Med. Final Exam Notes PDF

Chapters 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, & 14 *Pages:* 175-190 220-290 318-332 ### Chapter 7: Is the Mediterranean Sea Still the Mare Nostrum? The Belt and Road Initiative and Chinese Investments in the Region Pages 175-190 *The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)* BRI = development framework for China and Eur...

Chapters 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, & 14 *Pages:* 175-190 220-290 318-332 ### Chapter 7: Is the Mediterranean Sea Still the Mare Nostrum? The Belt and Road Initiative and Chinese Investments in the Region Pages 175-190 *The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)* BRI = development framework for China and Eurasia - - - - - - - - - - - *China and the Mediterranean Region* Chinese actors rarely refer to the Mediterranean as a whole but to sub-regions - - - - - - - - - *Chinese Investments in Mediterranean Countries* FDI in MENA has grown from 675 mil (2003) to 41 bil (2018) - - *Dealing with China* Strong interconnectedness of Chinese economic system and role of government in overseeing FDI - - - - - Tension between working with China and protecting local citizens/businesses - - - - - ### Chapter 9: "The Role of Turkey in a Changing Region" Pages 220 -- 234 **Turkey: Regional Power** Turkey -- not always considered the entire Mediterranean in its foreign policy - Timeline of Turkey's approach: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ### Chapter 10: Periphery No More: The Jazira Between Local, Regional, and International Dynamics *Jazira as a Gateway for Syraq* Islamic State (IS) - - - The Jazira / Syraq (Syria + Iraq) - - - - - - - *Al-Ahd group's attempt to link Syria and Iraq through the Jazira -- 1919-1920* Used the Jazira to try to strengthen the bonds of the territories b/w Med. and the Gulf Formation - - - - - - - - - - - *Jazira as the heartland of the Islamic State Project* IS chose Jazira as the core of its aspired state - - - - IS presented itself as an alternative to the governments that marginalized the Sunni communities - The battle for Mosul that led to the **proclamation of the Islamic State (June 2014)** - Jazira significant in geopolitical terms - - *The Jaziran Shatterbelt/Buffer Zone* **A shatterbelt: deeply fragmented areas caught up in the competition between great powers yet not resulting in military confrontations between them** - - - - - - - IS territories were a type of buffer zone between key players in the area *Many Fault-Lines traversing Jazira* IS territory began to crumble after losing Mosul (June 2017) and Raqqa (Oct. 2017) - - - - - - - ### Chapter 11: Chaos in the Heart of the Mediterranean: The Libyan Crisis After the fall of Al-Qadhafi's Jamahiriyya (2011-2021) Pages 252 to 267 *Introduction* 2011 Arab Spring in Libya → end regime of Qadhafi → civil war with international intervention 2020 Oct. -- ceasefire agreement, 3 person presidency council - - - - - Libya is in the core of the Med. and recently become important for international political agendas - - *The 2011 Revolt against Al-Qadhafi and Collapse of the United Libya Ideal* Roots of revolts traced back to 40 years of **al-Qadhafi** - - - - Feb 15 2011 -- "Day of Rage" in Benghazi to demand reforms - - - - Post-regime → spilt sovereignty, rebels take over cities, de facto division b/w East and West, military collapsed with regime - - - - - - - - July 2012 -- first democratic elections - - - Sept. 2012 -- US embassy terrorist attack **Many thought that Libya would become more liberal and pro-West, but actually many Islamist extremism were able to gain influence (once were imprisoned by the regime)** Political Isolation Law (April 2013) - - - *Second Civil War (2014-2015), Skhirat Agreement (2015), Defeat of Islamic State (2017)* 2014 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Skhirat -- Libyan Political Agreement Dec 2015 -- failure GNA -- internationally recognized but not endorsed by the HoR (other gov't) - - Islamic State -- Libya seen as a hub for regional violence → worsened political/security scenario - - - - Haftar attempted to capture Tripoli → 14 month siege *2019 -- Globalization of the conflict* April 2019 -- new civil war, proxy war Discovery of gas in Levantine Basin - - - - - Turkey's strategy globalized the conflict -- supported the Tripoli government - - ### Chapter 12: The Unfinished Transition: The Post-revolutionary Path of Tunisia and the test of COVID-19 - A Historical and Socio-Economic Perspective Pages 276-290 History of many cultures - - French colonial rule - - - - - - Bourguiba -- president of independent Tunisia in 1957 - - - - - Ben Ali (1987-2011) - - - - 2010-2020 - - - - - - - - - *Effects of COVID-19* The disease showed the real situation - - - - - - - *Social Victims of Pandemic b/w Economic Crisis and Gender Inequalities* Expected to go through worst recession since independence - - - - - *Social Conflict and Protests* Informal workers protest and call for more state aid to handle the crisis → financial aid from gov't After quarantine measures, more and more protests -- water, payment for workers in mining basins - ### Chapter 14: Mashreq Monarchies' Role in the Mediterranean Sea Pages 318-332 *The Jordanian Neighbor, a country built on migration movements* Migration hub - - - - Jordan's regional shift and economic relations show how agencies explain foreign policy - - - - - - - - - - - - Change in monarchy's narrative -- domestic issues - - - - - - - - - Global relations - - - - - - - - - - - - - *The Evolution of the Role of Qatar in the Mediterranean Crises* Small country with oil & natural gas resources, wealthy but unable to form own army → security/foreign policy given to other countries Three phases in the role of Qatar between 1995 and 2017 1. a. i. ii. b. iii. iv. c. d. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. 2. e. f. xi. 1. 2. a. 3. b. c. 3. g. xii. xiii. xiv. xv. h.