Medical Biology PDF Notes

SUBJECT: Medical biology LECTURE: Cell structure DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) don'tneedto remember the names of inventors pa...

SUBJECT: Medical biology LECTURE: Cell structure DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) don'tneedto remember the names of inventors parts of lightmicroscope imp leastremembered comparison of Tem Sem imp medium Miller Ureyexperiment NOTES Living things homeostasis ment - highlyorganized Display Grow develop Reproduce Takeenergy transform - Respondtostimuli adapttotheirenvironment Basic biological and functional unit Cell Fundamental unit of life, Small enclosed membrane simplestformsolitaryce Small, invisible to naked eye All living things are made of cell MY Enke's Protoplasmliquidcontentofcell isproto i Create copies and divide into two Finding the cell Cellswereobservedbymicroscopes ' RobertHook1665 observed apiececorkundermicroscope chamberlike foundsmall structures namedthemCellula 289 AntonVanLeeuwenhoekion builtsimplemicroscope observed bloodyeastprotozoa bacteria animal sperms Cell theory: Basic unit of life T huIn as Biggest Come from pre existing cell(DNA) cell=ovum150- 200m Smallest cell= granular cell of Same in chemical composition cerebellum 4-5 Animal cell= 20 - 30 Energy ow occurs in cell Microscopes: light microscopes3usedinconegeiaTifffjfidentify seeorganelles without dying canmagnifyupto400times goodforobservinglivingthings withoilimmersionmagnification upto1000times Resolutionlimit 0.24mi detailsupto0.24m smalleststructureobs canresolve Florescent microscope nation Miller UreyExperiment 1953 Stanley Miller Harold thatusesflourscence microscope if'gnÉañtag produced amino acids Ureyiature passed allowstodetectpresence localization offlorescentmolecules ofwatervapor methane hydrogen Confocalmicroscope Electron microscope aspecificfixwhichallows3Dimageswith 1932 KnollveRuska goodresolution ammonia gas through electricarc useselectronbeams magneticfields Resolutionpower 15A magnification 200.000 Transmission electron Microscope TEMTfirstelectronmicroscope sameas opticalbutuseselectronsinsteadoflight electromagnetsgian Electronslowerwavelength makesitpossibletoget betterresolution allowsstudyoftopographical morphologicalcompositional crystalline In Electron SEM higherresolution amoredetailed Microscope fromsimage scanningit beamsoelectron f surface picture by by beams electrons withatoms producesignalsaboutsurfacetopographymorphology interact composition SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) P NOTES in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes Structure of cell eim i i gg I. PI Ismet 09 nts arresion on bigger sexualrepro EypYasm ᵗfts cellwall extralayerof one celled manycelled protection maintainsshape preventsdehydration amoebaeyeast someareaerobic someare Genes in manyseparate IE gffffffgg anaerobic chromosome avgof50,000genes somecanlive oninorganicsubstances somepreformphotosynthesis Asinglecircularchromosome Icopyofgene 1,0002000 genes small Endosymbiosis Cell membrane= Plasma membrane inbothcells 7.5mmthick tenotosynthesis e 18 omicro selectivebarriers Regulatetrafficions Producing cell tocell communication pending.no hasreceptorsforhormones antigenicmolecules basis cellrecogination of essentialdifference bwcytosol environment Mitochondria and chloroplasts havetheirowngeneticmaterial replicate Structure lipids proteinmolecules canmove owngeneticsystem distinct nucleargenome cell arrangedindouble Ribosomes RNA theseorganelles are relatedto of layer Asymmetrical thebacterias of Fluid mosaic model Membrane of gobularproteins float likeicebergs in a seaoflipid lipids mostabundant S's phospholipids waterating SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) NOTES Lipid bilayer tnaionaintegrity Membrane carbohydrates fyfiijiggi.fi phosphatidylcholine attachedwithphosphate cn mecIe tne locatedon noncytosolic outersurface absentfrominnermitochondrialmem chloroplastlamellae Glycoprotein Glycolipids Cell coat Glycocalixs.inffEgfttic naveonngaropn.it ftp.E iEIi ne Functions Amphipathic forlargeparticles Protectplasmamem cellcellrecognition barrier duetothispartlipidmoleculesassembleintobilayerinaqueousenvi actasbindingsites maintaingintegrityof tissue formsphericalliposomes phospholipidscan viruses bacteriauseglycolipids glycoproteinsas recognition attachmentsites II L fifible CDU actasbindingsiteforHIVAIDSvirus one from migrate toanother layer lagrqYegnngyepiaceswithintheirneighbors 1 Phospholipids Phosphatidylcholine sphingomyelin phosphatidylserine Phosphatidy anolamine phosphatidylinositol impinggnating cell 20 2 Cholesterol fluditymodulated Abundantmammalian short Grigid fillspacesleftbykink m.ge feien.ie facecell part sugar eaibl 3 Glycolipidsmainlyincellmem noncytosolichalfinbilayer coat exterior continuous that surrounds cells protect Membrane ProteinsT.jo iiii initcellmem functions transportmolecules Anchors cytoskeleton of receptorrecievesignals sendsignals antigens markers tilt partymen us I ineiiiii'or Konotopic 9 Donotdirectly lipidby of onelayer an amphiphatic dhelix withhydrophobic exposedonthesurface coreboundto surface Transfemmy.ggtimesamphipathic LipidanchoredMp isi iiiiii i once mpexposedtoexternal other surface attached oligosaccharide by  SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) NOTES Transport across cell Ion channel presentin allmembranesofcell 15 moleculescan't diffuse extremelyrapid highlyselective onlyygn.sn gppygpiatesize charge plasmamem selectivelypermeable yes notalwaysopenonlyopen withresponseto specificstimuli Passive transport Ligandgatedion channels voltagegatedchannels 1 PassiveD iffusion simplest of binding nomemprotein.respona.to specific respondtochangesinelectric potential follows gradientnonselective stimulating concentration molecule ligand acrosstheplasmamem noenergyrequired gasescoa.naaco.it smallhydrophobicbenzenehormones asteroids Carrier proteins small butunchargedmolecules polar diffuse Largeuncharged citoiethandggggpgg.fi polarsions into Isa 2 facilitateddiffusion noenergy twodiff direction transortedmoleculedonotdissolve ionsormolecules fif iffffa hÉff if mediated bymembraneprotein polara insamedirection chargedmolecules carbohydratesaminoaciation 1m mygt.fmigner todiffuse Primary Active Transport. 2.1carrier protein DependsonATP myessodium potassium allowsecondaryatto bindto onthe other specificm oleculestransportsideafter andrelease conformational changes Sodium potassiumpump mostimp maintainelectrochemicalgradient movesktinceuwniiemovenaf.it9sketime snat onthe side other a sugars acid mino nucleosides pass of uptake s glucose asprimary erve outyoreveryak.in of most source energy impfunction 2.2Channelprotein Secondary active transport pores allow formopen free of with diffusion molecules sizecharge specific Dependsontheions of electrochemicalgradient created byPAT i.mg Inptorffgfhfrsubsagainsttheirconcgradient either open orgated.3 Osmosis solventparticleswatermovefromdilutetoa concentratedsolution smallauncharged Plasma water memhas water channel proteinsaquaporns Natgradientresponsibleforuptakeofglucose Tonicity amount solutein asolution 1gucoseagainst 2natinc.eu 1855 city of potonic isotonic ypertonic plasmamem Endocytosis 95 2 8some Its 88 asnte tfft g ite mpg If safe Em iq eE.int inside water moves I the Estite's Biennale of mate geocytosis thecell cenboats Largeparticles neutrophil Active transport 2 Pinocytosis fluids out ftp.ftygtceuneedsfrom whenasubstancehastomoveagainstits concgradient theconc substance metaboliteshormonesproteinsviruses greaterinside camustoseenergy eat enosines inmates fromlowtohighconc mechanism pump stores transfer inced energy ff.EE fff tkfiftffff ftpgff Eii ti LectrochemicalGradient ofcellsnegativet ggumynigayfg Exocytosis of fqpffff.ca'sfrom interior E9tgessiumlkt lowconc particleenveloped inmemfuses withinterior Nat conc driveinto gradient cell the electrical gradient nataisoaoesthesame.ofplasmamemtyyu.gg ssetfpee.ggufranous envelopetoexterior electrical ktconcgradientariveitoutogceuwn.ie gradient ojkttenastoariveit.in SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) Imp NOTES 2 Actin msisiaiiiia.inproteinbeneathpiasmamem 5888 Cytoskeleton cell move shape networation's am iiiii i iii i iii8iiic iii Actinragosinnniisinijiiies.is Two myosin movement actin along 3 intermediatefilament rofiiiesiiicii.es iiiiieniie ganisms lamina uniaeii.ie formmeshwork Nuclear sirenginttsmniiiearinenieiip centres cellagainstmechanicalstressabundantinmuscle strengthen cellskin cellsepithelial mentiniment neurotaments mean.mn fÉÉÉii 1 Microtubules SEE fi ifimifiiiigiz i Epidermolysis bullosa simplex raregeneticdiseasemutationsinkeratingenesinterfereinformationgeratinfilament IfoblindimersI froteins afuaftua.name mechanical inury smallpressurecause cellsblister rupture insian entbondheafsgf.ggfqment 9 βstackoneachother if end minusf end end plushend interpolemicrotubules astral kinetochore notattachedwithcentro attachthechromosome Progeria Defectin Nuclearlamin raredisorderthat causes prematurely age cellcellinteraction pay you tospindlepole LMNA mutation gene lossof nuclearlamin with children Iff p rogeria GTP hydrolysis GTPGuaninetriphosphates Centrosome individualmicrotalternateb wgrowth into trendsareanchored adjacent nucleus centre microtubuleorganizing havepairs of bymatrixprotein centriolessurrounded off ftp hesafonfhffgffffgagged ringshapedstructureformatubin ytoblinstartingpointforgrowthofmicrotubule orientation s pecific asraimeraaatoytubuiin.in fi f tfffIi GTPhydrolizetoGDP depolymerization shrink off ff during sayp.ca mtroome growtnonycdend Motor proteins centrosome energyfromcycles attach toothercellcomponentstransportcargo ofAtphydrolysis organellein cytoplasmmadegacentriole get duringspnase duplicated is Nervous cell E anasen sI inaTtEeEatowardsaxon terminals E's Insp S.eu edai Cilia for in.ie is ment Flagella maroon ff.am IE i it SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) NOTES Cell- matrix interaction Extracellular matrixEffular majorcell ofcell ECM surfacereceptorresponsible attachment for interconnected network offibres groundsub integrins transmembraneprotein impincellmatrixadhesion holdscellstogether toformtissues allows signallingcomplexesincelltransferringsignals fromoutside to communication abundant inconnectivetissues controlmovement proliferation survivalandanchors forcytoskeleton 2 main macromolecules attacheswithcollagenfibronectinlaminin Ground substances Glycosaminoglycans GAGS jffeinsDisease to make proteoglycans t providemechanicalsupport majorlycausedbymutationofcollagen gellike Fibrous proteins Ehlers_danlos syndrome 1 Structuralprotein effectiveconnectivetissue skinjoints bloodvessel a collagen mostcommon inanimalcell geneticdefectin providestrength structure support has27diffmem collagen 3collagen a chainswrappedaroundeachother COLLAI AZ 371,5At theproline Lysine lysine proline hydroxy hydroxy 572 byhydroxylaseenzyme needsvitC VitC hydroxylase Marfan's syndrome ype I I V V i collagendefected inheriteddisorder effectconnectivetissue collagenfibre bone skincartilage cqngqt.ve basement mem hair mostcommoneffecton hearteyesbloodvessels skeleton FBNgenedefectfibrillin b Elastin Elasticfibres inorgans stretch return.gg skin bloodvessels lungs strongbutstretchy mainfunction stretchiness 2 AdhesionProteins Osteogenesis imperfecta linkcomponentsofmatrixtooneanother thesurfaceofcell ravedisease effectconnectivetissue forintegrins majorbindingsites extremelyfragile brittlebones typeI collagen a Fibronectin glycoproteinwhichattachesecproteindirectly COLIAL COLIAS ki polypeptidechain aist ff.nl InIInff teins2 Scurvy has a cellsurfacereceptor attachmentofcelltoECM b Laminin 3polypeptidechains VitC deficiency causescurvy skinlesionsbloodvessel hemorrhages bindingsites cell for surfacereceptor integrintypeivcollagenheparan decreasesproductionofscurvy sulfateproteoglycan sffgsgemmyg.infomesh weaknessconnectivetissue Basal laminae basementmem layerofECMsecretedbyepithelialcellson whichepitheliumsits Connectivetisse BeneathBLthereareproteins carbohydrates underneath epithelial layerthereis fgy.SIs feEcm components production ofrichECMofconnective tissue  SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) NOTES Cell-cell interactions 3 GapJunction intercellularchannelallowingdirectcellcelltransfer ofionsmolecul directinteraction communication freeexchangeofion moleculesbwcytoplasmofcells Epithelial tissue hfifjeI edformepithelium blwcell.jp ismallmolecule ionsaminoanucleotide sugarvitaminsetc 5 5942 freesurface Diseases Alzheimer's disease BloodBrainBarrierDysfunction tight junctionsimpaired toxic lateral wherecells interconnect compounds amyloidbetapeptidesenterbrain cause neuromintiammatio neurodegeneration Pemphigus Desmosomalcadherins Desmoglein get destroyeddisrupt B side incontactwithbasementmem byantibodiesofowncausing blisters leakageofbodyfluidintoepithelia plakoglobingenemutation NaxoDisease Desmoplakinmutation ventricularcardiomyopathy carythmogenicright Cell junctions attachffmunication tightJunction OccludingJunction belowapical preventdiffusionofmemprotein cell holdcelltogethercell closestcontactb wadjacent formsabarrier blockthepassageofmolecules ions separateapical basolateraldomain Nofreediffusion BloodBrainbarrier Endothelialcellofcapillariesofbrain spinalcordarejoinedbytight junctions separatesbloodfrom Nervoustissue Bloodtestesbarrier protectsdevelopingcell fromimmunecell for antibodies maintainsspecialenvironment development 2Adheren Junction Anchoringjunction anchoredtooneanother tocomponents ECM of Adheren madeupbytransmenprotein Desmosomes anchoring foractinfilamentbe'Eghmyyen anchoring for integammediate zonula macula cellcellAdhesion strongadhesionbw anchor intracellular strongestpoint ofcell no adhesion ifeng.p.gl Johlactin one filamentin comes nation celltoactinfilamentofother joinintermediateofonecell totheotherintermediate function cellcelladhesionevenin cadherinproteinbindvia cellstogether mechanicalstresshold proteintointermediate anchor SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) NOTES T Ép Nucleus Nuclear Lamina i RBCaplatelets cannotdivide IIDNAReplication meshwork protein of inner mem ofNE 3polypetides Lamins A BC support linkerblunes chromatin regulation transcription structural of Transcription rpibsjnit.issDNAgenesienqjfp DNAreplication MRN RN.fm ffIy fuggtiqnapf fincytoplasm Disease m.fr ifeggnf sminmofffakigeneseq translate causedby LMNAClaminsASC gene mutation Charcot-marie-tooth muscle infeetleg hand atrophyof iiiiiiiiii.in Emery-Dreifus-muscular dystrophy effect cardiac skeletal muscle perinuclearsface outermen continues innermem witefighoplasmic Progeria NE hasproteinmeshwork Nuclearlamina intermediatefilament premature aging ofkids selectivelypermeable transportmolecules ingout separatesnucleus cytoplasm NP Duringreplication room.itgzhmisntonesmovein INPCiefismtffe inrapidgrowingcell NPCGlarge smallribosomalsubunitsperminute poresarepermeableto some macromolecules ftp.fnffiffgrtaspeoymerase proteinsarna importofproteins 1 Histone zipsDNA 2DNApolymerase DNA replication 3RNA replication transcription a Transcription factorsgeneexpression 5Splicingfactorposttranscription 6Ribosomalproteins theseproteins into thenucleusbynuclearlocalizationsignalswhich arerecognized bytransportreceptors protein ffnucleus ftpiissiintoffff requisene.gg zesignals SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) NOTES Nucleolus largeststructure inNucleus Babynucleus IE IIrtPnItinsscripiinprices.is mEasimiy i contain rRNAgene PreRNtranscript maturerRNAribosgmgh.is inchromosomal region human chromosome ftp.jqeatedrrnagenes oocopies tin Ribosome subunit some.by sEmky iiiiiirriii Io as It reticum endoplasmic I run partmenorpackagedinto become proteins of in or vesiclesc ytoplasm cell exterior i assembleaminoacidintoproteinsbasedongeneticinfocarried mRNA transcribedinnucleus translatedincytoplasm withhelp proteinsaresynthesized of transferrna humangenome multiplecopiesofrRNAclusteredon chromosome preRNA matureRNAinvolvescleavages chemicalmodification facilitatedbyproteins smallnucleolarRna Chromatin Packagingmaterialgonna na feulgenreaction basicaye repeatingunites histone of ftp nucleosomes ff 1 Euchromatin lightystained less condeseduncoiled dispersed form form transcriptionallyactive hasmostactivegenesofcell Active 2 Heterochromatin Darklystained visiblecoiledcondensed folded tightlypacked ir E I like residues havelysine arginie proteins structres n ucleosomes corenistone.sn i eacnanromosome sin.mn anucleosome linkerona core  SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) NOTES Post translation modi cation Endoplasmic reticulum Polypeptidesinlumencisterna gothroughmodificationbeforegoingtofinaldestination network membraneenclosedsac1Addition of ofcarbohydrates Processing Glycosylation tubules extends fromnuclear modification by addingNlinkedoligosaccharide in residues sugar iaetantnesisedoniipiacarrieriner memthroughoutthecytoplasm mem sferritsomes largestorganelle fi m 2formationofdisulphidebond specificproteolyticcleavage dEYP.ie se 8fjwsideanainogcystemresiaue 4Properfolding 5Assemblyofmultimericprotein Smooth Er numinaerprotein assistfolding assembly tubular noribosomes diff Lipidsynthesis phospholipids menare junctionsindiffcell noproteinsynthesis sides foldedassembled releaseder Golgi correctly foreass degeneration wrong app death fifffififfffffg.gg phosphatic of derived fromglycerol synthesizedin epicystolic Export of proteins Biperinding p roteins acidvia unfoldand mediate folding 91,3 is d iacylglycerol aitEaa urs of Biosynthesis steroid ravetosecretorypathwayin transportvesicles abundant Emma warmer anatase Golgi If S fi zfEj n Muscle contractionprocess storecalciumion CaTreep I is j 8 onincosactintiiament igs.inthn contiancatatrase pumps braching network ofsercisternaesurroundingmyogibril metabolicreaction ofliver abundantin liver hasenzymestometabolizelipid soluble c ompounds inactivate drugs c ompounds Glucose6phosphate 3 hormonesatoxic a nchor Detoxify IE ngigoge Rough Er iii ii iii anaa.a.no n m onouter ribosomes surface cisternae developedincells proteinsynthesis well enzymepancreas acinerced collagen elastinconnective digestive tissuesfibroblast cell neurotransmittermotor antibody plasma cellmacrophages neuron phagocytic tt 3 L EE m.e i iThesrpattachestoerbyerpreceptor toerbysignal segonamino mrnanosignal terminus willbe seq incytoplasmon free ribo synth c ompletely iSrpreleased GTP Doneby hydrolyse bysignal pepremoved signal peptidase iii i ii iprotein syn ribo complete fromreramrna detaches as fifth proteinpackagedintransportvesicle aoigicompyfffffmffq.si Polypeptiareleasedinto cisterna  SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) NOTES Golgi apparatus flattenedmemencloseddiscshaped cisternae Golgi complex location oneside nucleusER closetocentrosome post office is of abundantinseceratorycell intestineGoblet cell pancreas cell nanar cellproteins receivesprocessmodify separatetransporttotarget lipidsDyer it IE iginawonaiian 3Medial C Inaagi network regiondiff Each formodification enzyme ARecieves vesicles thecontent fromEricontaingproteinlipidfuseto cisface empties forfurthermodification inside iner starts donein firstfurther complex golgi B Modification Glycosiation iii additions in 399 acetylglucosamine added Iii medial golgi sugar9 t.ae 2Phosphorylation ym of phosphate of sugarglycosidases 3Lipidmetabolism of transport lipids phospholipids 4synthesisofP creation of488 e c e c sorting ofcystolic secretedproteins sorted from forother target destination a cnn.sii i nio coated back move transa fromthe with marked proteins okkxx knee r retrieval er exitthetransa is i fit endosome tein backtotheer move signals D Transport COPIproteinbacktoercopilprotein fromer Gogicclathrin er diffdestination 1transportvesiclesrecognize thecorrecttargetmem 2the fuseswithtarget vesicle mem RABfamilyofsmallatpbindingproteins impindockingoftranspvesicles Arefamily vesiclebuddingfusionreaction t ransport during Griscelli syndrome caused mutation Rabata by of clack partialalbinism pigment immunodeficent  SUBJECT: LECTURE: DATE: IMPORTANT (equations, laws, etc.) NOTES Lysosomes hydrolyticenzyme memenclosed o rganelles dense roundbodies containdegradativeenzyme active inacidicpH4.55 eveniftheenzymeleave only thecystologpiticneut.atnodigestionwilloccur into a.gg y Yefffj s Hasprotonpump Atpaseto maintainacidic envi Primary lysosomes memsacbuds fromgolgi inactived igestive enzyme g ranules nodigestion smaller can't outside eliminatecontent Secondary lysosomes whenPLfuses formed withendosomes larger active e nzyme digestion digestive caneliminate theircontent Membrane unique transportprotein a glycocaya from layerprotect acid hydrolases Formation iner inEr Golgi modifiedincisanigaaiEf.rs P synthesized Glycosylated p mop the reco mop m arkerintransan packed into clathrin coatedvesicles myp receptor Functions of of degradation Breakdown Pathways intra extracellularmaterial of production nutrient oesmtigtigngaqqnagocyt.se of endocytosis digestion macromolecules Ecm takenfrom 2 PhagocytosisdigestionofmaterialDefence 3AutophagyDigestion ofowncomponent End products acidglycerolIniesta initiisaccharides acid amino fatty nucleotides cellular undigested waste in bodymove neurons products residual cells heart muscleliver Lipofuscinpigment Brown degeneration Diseases causes lysosomalstorage malfunction accumulation ofundigestedsub Gaucher's move Glucocerebrosidase increasreen enzyme defect Niemann-pick a defect spring Tay-sachs iwe sphingomyelinase p.fins89eteen Hexosaminidasea movesincns enzyme Gangliosidesans