go through the entire pile of 30 cards four times D. Divide the cards into 10 piles and then study each pile four times before moving on to the next pile Answer: Go through the entire pile of 30 cards four times (C) Going through all cards multiple times fosters better retention compared to massed practices. 10. Which of the following is the best conclusion to draw from the massed learning versus spacing experiment? A. Spacing is better than massing for studying vocabulary B. Massing is better than spacing for all types of learning C. Massing is better than spacing for studying vocabulary D. Spacing is better than massing for all types of learning Answer: Spacing is better than massing for studying vocabulary (A) Studies indicate that spaced learning is more effective than massed learning for vocabulary retention. 11. Jose applies findings from a psychology article to his studying method. This demonstrates which part of the scientific literacy model? A. Knowledge gathering B. Scientific explanation C. Application D. Critical thinking Answer: Application (C) Application involves using scientific knowledge to enhance personal effectiveness. 12. Caroline questions the effectiveness of a claim about chili peppers increasing metabolism. This illustrates what element of critical thinking? A. Skepticism B. The principle of parsimony C. Tolerating ambiguity D. Cynicism Answer: Skepticism (A) Skepticism is crucial for assessing the validity of claims and seeking evidence. 13. Being skeptical about a claim means A. Asking if there is sound evidence to support it B. Believing the claim unless evidence to the contrary is presented C. Not believing the claim, no matter what D. Realizing that most complex issues do not have easy answers Answer: Asking if there is sound evidence to support it (A) Skepticism encourages critical evaluation of evidence before accepting claims. 14. As a critical thinker, what habit is most likely to keep you from basing your conclusions on poor research? A. Examine assumptions and biases B. Tolerate ambiguity C. Avoid overly emotional thinking D. Examine the nature and source of the evidence Answer: Examine the nature and source of the evidence (D) Evaluating the source and nature of evidence is key to avoiding flawed conclusions. 15. Brenda accepts that schizophrenia may not have a clear-cut explanation. This illustrates what critical thinking habit? A. Examine the nature and source of the evidence B. Examine assumptions and biases C. Tolerate ambiguity D. Consider alternatives Answer: Tolerate ambiguity (C) Tolerating ambiguity allows one to accept complex and uncertain explanations. 16. Which of the following is true about critical thinking? A. It forces us to break persistent mental habits that almost everyone uses B. It always guarantees a correct answer C. If used properly, everyone who uses it will come to the same conclusion D. It often requires being negative or arbitrarily critical of other people's ideas Answer: It forces us to break persistent mental habits that almost everyone uses (A) Critical thinking challenges habitual thought patterns and encourages diverse perspectives. 17. The principle of........................................ holds that, when dealing with competing theories, the simplest one should be chosen. Answer: parsimony The principle of parsimony is often employed in scientific and critical thinking. 18. Leonard believes a lost sock is simply misplaced rather than taken by someone. What element of critical thinking influenced his decision? A. The principle of parsimony B. Avoiding overly emotional thinking C. Skepticism D. Tolerance of ambiguity Answer: The principle of parsimony (A) The principle of parsimony advocates for the simplest explanation being favored. 19. According to the principle of parsimony, reports of alien abduction are unlikely to be true because A. Eyewitness reports should never be believed B. Aliens do not really exist C. People who think they were abducted by aliens are clearly mentally unstable D. There are several other explanations that are much simpler Answer: There are several other explanations that are much simpler (D) Parsimony suggests favoring simpler explanations over more complex ones when evaluating claims. 20....................................................................... is the belief that knowledge comes through observation and experience. A. Parsimony B. Determinism C. Skepticism D. Empiricism Answer: Empiricism (D) Empiricism highlights the importance of observation in the pursuit of knowledge. 21. A research psychologist is interested in the connection between violent videogames and real-life behavior. What approach is consistent with the principles of empiricism? A. Carefully measure the type and amount of videogame play and observe behavior B. Use common sense to determine if there is a connection C. Ask parents and teachers to speculate about the connection D. Ask children to speculate about the connection Answer: Carefully measure the type and amount of videogame play and observe behavior (A) An empirical approach relies on careful observation and measurement to draw conclusions. 22. Which question represents the concept of empiricism? A. Is there life on other planets? B. Was the Civil War necessary? C. Would Martin Luther King, Jr., have been a good president? D. What is the meaning of life? Answer: Is there life on other planets? (A) Empiricism seeks questions that can be answered through observation and data collection. 23. Dr. Patel believes a student's behavior results from some unknown cause. This is an example of A. Empiricism B. Parsimony C. Determinism D. Skepticism Answer: Determinism (C) Determinism is based on the assumption that behavior is influenced by various factors. 24. According to the principle of..........................................................................., human behavior is the result of factors that influence us in predictable ways. Answer: determinism Determinism suggests that behavior can be understood by examining causal influences. 25. The belief that behavior follows lawful, cause-and- effect relationships is known as A. Determinism B. Free will C. Materialism D. Empiricism Answer: Determinism (A) Determinism emphasizes that behavior is influenced by measurable factors. 26. The concept of free will is often in conflict with which concept? A. Empiricism B. Determinism C. Materialism D. Parsimony Answer: Determinism (B) The free will versus determinism debate addresses whether behavior is controlled by the individual or external factors. 27. According to your authors, the discipline of psychology is best thought of as: A. A process for encouraging people to reach their ultimate potential B. A field of self-help principles to eliminate mental problems C. The scientific study of behaviour, thought, and experience D. A mixture of anecdotes and personal intuition about human behaviour and mental processes Answer: The scientific study of behaviour, thought, and experience (C) Psychology includes many different fields of study and has a variety of goals, but the two qualities shared by all psychological fields are the use of the scientific method and the study of behaviour (including perceptions, thoughts, and emotions). 28. What should Liam's response be when asked why he is taking an introduction to psychology course? A. Ok, those self-help gurus usually aren't real psychologists, but all real psychologists are trained to really help people improve their lives. B. No, psychology has nothing to do with helping people. C. Psychology is actually about studying how chemicals in the brain interact. D. Actually, psychology is a vast discipline that covers much more than mental health and self-help. Answer: Actually, psychology is a vast discipline that covers much more than mental health and self-help. (D) Psychology includes many different fields of study and has a variety of goals. While some psychologists try to help people with mental health and well-being issues, many psychologists work in other areas including learning, memory, animal behaviour, sensation and perception, and many others. 29. What is one feature that all fields of psychology have in common? A. The use of the scientific method B. The belief that the unconscious mind determines human behaviour C. The use of introspection D. The study of mental illness Answer: The use of the scientific method (A) Psychology encompasses various fields with different goals, but all share the commonality of utilizing the scientific method and focusing on behaviour. 30. All types of psychology involve: A. Treating people's behavioural and emotional problems B. Replicating what is already known via common sense C. Interactions between patients and therapists D. The use of scientific method Answer: The use of scientific method (D) All types of modern psychology rely on the scientific method, which may yield results that conflict with common sense explanations. 31. Caroline's approach to studying squirrels is an example of: A. The scientific method B. The psychoanalytic model C. Pseudoscience D. The biopsychological model Answer: The scientific method (A) Caroline employs the scientific method by making observations, predicting outcomes, and designing experiments to test her predictions. 32. Psychological science is A. neither empirical nor deterministic B. both empirical and deterministic C. deterministic but not empirical D. empirical but not deterministic Answer: both empirical and deterministic (B) Psychological science integrates both empirical observation and deterministic factors in understanding behavior. 33. Collecting observations, testing predictions, and developing theories are all part of: A. The scientific method B. The biopsychosocial model C. Pseudoscience D. The psychoanalytic model Answer: The scientific method (C) The scientific method is a systematic way of learning about the world through observation, prediction, and theory development. 34. "Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a(n): A. Hypothesis B. Fact C. Untestable statement D. Theory Answer: Hypothesis (A) This statement represents a hypothesis, which is a testable prediction that can be confirmed or rejected. 35. Psychology has been a science since A. the mid 1900s B. around 470 BCE C. the early 1600s D. the late 1800s Answer: the late 1800s (D) Psychology became recognized as a science in the late 1800s, despite earlier philosophical inquiries. 36. As part of the scientific method, scientists form testable predictions that can be observed and measured. These are called: A. Theories B. Models C. Proofs D. Hypotheses Answer: Hypotheses (D) A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction that can be either confirmed or rejected based on observations. 37. During the Victorian period in Europe, sexuality of any kind was considered taboo. Today, most adults are more open about their sexuality. This is an example of how the............................................................ of different periods can affect the way people behave and think. A. zeitgeist B. materialism C. psychophysics D. dualism Answer: zeitgeist (A) Zeitgeist refers to the spirit of the times, which influences societal norms and behaviors. 38. In order to be considered scientific, a hypothesis must be: A. Believed true by a majority of experts B. Stated in very general terms C. Proven D. Testable Answer: Testable (D) Scientific hypotheses should be precise and must be testable, allowing for potential demonstration of their falsity. 39. In a given culture, certain periods of its history are dominated by a general set of beliefs and attitudes known as A. metaperspective B. zeitgeist C. parsimony D. gestalt Answer: zeitgeist (B) The concept of zeitgeist encapsulates the collective consciousness and prevailing beliefs of an era. 40. According to the authors of the textbook, what is a key reason why psychology took almost 300 years longer than physics, biology, and chemistry to become scientific? A. Few people were interested in the mind and behavior prior to the 20th century. B. Early scientific methodology was too primitive to use to study the mind. C. The zeitgeist of the 1600s prevented people from believing that science could be applied to the study of the mind. D. Laws were passed in the 1600s that made studying the mind illegal. Answer: The zeitgeist of the 1600s prevented people from believing that science could be applied to the study of the mind. (C) The restrictive philosophy of the 1600s hindered the acceptance of psychology as a scientific discipline.